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Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymer-Based on Starch for Packaging Films: A Review 淀粉基包装薄膜生物可降解聚合物的合成研究进展
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.22
None A. Iskalieva, None Zh. Orazalin, None G. Yeligbayeva, None G. Irmukhametova, None S. Taburova, None T. Toktar
Due to their crucial qualities and functionalities, polymers have received a lot of attention in recent years as food packaging materials. These characteristics include non-toxicity, ease of availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, showing their promise as an alternative to traditional plastic packaging, which has long been under investigation for its environmental impact. Given the present emphasis on sustainable development, research into biopolymers as eco-friendly and sustainable food packaging materials is critical. The synthesis of biodegradable polymers-based on starch represents a significant stride towards sustainable packaging solutions. As the global demand for eco-friendly materials continues to grow, ongoing research and innovation in this field are poised to lead to the development of starch-based packaging films with improved properties and widespread commercial applications. As a result, the primary goal of this review is to create a biodegradable polymer based on corn-starch and PVA with strong physicomechanical characteristics for usage in plastic bags.
聚合物由于其重要的品质和功能,近年来作为食品包装材料受到了广泛的关注。这些特性包括无毒、易于获得、生物相容性和可生物降解性,显示了它们作为传统塑料包装替代品的前景,传统塑料包装对环境的影响一直在研究中。鉴于目前强调可持续发展,研究生物聚合物作为环保和可持续的食品包装材料是至关重要的。以淀粉为基础的可生物降解聚合物的合成是朝着可持续包装解决方案迈出的重要一步。随着全球对环保材料的需求持续增长,这一领域正在进行的研究和创新将导致淀粉基包装薄膜的发展,其性能得到改善,并得到广泛的商业应用。因此,本综述的主要目标是创造一种基于玉米淀粉和聚乙烯醇的生物可降解聚合物,具有很强的物理力学特性,可用于塑料袋。
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引用次数: 0
Research and development of gold ore processing technology 金矿选矿技术的研究与开发
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.17
B. Kenzhaliyev, A. Koizhanova, O. Atanova, D. Magomedov, H. Nurdin
This paper presents the results of technological studies of two samples of gold-bearing ore from the gold-bearing deposit of Kazakhstan deposits 1 and 2. A comprehensive analysis of ore samples by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase, chemical, and mineralogical methods was carried out. The calculated initial gold content was determined, and X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the main elements that make up the ore are oxygen up to 51% and silicon up to 33%. X-ray phase analysis showed the presence of more than 95% quartz and muscovite in the samples. The form of finding gold in the ore, according to the results of mineralogical analysis, is defined as free gold and gold in iron hydroxide. Silver is present in the studied samples in the form of various types of halides. An ore beneficiation scheme has been developed and presented, including gravity and flotation. Gravity enrichment was carried out in two stages, with the production of concentrate and tailings, with the maximum recovery of gold in concentrate up to 91%, flotation enrichment using butyl xanthate reagents and a blowing agent, was carried out in two stages with the production of main and control concentrates and final flotation tailings. The subsequent hydrometallurgical study of the ore was carried out to assess the effect of sodium cyanide on the extraction of gold, tests were performed on the leaching of the initial samples of the ore and the obtained flotation and gravity concentrates in the agitation mode, it was found that cyanide leaching is an effective method for processing the mineral raw materials of the gold-bearing deposit of Kazakhstan, and the obtained flotation concentrates, with the recovery of gold into solution under optimal conditions up to 98%. The results obtained make it possible to predict the effectiveness of the main technological stages in the ore processing scheme, technology optimization, and maximum gold recovery.
