This paper explores how heterogenous risk drives the firm innovation–survival relationship using a large sample of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Results show that innovation increases the probability of survival, although the impact on firm survival is conditioned by the timing of the innovation, the characteristics associated with the innovation strategy, along with the level of risk embodied in the innovation process. Cautious innovators are found to survive longer and contribute to a higher social welfare via gains in firm efficiency. In contrast, risky innovators are less likely to survive, are less efficient, and are only sometimes compensated for their risk in terms of higher profits. Results therefore show that other factors besides higher payoffs force some firms to engage in riskier innovation strategies.
{"title":"‘Indigenous’ Innovation with Heterogeneous Risk and New Firm Survival in a Transitioning Chinese Economy","authors":"Anthony Howell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2705971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2705971","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how heterogenous risk drives the firm innovation–survival relationship using a large sample of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Results show that innovation increases the probability of survival, although the impact on firm survival is conditioned by the timing of the innovation, the characteristics associated with the innovation strategy, along with the level of risk embodied in the innovation process. Cautious innovators are found to survive longer and contribute to a higher social welfare via gains in firm efficiency. In contrast, risky innovators are less likely to survive, are less efficient, and are only sometimes compensated for their risk in terms of higher profits. Results therefore show that other factors besides higher payoffs force some firms to engage in riskier innovation strategies.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129413439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Article explores why the technologies that have transformed a range of industries by facilitating a dramatic rise in direct transactions — as reflected in the rapid growth of eBay, Etsy, and Airbnb, among others — have yet to similarly transform banking and other modes of financial intermediation. Its primary focus is the evolution of peer-to-peer (“P2P”) lending from a sector that promised to bring similarly radical changes to financial intermediation to one in which the relationship between the supplier and recipient of the capital is increasingly attenuated. The analysis reveals a number of market and regulatory forces that tend to favor intermediation and work against direct finance when the exchange is purely financial. Yet the Article also considers areas where direct finance appears to be gaining more of a toehold. This examination reveals ways that technology is increasingly enabling capital raising to be bundled with other undertakings, like garnering publicity or gathering information about the demand for a potential project. The analysis suggests that when the exchange involves more than just capital, direct finance may yet thrive, as individuals can bring attributes to the table that intermediaries cannot readily replicate. The conjecture that direct finance is most likely to be viable when the provision of capital is part of a thicker bundle, while inherently speculative, has ramifications for both theory and policy. Such a development runs contrary to the prevailing wisdom that innovations will lead to ever greater specialization and result in capital raising being increasingly divorced from risk bearing and other commitments. It also presents an interesting regulatory challenge, as thicker bundles are more likely to raise policy and legal issues traditionally addressed through disparate bodies of law and often enforced by agencies with different aims and inclinations.
{"title":"The Future of Direct Finance: The Diverging Paths of Peer-to-Peer Lending and Kickstarter","authors":"Kathryn Judge","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2662697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2662697","url":null,"abstract":"This Article explores why the technologies that have transformed a range of industries by facilitating a dramatic rise in direct transactions — as reflected in the rapid growth of eBay, Etsy, and Airbnb, among others — have yet to similarly transform banking and other modes of financial intermediation. Its primary focus is the evolution of peer-to-peer (“P2P”) lending from a sector that promised to bring similarly radical changes to financial intermediation to one in which the relationship between the supplier and recipient of the capital is increasingly attenuated. The analysis reveals a number of market and regulatory forces that tend to favor intermediation and work against direct finance when the exchange is purely financial. Yet the Article also considers areas where direct finance appears to be gaining more of a toehold. This examination reveals ways that technology is increasingly enabling capital raising to be bundled with other undertakings, like garnering publicity or gathering information about the demand for a potential project. The analysis suggests that when the exchange involves more than just capital, direct finance may yet thrive, as individuals can bring attributes to the table that intermediaries cannot readily replicate. The conjecture that direct finance is most likely to be viable when the provision of capital is part of a thicker bundle, while inherently speculative, has ramifications for both theory and policy. Such a development runs contrary to the prevailing wisdom that innovations will lead to ever greater specialization and result in capital raising being increasingly divorced from risk bearing and other commitments. It also presents an interesting regulatory challenge, as thicker bundles are more likely to raise policy and legal issues traditionally addressed through disparate bodies of law and often enforced by agencies with different aims and inclinations.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134181074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Farrington, L. Philip, C. Cottrill, Pamela Y. Abbott, Grant Blank, W. Dutton
By using detailed data on Internet access and use in rural and urban areas of Britain, we show the effect of low-speed broadband connection on people’s use of the Internet and the services it provides. We use a three-fold definition of deep rural, shallow rural, and urban areas to explore the nature of the digital divides between these areas, and the consequences for people’s relation with the Internet. We find that while overall access to the Internet varies little geographically, though with very different connection speeds, there are consistent differences in urban versus deep rural Internet use that provide evidence not only of an urban-rural digital divide, but also ways in which this divide is manifested. In particular, through this analysis, we have discovered that the ‘urban-rural divide’ is generally manifested between ‘deep rural’ Internet use on the one hand and ‘shallow rural and urban’ Internet use on the other hand. The existence of this divide - a two-speed Britain - means that over 1 million people in Britain are potentially excluded from, or at best find it challenging to participate in, what is generally regarded as ‘normal’ online social, commercial, creative and civic life, because they live in deep rural areas of the Britain.
