Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0040
Philip T. Roundy
Purpose Entrepreneurial ecosystems are receiving growing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in both developed and developing countries. Studies of this phenomenon have focused almost exclusively on ecosystems in large, urbanized regions and metropolitan areas, located primarily in developed economies. However, the prevalence of small cities across the globe and the increasing acknowledgment that entrepreneurship in small towns is a key determinant of their economic development and rejuvenation suggests that entrepreneurial ecosystems research would benefit from a broader lens of inquiry. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a framework for studying entrepreneurial ecosystems in small towns. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper introduces the concept of small town entrepreneurial ecosystems (STEEs), draws from a wide-ranging set of disciplines to delineate the ways in which small town ecosystems are similar to and different than their larger counterparts and theorizes about several strategies STEEs use to overcome their limitations. Findings It is theorized that entrepreneurship in small cities is best conceptualized as the outcome of an ecosystem, which means that although small towns may not have some of the same key components as entrepreneurial ecosystems in large urban centers, other elements of the ecosystem may be able to bolster these deficiencies. It also suggests that those attempting to create or develop small town ecosystems may need to be entrepreneurial in the way they attract, view and utilize resources. Finally, it is theorized that small cities may be able to engage in several strategies to overcome their limitations and create vibrant entrepreneurial communities. Originality/value The theory developed produces implications for scholars focused on entrepreneurial ecosystems, economic development and emerging economies and suggests practical implications for policy-makers and development organizations seeking to improve the economic landscape of small cities.
{"title":"‘Small Town’ Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Implications for Developed and Emerging Economies","authors":"Philip T. Roundy","doi":"10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Entrepreneurial ecosystems are receiving growing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in both developed and developing countries. Studies of this phenomenon have focused almost exclusively on ecosystems in large, urbanized regions and metropolitan areas, located primarily in developed economies. However, the prevalence of small cities across the globe and the increasing acknowledgment that entrepreneurship in small towns is a key determinant of their economic development and rejuvenation suggests that entrepreneurial ecosystems research would benefit from a broader lens of inquiry. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a framework for studying entrepreneurial ecosystems in small towns. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This conceptual paper introduces the concept of small town entrepreneurial ecosystems (STEEs), draws from a wide-ranging set of disciplines to delineate the ways in which small town ecosystems are similar to and different than their larger counterparts and theorizes about several strategies STEEs use to overcome their limitations. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000It is theorized that entrepreneurship in small cities is best conceptualized as the outcome of an ecosystem, which means that although small towns may not have some of the same key components as entrepreneurial ecosystems in large urban centers, other elements of the ecosystem may be able to bolster these deficiencies. It also suggests that those attempting to create or develop small town ecosystems may need to be entrepreneurial in the way they attract, view and utilize resources. Finally, it is theorized that small cities may be able to engage in several strategies to overcome their limitations and create vibrant entrepreneurial communities. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The theory developed produces implications for scholars focused on entrepreneurial ecosystems, economic development and emerging economies and suggests practical implications for policy-makers and development organizations seeking to improve the economic landscape of small cities.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128308860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While recent international negotiations to combat climate change have led governments around the world to invest in R&D in the energy sector, funds allocated to R&D investment are limited during global economic downturns and depending on national economic conditions. A systematic approach and strategic budget allocation is required to achieve various national energy policy targets. In this study, we describe the optimal investment portfolio for achieving energy policy targets in any nation based on three budget allocation criteria: past investment performance, expected future effects, and additional investment risk. We outline the analytic hierarchical process by which policy target priorities are set, developing a market allocation model to analyze expected future effects and a system dynamics model to calculate the investment volume. Then, we apply these models to an example in an empirical analysis. The systematic approach suggested in this study may increase the efficiency of budget spending by helping government makes investment decisions based on clear criteria and the results of a quantitative analysis regarding government investment in R&D.