本文介绍了哈萨克斯坦金矿床1号和2号含金矿石的两个样品的工艺研究结果。对矿石样品进行了x射线荧光、x射线相、化学和矿物学等综合分析。测定了计算的初始金含量,x射线荧光分析表明,组成矿石的主要元素为氧(51%)和硅(33%)。x射线相分析表明,样品中石英和白云母的含量超过95%。根据矿物学分析结果,确定矿石中发现金的形式为游离金和氢氧化铁中的金。银以各种卤化物的形式存在于所研究的样品中。提出了一种包括重选和浮选在内的选矿方案。分选精矿和尾矿,精矿金回收率最高可达91%;分选丁基黄药试剂和发泡剂浮选富集,分选主精矿和对照精矿,分选终浮选尾矿。随后对该矿石进行了湿法冶金研究,以评估氰化钠对金提取的影响,并对矿石的初始样品以及在搅拌模式下获得的浮选和重精矿进行了浸出试验,发现氰化浸出是处理哈萨克斯坦含金矿床矿物原料和获得的浮选精矿的有效方法。在最佳条件下,金的回收率可达98%。所得结果为预测选矿方案、工艺优化和最大金回收率等主要工艺阶段的有效性提供了可能。
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引用次数: 0
Study of the structure and electrical properties of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide+nanocellulose (GO+NC) 氧化石墨烯(GO)和氧化石墨烯+纳米纤维素(GO+NC)的结构和电学性能研究
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.21
N. Almasov, B. Kurbanova, T. Kuanyshbekov, K. Akatan, S. Kabdrakhmanova, K. Aimaganbetov
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) that function at elevated temperatures surpassing 100°C and exhibit exceptional mechanical, chemical, and thermochemical stability have garnered significant interest. This is primarily due to their practical utility in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the present era, an extensive array of polymers and polymer-blended membranes have been scrutinized for their applicability in this domain. Each of these materials presents a set of advantages and disadvantages. However, the realm of PEMFCs is still in search of the perfect membrane endowed with distinct properties. Graphene oxide, a two-dimensional substance arising from the oxidation of graphite, has manifested itself as a promising candidate. Oxygen (O) functional groups are incorporated within the sp2 carbon (C) plane of the oxidized graphite, forming graphene oxide. This material can be synthesized by exfoliating graphite oxide, a three-dimensional carbon-based compound, into layered sheets using ultrasonic or mechanical agitation. The presence of multiple reactive oxygen functional groups renders graphene oxide suitable for a diverse array of applications, such as composite polymers, energy conversion materials, environmental safeguards, sensors, transistors, and optical components. This versatility is attributable to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Among the various methodologies for graphene oxide synthesis, the modified Hammer method stands out for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and high yield. This research delves into the structural analysis of graphene oxide obtained through the Hammer method, utilizing commercially available graphite. The study involves the creation of membranes based on carboxymethylcellulose (NC) that integrate dispersed graphene oxide (GO) sheets. These novel membranes, as well as pristine graphene oxide, were subjected to a comprehensive array of analytical techniques including XRD, XPS, Raman, FTIR, and SEM microscopy. Additionally, electrophysical characterizations were undertaken employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The investigation uncovered that the introduction of NC into the graphene oxide matrix significantly enhances the electron conductivity of the composite membrane. Simultaneously, the presence of graphene oxide contributes to the mechanical robustness and thermomechanical stability of the membrane structure. The principal impetus behind this article lies in furnishing vital insights into the physical and structural attributes of graphene oxide membranes relevant to their deployment in hydrogen energy applications.
