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Ljubov’ drug k drugu or ljubov’ k drug drugu? Ljubov ' drug k drugu还是Ljubov ' k drug drugu?
Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.7557/6.6259
Alice Bondarenko
In Russian, prepositions used with the reciprocal pronoun друг друга ‘each other’ typically behave as endoclitics, placed between the two parts. However, proclitical placement of primary (non-derived) prepositions with друг друга is more frequent than previously recognized. Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, the proclitic construction surfaces not only in colloquial registers but also in Academic Russian. In this paper, the frequency and usage of such constructions are examined based on data from a web corpus, Internet articles and the search engine Google scholar. Several factors related to syntax, cognitive processing and semantics are found to interplay in the gradual merging of the two elements of друг друга, sometimes leading to a loss of endoclisis. The results are discussed in the light of grammaticalization processes of bipartite reciprocal pronouns in other languages.
在俄语中,与相互代词друг друга“each other”连用的介词通常表现为内化,置于两者之间。然而,带друг друга的主要(非派生)介词的顺序放置比以前认识到的更频繁。与人们有时认为的相反,趋向性结构不仅出现在口语语域,也出现在学术俄语中。本文根据网络语料库、网络文章和搜索引擎Google scholar的数据,对这些结构的频率和使用情况进行了研究。研究发现,与句法、认知加工和语义学相关的几个因素在друг друга的两个元素逐渐融合的过程中相互作用,有时会导致内源性的丧失。并结合其他语言中双向代词的语法化过程对结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Choice of Aspect in a Russian Modal Construction 俄语情态结构的体选择
Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.7557/6.6340
B. Bernasconi
Russian aspect has been studied by many scholars over the decades within different perspectives and from different points of view, but its usage still presents challenges and controversial points. Within the cognitive paradigm, Janda and colleagues (Janda and Reynolds 2019; Janda et al. 2019) have recently demonstrated that the choice of aspect in Russian is not always determined by context but is relatively open to construal. In particular, among the cases that are open to construal, modal constructions figure prominently. In this article I present two quantitative studies on the modal construction приходиться/прийтись + infinitive, ‘have to’, with the aim of providing more evidence for their finding. The hypothesis is that the aspect of the infinitive is not fully determined by grammatical context but, to some extent, is open to construal. The first study is an analysis of corpus data taken from the Russian National Corpus. A dataset of 447 examples was annotated for several factors  in order to single out variables that significantly interacts with aspect choice in the infinitive. The second study consists of an experiment with Russian native speakers. An acceptability judgement survey was submitted to 110 informants that had to rate both aspects in the infinitive in the same contexts. In both cases statistical methods were used to analyse the data. Results to the corpus analysis led to the conclusion that no contextual factor significantly influences the choice of aspect, while the answers to the survey demonstrated that both aspects are rated as grammatically acceptable by the majority of the native speakers.
几十年来,许多学者从不同的角度和不同的角度对俄语方面进行了研究,但它的使用仍然存在挑战和争议点。在认知范式中,Janda及其同事(Janda and Reynolds 2019;Janda等人(2019)最近证明,俄语中方面的选择并不总是由语境决定的,而是相对开放的解释。特别是,在可以解释的情况下,情态结构占据了突出的位置。在这篇文章中,我提出了两个关于情态结构приходиться/прийтись +不定式“have to”的定量研究,目的是为他们的发现提供更多证据。该假说认为,不定式的词形并不完全由语法语境决定,而是在某种程度上可以解释。第一项研究是对取自俄罗斯国家语料库的语料库数据进行分析。一个包含447个例子的数据集对几个因素进行了注释,以便挑出与不定式中aspect选择显着相互作用的变量。第二个研究包括一个以俄语为母语的人的实验。一份可接受性判断调查提交给110名被调查者,他们必须在相同的语境中对不定式的两个方面进行评分。在这两种情况下,统计方法被用来分析数据。语料库分析的结果表明,语境因素对词性的选择没有显著影响,而调查的答案表明,大多数母语人士认为这两个词性在语法上都是可以接受的。
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引用次数: 0
Spot the Miner 发现矿工
Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.7557/6.6581
S. Sokolova
Coal mining is an industry that is associated with hard physical labor and harsh mental conditions. Modern artistic projects involving portraits of miners evolve as artists' responses to political and economic changes in the mining industry, which is currently in decline, and place a major focus on miner communities, rather than individual miners. This article presents an overview of relevant selected artistic projects, and supplements them with a small mini-gallery sketched by the author. The mini-gallery viewers have been invited to test their perception of miners based on a series of charcoal portraits representing men and women dressed in mining workwear and everyday clothes. Who in this mini-gallery is a miner, what serves as the basis for the respondents' guesswork, and, overall, how different is today’s perception of miners from those of the past centuries? Three main factors are outlined as potentially relevant for identifying miners: mining workwear, gender, and facial expression. The readers can compare their intuitive reactions with the results from an online experiment, which was presented in Norwegian, Russian, and English and collected 136 responses. Although the presence of mining workwear and male gender still carry a strong association with miners, the results reveal certain differences across Norway, Russia, and the United States. The article is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of art history, social studies and psychology with an artistic project.