{"title":"Strategic R&D Budget Allocation to Achieve National Energy Policy Targets","authors":"Jungwoo Lee, Jae-Suk Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2909823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2909823","url":null,"abstract":"While recent international negotiations to combat climate change have led governments around the world to invest in R&D in the energy sector, funds allocated to R&D investment are limited during global economic downturns and depending on national economic conditions. A systematic approach and strategic budget allocation is required to achieve various national energy policy targets. In this study, we describe the optimal investment portfolio for achieving energy policy targets in any nation based on three budget allocation criteria: past investment performance, expected future effects, and additional investment risk. We outline the analytic hierarchical process by which policy target priorities are set, developing a market allocation model to analyze expected future effects and a system dynamics model to calculate the investment volume. Then, we apply these models to an example in an empirical analysis. The systematic approach suggested in this study may increase the efficiency of budget spending by helping government makes investment decisions based on clear criteria and the results of a quantitative analysis regarding government investment in R&D.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129400567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigates how education, scientific output and the internet complement mobile phone penetration to affect technology commodity exports in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. The following main findings are established. First, the internet complements the mobile phone to boost technology goods exports. Second, the internet also complements the mobile phone to boost technology service exports. Third, positive marginal effects are apparent in the roles of educational quality and scientific output on technology goods exports and technology service exports respectively while negative marginal impacts are apparent in the roles of scientific output and educational quality on technology goods exports and technology service exports respectively. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
{"title":"Mobile Phone Innovation and Technology-Driven Exports in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"S. Asongu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3051657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3051657","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates how education, scientific output and the internet complement mobile phone penetration to affect technology commodity exports in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. The following main findings are established. First, the internet complements the mobile phone to boost technology goods exports. Second, the internet also complements the mobile phone to boost technology service exports. Third, positive marginal effects are apparent in the roles of educational quality and scientific output on technology goods exports and technology service exports respectively while negative marginal impacts are apparent in the roles of scientific output and educational quality on technology goods exports and technology service exports respectively. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116701382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the impact of international R&D spillovers on recipient countries in terms of social and private returns. We divide the aggregate R&D stock by the business, government and education sectors and examine the impact on Total Factor Productivity. We endogenize the accrual of the R&D stocks by estimating an R&D investment function. We find that the marginal social returns on R&D are much larger than the marginal private returns for R&D-intensive countries. It implies that R&D intensive countries are expected to generate more spillovers at the margin, but the observed R&D stock is smaller than the socially optimal level.
{"title":"International R&D Spillovers and Marginal Social Returns on R&D","authors":"K. Ogawa, E. Sterken, Ichiro Tokutsu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2909608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2909608","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the impact of international R&D spillovers on recipient countries in terms of social and private returns. We divide the aggregate R&D stock by the business, government and education sectors and examine the impact on Total Factor Productivity. We endogenize the accrual of the R&D stocks by estimating an R&D investment function. We find that the marginal social returns on R&D are much larger than the marginal private returns for R&D-intensive countries. It implies that R&D intensive countries are expected to generate more spillovers at the margin, but the observed R&D stock is smaller than the socially optimal level.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131672801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patents declared to standard development organizations (SDOs) as potentially essential for compliance with standards under development within the SDO are typically bound by so-called FRAND commitments – promises from the patent holder to license the patents on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and conditions. It is widely agreed that FRAND commitments impose certain constraints on the terms and conditions that patent holders may seek from licensees in comparison to licensing patents without a FRAND commitment. But exactly what those constraints might entail has been the subject of heated debate for at least a decade. The particular constraint discussed in this chapter is whether FRAND prohibits patent portfolio licensing, where both FRAND committed and non-essential, non-FRAND-commitment patents are bundled together into a single license. We explain that the answer to that question is “no”, FRAND does not create a blanket prohibition against portfolio licensing. Whether such a patent portfolio license honors a FRAND commitment depends on the specific licensing terms and conditions.
{"title":"The Policy Implications of Licensing Standard Essential FRAND-Committed Patents in Bundles","authors":"A. Layne-Farrar, M. Salinger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2846147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2846147","url":null,"abstract":"Patents declared to standard development organizations (SDOs) as potentially essential for compliance with standards under development within the SDO are typically bound by so-called FRAND commitments – promises from the patent holder to license the patents on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and conditions. It is widely agreed that FRAND commitments impose certain constraints on the terms and conditions that patent holders may seek from licensees in comparison to licensing patents without a FRAND commitment. But exactly what those constraints might entail has been the subject of heated debate for at least a decade. The particular constraint discussed in this chapter is whether FRAND prohibits patent portfolio licensing, where both FRAND committed and non-essential, non-FRAND-commitment patents are bundled together into a single license. We explain that the answer to that question is “no”, FRAND does not create a blanket prohibition against portfolio licensing. Whether such a patent portfolio license honors a FRAND commitment depends on the specific licensing terms and conditions.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131308650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
French Abstract: L’objectif de cet article est de montrer l’importance de l’économie fondée sur la connaissance. Après examen des différents piliers de cette nouvelle économie, l’article démontre que malgré les efforts considérables entrepris par l’Algérie en termes d’investissement, les résultats escomptés plus particulièrement sur le plan qualitatif n’ont pas été atteints. Le niveau de la compétitivité connaissance reste toujours inférieur non seulement par rapport aux pays avancés mais également par rapport aux pays de la sous- région MENA, qui lui sont directement compétitifs. Le domaine de la recherche et du développement est loin de répondre aux exigences de compétitivité et d’intégration dans l’économie fondée sur la connaissance du fait que les connaissances acquises sont obsolètes.