质子交换膜(PEMs)在超过100°C的高温下发挥作用,并表现出优异的机械、化学和热化学稳定性,引起了人们的极大兴趣。这主要是由于它们在质子交换膜燃料电池(pemfc)中的实际应用。在当今时代,广泛的聚合物和聚合物共混膜的阵列已仔细审查其在这一领域的适用性。每一种材料都有其优缺点。然而,pemfc领域仍在寻找具有独特性能的完美膜。氧化石墨烯是一种由石墨氧化产生的二维物质,已被证明是一种很有前途的候选材料。氧(O)官能团结合在氧化石墨的sp2碳(C)平面内,形成氧化石墨烯。这种材料可以通过使用超声波或机械搅拌将氧化石墨(一种三维碳基化合物)剥离成层状薄片来合成。多个活性氧官能团的存在使得氧化石墨烯适用于多种应用,如复合聚合物、能量转换材料、环境保障、传感器、晶体管和光学元件。这种多功能性归因于其出色的电气,机械和热性能。在各种氧化石墨烯合成方法中,改进的Hammer方法以其简单,成本效益和高收率而脱颖而出。本研究深入研究了利用市售石墨通过Hammer方法获得的氧化石墨烯的结构分析。这项研究涉及到基于羧甲基纤维素(NC)的膜的创造,该膜整合了分散的氧化石墨烯(GO)片。这些新型膜,以及原始氧化石墨烯,进行了全面的分析技术,包括XRD, XPS,拉曼,FTIR和SEM显微镜。此外,采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量进行电物理表征。研究发现,在氧化石墨烯基体中引入NC可显著提高复合膜的电子导电性。同时,氧化石墨烯的存在有助于膜结构的机械稳健性和热机械稳定性。这篇文章背后的主要推动力在于提供与氢能源应用相关的氧化石墨烯膜的物理和结构属性的重要见解。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the thermal regime of converting of copper-lead matte with high-sulfur copper concentrate 高硫铜精矿转化铜铅锍的热态分析
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.19
E. Zoldasbay, A. Argyn, N. Dosmukhamedov
According to the earlier conclusions about the possibility of direct processing of high-sulfur copper concentrates with copper-lead matte, analysis of the thermal regime of converting was carried out. It is shown that the traditional calculation methods used to calculate autogenous smelting are not entirely correct and require taking into account the effect of excess sulfur on the temperature regime of the process. It has been established that in the process of converting copper-lead mattes, a wide range of temperature variation is observed - from 1027 0С to 1300 0С. When the concentrate is combined with the matte, the temperature regime of the process is stabilized, which ensures the optimal level of SO2 concentration in the gases required for the production of sulfuric acid. Based on the calculation of the material balance of converting copper-lead mattes using the existing technology and with the addition of a concentrate, the structure of the heat balance of the converting process was established. A strong change in the structure of the heat balance is shown, which is explained by the reduction of magnetite with excess sulfur and an increase in heat due to the oxidation of an additional amount of iron sulfide introduced with the concentrate. A comparative analysis of the technological parameters of the 1st converting period of copper-lead mattes calculated by the proposed method with the practical data of a specific metallurgical unit allows assessing the degree of approximation of the processes occurring in the unit until the thermodynamic equilibrium.
根据前人关于用铜铅锍直接处理高硫铜精矿的可能性的结论,对转化过程的热状态进行了分析。结果表明,传统的自熔炼计算方法并不完全正确,需要考虑过量硫对自熔炼过程温度状态的影响。已经确定,在转换铜铅锍的过程中,观察到温度变化的范围很广-从1027 0С到1300 0С。当精矿与磨砂相结合时,该过程的温度状态稳定,这确保了生产硫酸所需气体中SO2浓度的最佳水平。在对现有工艺转化铜铅锍的物料平衡进行计算的基础上,在添加精矿的情况下,建立了转化过程的热平衡结构。热平衡结构发生了强烈的变化,这是由于过量的硫使磁铁矿减少,以及由于精矿中引入的额外数量的硫化铁氧化而引起的热量增加。将该方法计算的铜铅锍第一期转化工艺参数与某冶金装置的实际数据进行对比分析,可以评估该装置在达到热力学平衡之前发生的过程的近似程度。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Review of Conductive Coatings, Cathodic Protection, and Concrete 导电性涂料、阴极保护和混凝土的分析综述
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.20
D. Ainakulova, S. Muradova, M. Al Azzam Khaldun, L. Bekbayeva, PSM Megat-Yusoff, Z. Mukatayeva, E. Ganjian, El-Sayed Negim
The principal and most expensive type of degradation that currently affects the performance of reinforced concrete bridge constructions is the corrosion of steel reinforcement. Strong financial losses result from the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. One popular technique for preventing corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is cathodic protection. Since it can give necessary current in a situation where reinforced concrete buildings have high resistance, impressed present cathodic protection (ICCP) provides strength and adaptability. Conductive coatings, discrete anode systems, titanium-based mesh in cementitious overlay, conductive overlay with carbon fibers, and flame-sprayed zinc are examples of anode materials that are often used for impressed current cathodic (ICC). Chloride ions, in particular, are exceedingly difficult to permeate through a continuous epoxy coating on steel, making an epoxy coating a very effective barrier to these hostile chemicals. Epoxy resins are a great option for shielding metal surfaces from the environment and hostile environments because of their outstanding anti-corrosion qualities, good adherence to a variety of surfaces, and chemical resistance. In this work, the cathodic protection, ICCP, various conductive coatings, and epoxy coating as anode material are reviewed.