煤矿开采是一个与艰苦的体力劳动和恶劣的精神条件有关的行业。涉及矿工肖像的现代艺术项目随着艺术家对采矿业政治和经济变化的回应而发展,目前采矿业正在衰落,并将主要重点放在矿工社区,而不是个人矿工身上。这篇文章介绍了相关的艺术项目的概述,并补充了一个小的迷你画廊草图的作者。迷你画廊的观众被邀请来测试他们对矿工的看法,这是基于一系列穿着采矿工作服和日常服装的男人和女人的木炭肖像。在这个小画廊里谁是矿工,什么是受访者猜测的基础,总的来说,今天对矿工的看法与过去几个世纪有何不同?本文概述了与识别矿工可能相关的三个主要因素:采矿工作服、性别和面部表情。读者可以将他们的直觉反应与在线实验的结果进行比较,该实验以挪威语、俄语和英语呈现,并收集了136个回答。尽管采矿工作服的存在和男性性别仍然与矿工有很强的联系,但研究结果显示,挪威、俄罗斯和美国之间存在一定的差异。这篇文章是跨学科的,结合了艺术史、社会研究和心理学方面的艺术项目。
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引用次数: 0
Health Through the Space Lens 太空镜头下的健康
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.7557/6.6572
Turid Austin Wæhler
The article discusses cultural perceptions and interpretations of health and illness in a Svalbard context through the analysis of the novels Longyearbyen (2020) by the Norwegian writer Heidi Sævareid and The Arctic Novel (1964) by the Soviet writer Vladlen Anchishkin. Both novels use Svalbard of the 1950s as a setting for portraying issues related to health and illness. It is evident from the analyses that issues related to health and illness were essential in both Norwegian and Russian settlements on Svalbard in the 1950s. Many of the same diseases and incidents, such as mining injuries, hypothermia and appendicitis, are prevalent in both novels. An interesting difference is that The Arctic Novel does not contain references to psychiatric diseases, even though they were presumably relevant for the inhabitants on Svalbard, irrespectively of their geographical provenance and social background. One of the overarching themes that arises from these texts, is how the spatial setting directly affects health and illness. Living on Svalbard has clear effects for the health and well-being of the main characters in both novels. Another fundamental theme is how individuals fit into a larger context. These themes are important also today, when discussing for instance access to health care in remote areas (such as Svalbard), or when exploring the international presence on Svalbard from a geopolitical perspective.
本文通过对挪威作家海蒂·s·瓦雷德的小说《朗伊尔城》(2020)和苏联作家弗拉德伦·安契什金的小说《北极小说》(1964)的分析,讨论了斯瓦尔巴群岛背景下对健康和疾病的文化认知和解释。这两部小说都以20世纪50年代的斯瓦尔巴群岛为背景,描绘了与健康和疾病有关的问题。从分析中可以明显看出,与健康和疾病有关的问题在20世纪50年代的斯瓦尔巴群岛上的挪威和俄罗斯定居点都是至关重要的。许多相同的疾病和事件,如矿伤、体温过低和阑尾炎,在两部小说中都很普遍。一个有趣的区别是,《北极小说》没有提及精神疾病,尽管这些疾病可能与斯瓦尔巴群岛的居民有关,而与他们的地理来源和社会背景无关。从这些文本中产生的首要主题之一是空间设置如何直接影响健康和疾病。生活在斯瓦尔巴群岛对两部小说中主要人物的健康和幸福有着明显的影响。另一个基本主题是个人如何融入更大的背景。这些主题在今天也很重要,例如在讨论偏远地区(如斯瓦尔巴群岛)获得卫生保健的机会时,或从地缘政治角度探讨斯瓦尔巴群岛的国际存在时。
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引用次数: 1
Spitsbergen Through The Times 穿越时代的斯匹次卑尔根
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.7557/6.6570
F. Kruse
British mining and exploration companies were active in Spitsbergen, today Svalbard, between 1904 and 1953. This period was marked by events like the First World War and the signing of the Spitsbergen Treaty, some say Svalbard Treaty, and was therefore politically charged. This article investigates the British Arctic enterprise as portrayed in an influential newspaper, the London Times, where a diverse range of items appeared across the sections Advertising, Business, News, Editorials, and Letters to the Editor. Reports of the London Stock Exchange and the London Gazette serve as factual counterweights to potentially subjective media coverage. In four distinct phases, we see the archipelago’s emergence in global politics, post-war optimism until the settlement of all claim disputes in 1927, a quiet phase caused by global economic depression, and renewed but short-lived optimism after the Second World War. The paper concludes that the British Government took a stance in the Spitsbergen Question already in 1907, and the Times could not be instrumentalised to change this official political opinion. The study offers a baseline for new and comparative research using similar historical sources.