English Abstract: The purpose of this article is to show the importance of the knowledge-based economy. After examining the different pillars of this new economy, the article demonstrates that, despite considerable investment efforts by Algeria, the expected results, particularly in terms of quality, have not been achieved. The level of knowledge competitiveness is still lower not only in relation to the advanced countries but also in relation to the countries of the MENA sub-region, which are directly competitive with it. The field of research and development is far from meeting the requirements of competitiveness and integration in the knowledge-based economy as the knowledge acquired is obsolete.
本文的目的是展示知识经济的重要性。在审查了新经济的不同支柱后，本文表明，尽管阿尔及利亚在投资方面作出了相当大的努力，但预期的结果，特别是在质量方面，并没有实现。知识竞争力水平仍然较低，不仅与发达国家相比，而且与中东和北非次区域的国家相比，这些国家具有直接的竞争力。研究和发展领域远远不能满足竞争力和融入知识经济的要求，因为所获得的知识已经过时。英语篇文摘:The目的of this is to show The of The知识经济意义。在考察了这种新经济的不同支柱之后，本文表明，尽管阿尔及利亚作出了大量投资努力，但预期的结果，特别是在质量方面，并没有实现。知识竞争力水平仍然较低，不仅与发达国家有关，而且与与之直接竞争的中东和北非次区域国家有关。研究和开发领域远远不能满足以知识为基础的经济的竞争力和一体化要求，因为所获得的知识已经过时。
{"title":"L’Algérie face au défi de l’économie fondée sur la connaissance : état des lieux dans la région MENA (Algeria Faces the Challenge of the Knowledge-Based Economy: Context in the Mena Region)","authors":"Aimad Datoussaid, Abdelkader Hamadi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3404218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3404218","url":null,"abstract":"<b>French Abstract:</b> L’objectif de cet article est de montrer l’importance de l’économie fondée sur la connaissance. Après examen des différents piliers de cette nouvelle économie, l’article démontre que malgré les efforts considérables entrepris par l’Algérie en termes d’investissement, les résultats escomptés plus particulièrement sur le plan qualitatif n’ont pas été atteints. Le niveau de la compétitivité connaissance reste toujours inférieur non seulement par rapport aux pays avancés mais également par rapport aux pays de la sous- région MENA, qui lui sont directement compétitifs. Le domaine de la recherche et du développement est loin de répondre aux exigences de compétitivité et d’intégration dans l’économie fondée sur la connaissance du fait que les connaissances acquises sont obsolètes.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The purpose of this article is to show the importance of the knowledge-based economy. After examining the different pillars of this new economy, the article demonstrates that, despite considerable investment efforts by Algeria, the expected results, particularly in terms of quality, have not been achieved. The level of knowledge competitiveness is still lower not only in relation to the advanced countries but also in relation to the countries of the MENA sub-region, which are directly competitive with it. The field of research and development is far from meeting the requirements of competitiveness and integration in the knowledge-based economy as the knowledge acquired is obsolete.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114327917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bianchini, Gabriele Pellegrino, Federico Tamagni
In this work, we explore the relations between sales growth and a set of innovation indicators that capture the different sources, modes and results of the innovative activity undertaken within firms. We exploit a rich panel on innovation activity of Spanish manufacturing firms, reporting detailed CIS-type information continuously over the period 2004-2011. Standard GMM-panel estimates of the average effect of innovation activities reveal significant and positive effect for internal R&D, while no effect is found for external sourcing of knowledge (external R&D, acquisition of embodied and disembodied technologies) as well as for output of innovation (process and product innovation). However, fixed-effects quantile regressions reveal that innovation activities, apart from process innovation and disembodied technical change, display a positive effect on high-growth performance. Finally, we find evidence of super-modularity of the growth function, revealing complementarities of internal R&D with product innovation, and between product and process innovation.