目前影响钢筋混凝土桥梁结构性能的主要和最昂贵的退化类型是钢筋的腐蚀。钢筋混凝土结构的腐蚀造成了巨大的经济损失。防止钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀的一种常用技术是阴极保护。由于它可以在钢筋混凝土建筑物具有高电阻的情况下提供必要的电流,因此外加阴极保护(ICCP)提供了强度和适应性。导电涂层、分立阳极系统、胶凝覆盖层中的钛基网格、碳纤维导电覆盖层和火焰喷涂锌是通常用于外加电流阴极(ICC)的阳极材料的例子。特别是氯离子,极难渗透穿过钢上的连续环氧涂层,这使得环氧涂层成为对这些有害化学物质非常有效的屏障。环氧树脂是保护金属表面免受环境和恶劣环境影响的一个很好的选择,因为它们具有出色的防腐性能,对各种表面的良好粘附性和耐化学性。本文综述了阴极保护、ICCP、各种导电涂料以及环氧涂料作为阳极材料。
{"title":"Analytical Review of Conductive Coatings, Cathodic Protection, and Concrete","authors":"D. Ainakulova, S. Muradova, M. Al Azzam Khaldun, L. Bekbayeva, PSM Megat-Yusoff, Z. Mukatayeva, E. Ganjian, El-Sayed Negim","doi":"10.31643/2024/6445.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31643/2024/6445.20","url":null,"abstract":"The principal and most expensive type of degradation that currently affects the performance of reinforced concrete bridge constructions is the corrosion of steel reinforcement. Strong financial losses result from the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. One popular technique for preventing corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is cathodic protection. Since it can give necessary current in a situation where reinforced concrete buildings have high resistance, impressed present cathodic protection (ICCP) provides strength and adaptability. Conductive coatings, discrete anode systems, titanium-based mesh in cementitious overlay, conductive overlay with carbon fibers, and flame-sprayed zinc are examples of anode materials that are often used for impressed current cathodic (ICC). Chloride ions, in particular, are exceedingly difficult to permeate through a continuous epoxy coating on steel, making an epoxy coating a very effective barrier to these hostile chemicals. Epoxy resins are a great option for shielding metal surfaces from the environment and hostile environments because of their outstanding anti-corrosion qualities, good adherence to a variety of surfaces, and chemical resistance. In this work, the cathodic protection, ICCP, various conductive coatings, and epoxy coating as anode material are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":29905,"journal":{"name":"Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra","volume":"390 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research of the production of iron ore sinter from bauxite processing waste 利用铝土矿选矿废渣生产铁矿石烧结矿的研究
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.18
A. Zhunussova, P. Bykov, A. Zhunusov, A. Kenzhebekova
This article presents the results of a study of the agglomeration of waste alumina ferrous sands and the use of sinter as a substitute for metal charge in steelmaking. At this time, in the process of processing bauxite, JSC "Aluminium of Kazakhstan" produces a large number of fines, which is of great interest to ferrous metallurgy. Wastes from alumina production include a variety of waste sludge, including red, gray sludge, and ferrous sands. According to the chemical composition, ferrous sands can be attributed to iron ore material with a high content of alumina. Most of these problems are eliminated by preliminary agglomeration of fines. In this work, agglomeration studies made it possible to establish the optimal parameters for sintering ferrous sands. When using 10% fuel, the best sintering performance is achieved. The optimal parameters for sintering ferrous sands mixed with other metallurgical wastes are such as productivity - 0.92 t / m2 h, mechanical strength - 80.0%, sintering speed - 19.3 mm/min, yield - 82.0%, the maximum temperature in the layer is 1340 °С. The results of laboratory melt carried out in an induction melting furnace indicate the possibility of using a sinter as a substitute for metal charge in iron and steel smelting. The conducted melting confirms the fundamental possibility of using a sinter, made from waste products of alumina production of ferrous sands, is a man-made charge material that is suitable for use as a 5% additive to the metal charge in the smelting of iron-carbon alloys similar in composition to cast irons.