1904年至1953年间,英国的采矿和勘探公司活跃在斯匹次卑尔根岛,即今天的斯瓦尔巴群岛。这一时期的特点是第一次世界大战和斯匹次卑尔根条约的签署,有人说斯瓦尔巴条约,因此政治上充满了变数。这篇文章调查了英国的北极企业,就像有影响力的报纸《伦敦时报》所描绘的那样,在广告、商业、新闻、社论和给编辑的信中出现了各种各样的项目。伦敦证券交易所(London Stock Exchange)和《伦敦公报》(London Gazette)的报道在事实上抵消了潜在的主观媒体报道。在四个不同的阶段中,我们看到群岛在全球政治中的出现,战后的乐观情绪,直到1927年解决所有索赔争端,全球经济萧条导致的平静阶段,以及第二次世界大战后恢复但短暂的乐观情绪。文章的结论是,英国政府早在1907年就已经在斯匹次卑尔根群岛问题上表明了立场,而《泰晤士报》无法被用来改变这一官方政治观点。这项研究为使用类似历史资料进行新的比较研究提供了一个基线。
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引用次数: 0
Mining for Sovereignty? Norwegian Coal Companies and the Quest for Supremacy over Svalbard 1916-1925 开采主权?挪威煤炭公司和对斯瓦尔巴群岛霸权的追求(1916-1925)
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.7557/6.6571
T. B. Arlov
At the outbreak of the First World War there was virtually no Norwegian coalmining activity on the Spitsbergen archipelago. The handful of small coal companies that were formed in Norway around the turn of the century were either idle or had been bought up by foreign interests after a few years. During the war, however, several new private companies were established, most notably the Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani in 1916. Two years later, in 1918–1919, the Norwegian government stated its desire to acquire full sovereignty over the archipelago. The wish was granted by the treaty of 9 February 1920 that came as a result of the peace negotiations in Paris. This paper reviews the role of the Norwegian coal companies in Norway’s quest for supremacy over Svalbard during and after the First World War. Were private enterprises an instrument of the Norwegian government’s ambitions or was it the other way around? It is argued that private companies were instrumental in moving the political authorities from a passive to an active stance regarding sovereignty during the last phase of the war and through the peace conference in 1919. Their primary concern was to protect their own vested interests. However, as soon as sovereignty was secured in 1920, it was the government that actively used the companies as instruments to improve Norway’s position on the archipelago before implementing the treaty and settling the property rights. Note: I use the official toponym ‘Svalbard’, although before 1925 ‘Spitsbergen’ was more commonly used.
第一次世界大战爆发时,挪威在斯匹次卑尔根群岛几乎没有采矿活动。挪威在世纪之交成立的几家小型煤炭公司要么闲置,要么在几年后被外国利益集团收购。然而,在战争期间,几家新的私人公司成立了,最著名的是1916年的斯匹次卑尔根Kulkompani商店。两年后,即1918年至1919年,挪威政府表示希望获得该群岛的全部主权。1920年2月9日在巴黎举行的和平谈判达成的条约实现了这一愿望。本文回顾了在第一次世界大战期间和之后,挪威煤炭公司在挪威对斯瓦尔巴群岛霸权的追求中所起的作用。私营企业是挪威政府实现其野心的工具,还是相反?有人认为,在战争的最后阶段和1919年的和平会议期间,私营公司在推动政治当局从被动到主动的主权立场方面发挥了重要作用。他们最关心的是保护自己的既得利益。然而,一旦主权在1920年得到保障,在实施条约和解决产权问题之前,正是政府积极利用这些公司作为工具来改善挪威在群岛上的地位。注:我使用官方地名“斯瓦尔巴”,尽管1925年之前“斯匹次卑尔根”更常用。
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引用次数: 0
Norwegian and Russian Mining and Mining Communities in Monica Kristensen’s Oeuvre 莫妮卡·克里斯滕森作品中的挪威和俄罗斯矿业和矿业社区
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.7557/6.6573
L. P. Wærp
Monica Kristensen is a Norwegian glaciologist, meteorologist, polar explorer and author of fiction (crime novels) and nonfiction (about expeditions, Svalbard, The Kings Bay Affair, and Roald Amundsen). In her altogether five crime novels, all of which take place in Svalbard, the plot is inextricably bound to place, i.e. to the Arctic. In two of her five crime novels, Kullunge and Den døde i Barentsburg, crucial parts of the action take place in the coal mines of Longyearbyen and Barentsburg. In her documentary book about the Kings Bay Affair she investigates the terrible mining accident in 1962 at Kings Bay mines that killed 21 miners. In this article I examine the literary construction of these specific places – the Arctic and the coal mines, or, the coal mines in the Arctic – in these three books, as well as the related political, ethical and existential questions of settlement and living conditions.