{"title":"Innovation Strategies and Firm Growth","authors":"S. Bianchini, Gabriele Pellegrino, Federico Tamagni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2745980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2745980","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we explore the relations between sales growth and a set of innovation indicators that capture the different sources, modes and results of the innovative activity undertaken within firms. We exploit a rich panel on innovation activity of Spanish manufacturing firms, reporting detailed CIS-type information continuously over the period 2004-2011. Standard GMM-panel estimates of the average effect of innovation activities reveal significant and positive effect for internal R&D, while no effect is found for external sourcing of knowledge (external R&D, acquisition of embodied and disembodied technologies) as well as for output of innovation (process and product innovation). However, fixed-effects quantile regressions reveal that innovation activities, apart from process innovation and disembodied technical change, display a positive effect on high-growth performance. Finally, we find evidence of super-modularity of the growth function, revealing complementarities of internal R&D with product innovation, and between product and process innovation.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1879 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127459292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using the farm tractor as a case study, I show that lags in technology diffusion arise along two distinct margins, which I term scale and scope. Though tractors are now used in nearly every agricultural field operation and in the production of nearly all crops, they first developed with much more limited application. Early diffusion was accordingly rapid in these narrower applications, but limited in scope until tractor technology generalized. The sequence of diffusion is consistent with a model of R&D in specific- versus general-purpose attributes and with other historical examples, suggesting that the key to understanding technology diffusion lies not only in explaining the number of different users, but also in explaining the number of different uses.
{"title":"Scale versus Scope in the Diffusion of New Technology: Evidence from the Farm Tractor","authors":"D. Gross","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2520126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2520126","url":null,"abstract":"Using the farm tractor as a case study, I show that lags in technology diffusion arise along two distinct margins, which I term scale and scope. Though tractors are now used in nearly every agricultural field operation and in the production of nearly all crops, they first developed with much more limited application. Early diffusion was accordingly rapid in these narrower applications, but limited in scope until tractor technology generalized. The sequence of diffusion is consistent with a model of R&D in specific- versus general-purpose attributes and with other historical examples, suggesting that the key to understanding technology diffusion lies not only in explaining the number of different users, but also in explaining the number of different uses.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123624743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Halme, A. Kourula, Sara Lindeman, Galina Kallio, M. Lima-Toivanen, A. Korsunova
The past decade has seen a proliferation of suggestions for market-based solutions to global poverty. While research emphasizes that sustainability innovation aimed at poverty alleviation must be grounded in user needs, few studies demonstrate how to study the poor for purposes of early phase innovation in business enterprises, especially in multiple locations comparatively. This study suggests that the necessary understanding of low-income users and their practices can be gained through multi-sited rapid ethnography. We exemplify how the process moves from understanding of needs of poor toward innovation and offer a general framework for evaluating the success of these types of projects. The paper describes the challenges and solutions found in a multi-sited rapid ethnography research in urban base of the pyramid (BOP) contexts in Brazil, India, Russia and Tanzania. It suggests businesses can learn about the poor with the help this method and conduct sustainability innovation on the basis of on the needs of the poor, rather than start with existing products.
{"title":"Sustainability Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid Through Multi-Cited Rapid Ethnography","authors":"M. Halme, A. Kourula, Sara Lindeman, Galina Kallio, M. Lima-Toivanen, A. Korsunova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2676543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676543","url":null,"abstract":"The past decade has seen a proliferation of suggestions for market-based solutions to global poverty. While research emphasizes that sustainability innovation aimed at poverty alleviation must be grounded in user needs, few studies demonstrate how to study the poor for purposes of early phase innovation in business enterprises, especially in multiple locations comparatively. This study suggests that the necessary understanding of low-income users and their practices can be gained through multi-sited rapid ethnography. We exemplify how the process moves from understanding of needs of poor toward innovation and offer a general framework for evaluating the success of these types of projects. The paper describes the challenges and solutions found in a multi-sited rapid ethnography research in urban base of the pyramid (BOP) contexts in Brazil, India, Russia and Tanzania. It suggests businesses can learn about the poor with the help this method and conduct sustainability innovation on the basis of on the needs of the poor, rather than start with existing products.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122475220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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