本文介绍了废氧化铝铁砂的结块和烧结矿在炼钢中代替金属料的研究结果。此时,在加工铝土矿的过程中,JSC“哈萨克斯坦铝业”生产了大量的细粒,这对黑色冶金有很大的兴趣。氧化铝生产产生的废物包括各种废污泥,包括红污泥、灰污泥和铁砂。从化学成分上看,含铁砂可归为氧化铝含量高的铁矿石原料。这些问题大部分都可以通过初步的颗粒结块来消除。在这项工作中,结块研究使建立烧结铁砂的最佳参数成为可能。当燃料用量为10%时,烧结性能最佳。铁砂与其他冶金废弃物混合烧结的最佳参数为生产率- 0.92 t / m2 h,机械强度- 80.0%,烧结速度- 19.3 mm/min,产量- 82.0%,层内最高温度为1340°С。在感应熔炼炉上进行的实验室熔体试验结果表明,在钢铁冶炼中使用烧结矿代替金属炉料是可能的。进行的熔炼证实了使用烧结矿的基本可能性,烧结矿由生产含铁砂的氧化铝废料制成,是一种人造炉料,适用于在冶炼成分类似铸铁的铁碳合金时作为金属炉料的5%添加剂使用。
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引用次数: 0
Physico-chemical aspects of uranium extraction for investigation of underground well leaching control systems 地下井浸出控制系统中铀提取的物理化学方面的研究
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.12
C. Turganaliev, E. Oryngozha, E. Oringozhin, V. Nikulin, Zh. Alisheva
This article gives the physical and chemical aspects of uranium extraction from the zones of reservoir oxidation using ultrasonic technology and the theoretical justification for the technology of in-situ borehole leaching (ISL) of uranium deposits in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has significant reserves, well-explored uranium deposits, developed uranium mining and processing capacities, as well as the current state of the world uranium market, which determine the prospects for the development of the uranium mining industry in Kazakhstan. Ore deposits of uranium deposits localized at the fronts of seam oxidation zones are largely similar in terms of the chemical composition of host rocks. Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, K, and Na are among the most widespread petrogenic elements of rock-forming minerals. Uranium is observed in association with iron, vanadium, selenium, molybdenum, rhenium, and other elements. Uranium mineralization is represented by exogenous (secondary) minerals – pitchblende and coffinite. In the general balance of uranium minerals, pitchblende is about 30%, and coffinite is about 70%. Nasturan (хUO2×yUO3×z) is represented by an association of tetravalent uranium dioxide and hexavalent uranium trioxide with a variable composition (UO2+UO3) - 65-85%, coffinite - tetravalent uranium silicate USiO4.