莫妮卡·克里斯滕森是挪威冰川学家、气象学家、极地探险家,小说(犯罪小说)和非小说(关于探险、斯瓦尔巴群岛、国王湾事件和罗尔德·阿蒙森)的作者。在她总共五部发生在斯瓦尔巴群岛的犯罪小说中,情节不可避免地与地点联系在一起,即北极。在她的五部犯罪小说《Kullunge》和《Den døde i Barentsburg》中,关键的情节发生在朗伊尔城和巴伦支堡的煤矿里。在她关于金斯湾事件的纪实书中,她调查了1962年金斯湾煤矿发生的可怕的矿难,那次矿难造成21名矿工死亡。在这篇文章中,我在这三本书中考察了这些特定地点的文学建构——北极和煤矿,或者北极的煤矿——以及与定居和生活条件相关的政治、伦理和存在问题。
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引用次数: 0
Svalbard Studies 斯瓦尔巴特群岛的研究
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.7557/6.6567
Yngvar Steinholt, Andrei Rogatchevski
This short article offers an introduction to Poljarnyj Vestnik’s special issue on Svalbard Studies.
这篇短文介绍了Poljarnyj Vestnik关于斯瓦尔巴研究的特刊。
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引用次数: 0
Wretched Subjectivity 可怜的主观性
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.7557/6.5828
Milen Jissov
This article rethinks critically a landmark work of the twentieth century—The Captive Mind, by Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz. Published in 1953, the book sought to understand human subjectivity, or, as it put it, “how the human mind functions,” in Cold-War Eastern Europe. I argue that, while probing what Western intellectuals of that time saw as the historical novelty of totalitarianism, Miłosz formulates an analysis that is rather retro. He represents Eastern Europe in terms of colonialism and imperialism—as a colonized realm and a colonized mind. What is more, he casts his representation in the terms of what Edward Said famously called “Orientalism”—producing a distorted, Orientalist work. Finally, while intimating hope for overcoming Eastern Europe’s domination, Miłosz shows that hope as illusory. 
这篇文章批判性地重新思考了20世纪的一部里程碑式的作品——诺贝尔奖得主Czesław Miłosz的《被囚禁的心灵》。这本书于1953年出版,试图理解冷战时期东欧的人类主体性,或者用它的话说,“人类思维是如何运作的”。我认为,在探究当时西方知识分子所认为的极权主义的历史新颖性时,Miłosz提出了一种相当复古的分析。从殖民主义和帝国主义的角度来看,他代表了东欧——一个被殖民的国度和被殖民的思想。更重要的是,他以爱德华·萨义德著名的“东方主义”的术语来表达自己的观点,从而产生了一种扭曲的、东方主义的作品。最后,虽然暗示了克服东欧统治的希望,但Miłosz表明这种希望是虚幻的。
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引用次数: 0
Dative radial category in Old Church Slavonic and Modern Russian 古教会斯拉夫语和现代俄语的与格辐射状范畴
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.7557/6.5925
E. Voloshina
In this paper, the semantic roles expressed by the Dative case in Modern Russian and Old Church Slavonic are described in terms of radial categories. The corpus data shows that the radial category of the Dative case has changed since Old Church Slavonic. The radial category in Modern Russian is smaller, and it includes fewer subcategories than attested in Old Church Slavonic. The change of the category prototype could explain the changes in the category of the Dative case. Recipient is postulated to be the prototype of the Dative case category in Modern Russian, while Direction appeared to be the best prototype for Old Church Slavonic data.
本文从径向范畴的角度描述了现代俄语和古教会斯拉夫语中与格所表达的语义角色。语料库数据表明,与格的径向范畴自古教会斯拉夫语以来发生了变化。现代俄语中的放射状范畴较小,它包含的子范畴也比古教会斯拉夫语中所证实的要少。范畴原型的变化可以解释与格范畴的变化。接受者被认为是现代俄语中与格类别的原型,而方向似乎是古教会斯拉夫语数据的最佳原型。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Poljarnyj Vestnik Norwegian Journal of Slavic Studies
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