本文介绍了利用超声波技术从储层氧化带提取铀的物理和化学方面的情况,并对哈萨克斯坦铀矿床就地钻孔浸出技术进行了理论论证。哈萨克斯坦拥有巨大的储量、勘探良好的铀矿床、发达的铀矿开采和加工能力以及世界铀市场的现状,这些决定了哈萨克斯坦铀矿工业发展的前景。位于煤层氧化带前缘的铀矿床的矿床在寄主岩的化学成分上基本相似。铁、铝、镁、钙、钾、钠是造岩矿物中分布最广的成岩元素。人们观察到铀与铁、钒、硒、钼、铼和其他元素结合在一起。铀矿化以外源(次生)矿物沥青铀矿和铀矿石为代表。铀矿物总平衡中沥青铀矿约占30%,铀矿约占70%。Nasturan (хUO2×yUO3×z)是由四价二氧化铀和六价三氧化铀结合而成,其组成为(UO2+UO3) - 65-85%, coffinite -四价硅酸铀USiO4。
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引用次数: 0
Demonstration of the feasibility and practical value of direct acoustic measurements in liquid metals 论证了液态金属直接声学测量的可行性和实用价值
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.13
S. Kazhikenova, G. Shaikhova, S. Shaltakov, D. Belomestny
The temperature dependences of ultrasound absorption and propagation speed in simple semimetals, semiconductors, and semiconductor compounds have been studied in this article. Experimental and theoretical results testify to the microheterogeneity of semimetals and semiconductor melts. Generalization and analysis of experimental data on the absorption and propagation speed of ultrasound in melts based on D.I. Mendeleev periodic law clearly indicate the presence of micro-groups of atoms (clusters) in them, microheterogenizing melts of semimetals and semiconductors. The urgency of this problem is predetermined by the problem of the liquid state of matter. The dependence of ultrasound absorption and propagation speed on temperature is measured using several groups of samples in paper, each group is heated to a different temperature. It is proved that melts have clustered in their atomic matrix, and so melts with semiconductor properties are micro-inhomogeneous. These results are needed to scale melt sonication to an industrial scale and are needed to provide valuable new insights into temperature dependencies of ultrasound absorption.
本文研究了超声在简单半金属、半导体和半导体化合物中吸收和传播速度的温度依赖性。实验和理论结果证明了半金属和半导体熔体的微观非均质性。基于门捷列夫周期律对超声波在熔体中的吸收和传播速度的实验数据进行了归纳和分析,清楚地表明在熔体中存在微原子群(团簇),半金属和半导体熔体存在微异质化。这个问题的紧迫性是由物质的液态问题决定的。用几组纸样品,每组加热到不同的温度,测量超声吸收和传播速度对温度的依赖关系。证明了熔体在其原子基体中聚集,因此具有半导体性质的熔体是微不均匀的。这些结果需要将熔融超声扩展到工业规模,并且需要为超声吸收的温度依赖性提供有价值的新见解。
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引用次数: 0
The method of non-stationary flooding and the conditions for its effective use in the operation of an oil field 介绍了非稳态驱油方法及其在油田生产中有效应用的条件
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.16
G. Effendiyev, G. Moldabayeva, Sh. Tuzelbayeva, Z. Imansakipova, Wu Hongjun
The article describes the essence of unsteady waterflooding, which is one of the most effective methods of increasing the oil recovery factor, used to change the direction of filtration flows, which makes it possible to engage in the development of undeveloped oil reserves and reduce the rate of watering of the deposit in productive reservoirs. A common technological method of unsteady water flooding is the use of cyclic modes of operation of injection wells. The essence of this method is that at an unsteady state in the oil deposit, there are conditions for the continuous manifestation of elastic forces of the reservoir system. In a heterogeneous reservoir between different zones, channels, and fluid flows there are gradients of hydrodynamic pressures, due to which there can be fluid flows from one layer to another, from fractures to blocks, as well as changes in flow directions. During unsteady flooding of heterogeneous formations, a part of oil reserves in low-permeability layers or zones remains uncovered by injected water. The waterflooded reservoir appears as an unsystematic alternation of watered and oil-saturated microflows. While creating in such reservoirs alternately changing in value and direction of pressure gradients, conditions for injection water penetration into stagnant oil-saturated low-permeable zones and channels appear in the oil reservoir and oil movement from them to active drainage zones. As a result of the analysis, the positive effect of the implementation of unsteady waterflooding technology was revealed, and recommendations for improving its application at other operational facilities of oil fields were given.
非定常水驱是提高采收率最有效的方法之一,它通过改变渗流方向,使开发未开发的油藏和降低生产油藏的注水速度成为可能。非定常水驱的一种常用技术方法是采用注水井的循环作业方式。该方法的实质是在油层处于非定常状态时,储层系统的弹性力具有连续表现的条件。在不同带、不同通道和流体流动之间的非均质储层中,存在流体动压力梯度,因此流体可能从一层流向另一层,从裂缝流向块体,以及流动方向的变化。在非均质地层非稳定驱油过程中,低渗透层或带的部分石油储量仍未被注水发现。水淹油藏表现为含水微流和含油微流的非系统交替。在形成压力梯度值和方向交替变化的过程中,油藏中出现了注水进入含油饱和滞流低渗透带和通道的条件,并由此向活动泄油带运移。通过分析,揭示了非定常水驱技术实施的积极效果,并对该技术在油田其他运营设施中的应用提出了改进建议。
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引用次数: 0
Mathematical model of the formation of barite-lead mineralization of the Ushkatyn III deposit (Central Kazakhstan) 哈萨克斯坦中部乌什卡廷III型矿床重晶石-铅成矿作用形成的数学模型
Q4 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.31643/2024/6445.15
N. Askarova, V. Portnov, G. Rakhimova, A. Maussymbayeva, R. Madisheva
The genesis of stratiform deposits of lead and barite in sedimentary rocks is of great interest from the point of view of replenishing reserves of polymetallic ores. The aim of the work is to establish the regularity of the hydrogenic formation of ores in limestones, taking into account the influence of the nanosurface of pores and cracks based on a mathematical model of the movement and characteristics of ore-bearing solutions in the pores. The thicknesses of the surface layer of limestones and minerals included in the ore-containing strata and sulfide minerals are calculated. The results indicate that they are nanostructures with special physical properties different from the rest of the substance, which is confirmed by the regularity of the formation of a heavy sulfur isotope in ores of various textural types. The influence of hydrotherms with different densities, kinematic viscosity, and velocity on the intensity of mineralization formation in cracks and pores of limestone, as well as the occurrence of new feathering cracks around the fractures of dismemberment, is estimated. The dependence of the hydrothermal flow density on the diffusion of the liquid is established. The equation of kinematic viscosity is derived from the pressure in the solution flow, the velocity of its movement, the mass of particles of ore-forming elements, and sulfur isotopes under thermodynamic conditions of determined Gibbs energies. The relationship of the viscosity of the solution with the surface tension of the nanolayer of limestone particles in cracks and pores is shown, indicating that the greater this energy, the greater the velocity of movement of ore-forming solutions, the fewer branches of newly formed cracks around the dissection crack. The mathematical model is applicable for the numerical analysis of the regularity of mineralization in cracks, taking into account the influence of the nanostructural layer of cracks and pores of limestone in the thermodynamic conditions of the occurrence of an ore-bearing formation.
沉积岩中铅、重晶石层状矿床的成因对补充多金属矿石储量具有重要意义。基于含矿溶液在孔隙中的运动和特征的数学模型,在考虑孔隙和裂缝纳米表面影响的情况下,建立灰岩中矿石的含氢形成规律。计算了含矿地层中灰岩、含矿矿物和硫化物矿物的表层厚度。结果表明,它们是具有不同于其他物质的特殊物理性质的纳米结构,并且在不同结构类型的矿石中形成重硫同位素的规律也证实了这一点。估计了不同密度、运动粘度和速度的热液对石灰岩裂缝和孔隙中矿化形成强度的影响,以及肢解裂隙周围新羽状裂纹的发生。建立了热液流动密度与液体扩散的关系。在确定吉布斯能的热力学条件下,由溶液流动中的压力、运动速度、成矿元素颗粒的质量和硫同位素导出了运动粘度方程。溶液的黏度与裂缝和孔隙中纳米层石灰石颗粒的表面张力的关系表明,该能量越大,成矿溶液的运动速度越大,解剖裂纹周围新形成的裂纹分支越少。该数学模型适用于裂隙中矿化规律的数值分析,考虑了裂隙纳米结构层和石灰岩孔隙对含矿地层赋存热力学条件的影响。
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Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra
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