{"title":"Two-Speed Britain: Rural Internet Use","authors":"J. Farrington, L. Philip, C. Cottrill, Pamela Y. Abbott, Grant Blank, W. Dutton","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2645771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2645771","url":null,"abstract":"By using detailed data on Internet access and use in rural and urban areas of Britain, we show the effect of low-speed broadband connection on people’s use of the Internet and the services it provides. We use a three-fold definition of deep rural, shallow rural, and urban areas to explore the nature of the digital divides between these areas, and the consequences for people’s relation with the Internet. We find that while overall access to the Internet varies little geographically, though with very different connection speeds, there are consistent differences in urban versus deep rural Internet use that provide evidence not only of an urban-rural digital divide, but also ways in which this divide is manifested. In particular, through this analysis, we have discovered that the ‘urban-rural divide’ is generally manifested between ‘deep rural’ Internet use on the one hand and ‘shallow rural and urban’ Internet use on the other hand. The existence of this divide - a two-speed Britain - means that over 1 million people in Britain are potentially excluded from, or at best find it challenging to participate in, what is generally regarded as ‘normal’ online social, commercial, creative and civic life, because they live in deep rural areas of the Britain.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125069574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On March 14, 2014, the United States government announced its intention to end its direct role in overseeing the Internet’s Domain Name System (DNS). The IANA transition, as it is called, is a moment of critical importance in the history of the global network and the relationship between network governance and government control. It is an extraordinarily complex undertaking, both technically and legally, and there is a great deal at stake — but only a small handful of people understand the full scope of the problems involved and can participate intelligently in the public discussion about what entity or system should replace the U.S. government’s role in DNS oversight. It is thus an unfortunate combination of circumstances for informed decision-making and public discussion. This paper seeks to fill at least a part of that gap.The current IANA transition is the logical culmination of the sequence initiated in the 1998-’99 transition, and it presents a significant opportunity for the United States and for the global community of Internet users. Over time, the justifications for a special role for the U.S. government in managing the evolution of the Internet and its governance systems have considerably weakened, as a consequence of both the Internet’s vastly expanding global reach and of questions about the U.S. government’s ability to claim any kind of neutral “stewardship” role for itself with respect to Internet affairs. The IANA transition also has important symbolic significance: it is a formal recognition by the United States that the Internet, which the United States government helped usher into existence 30 years ago, is now truly a global public trust. The Internet’s core infrastructure, rather than being the special purview of any one country’s exclusive jurisdiction, needs to evolve in ways that benefit all users, world-wide. And a strong, consensus-based, non-governmental, multi-stakeholder institution at the policy-making center of the DNS is likely to be the best way to ensure that the Internet infrastructure remains free from undue governmental influence. Yet the risks the transition poses are also high. The DNS is, by design, essentially invisible to the vast majority of Internet users, but if it were to break down, or fragment into multiple competing systems, the impact on Internet use around the world would be substantial. Furthermore, in the wrong hands control over the DNS can be leveraged into control over a much broader universe of Internet activity and communication than that encompassed by the DNS alone. Freed from U.S. government oversight, what is to prevent ICANN from inserting itself into global law-enforcement or governance role far removed from its core commitment to insuring that the DNS runs smoothly and efficiently? The stakes are high, for everyone who uses the Internet and everyone who is concerned with its future development as a global communications platform. Designing a transition plan that achieves the goal of
{"title":"Controlling Internet Infrastructure Part 1: The 'IANA Transition' and Why It Matters for the Future of the Internet","authors":"David G. Post, D. Kehl","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2636417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2636417","url":null,"abstract":"On March 14, 2014, the United States government announced its intention to end its direct role in overseeing the Internet’s Domain Name System (DNS). The IANA transition, as it is called, is a moment of critical importance in the history of the global network and the relationship between network governance and government control. It is an extraordinarily complex undertaking, both technically and legally, and there is a great deal at stake — but only a small handful of people understand the full scope of the problems involved and can participate intelligently in the public discussion about what entity or system should replace the U.S. government’s role in DNS oversight. It is thus an unfortunate combination of circumstances for informed decision-making and public discussion. This paper seeks to fill at least a part of that gap.The current IANA transition is the logical culmination of the sequence initiated in the 1998-’99 transition, and it presents a significant opportunity for the United States and for the global community of Internet users. Over time, the justifications for a special role for the U.S. government in managing the evolution of the Internet and its governance systems have considerably weakened, as a consequence of both the Internet’s vastly expanding global reach and of questions about the U.S. government’s ability to claim any kind of neutral “stewardship” role for itself with respect to Internet affairs. The IANA transition also has important symbolic significance: it is a formal recognition by the United States that the Internet, which the United States government helped usher into existence 30 years ago, is now truly a global public trust. The Internet’s core infrastructure, rather than being the special purview of any one country’s exclusive jurisdiction, needs to evolve in ways that benefit all users, world-wide. And a strong, consensus-based, non-governmental, multi-stakeholder institution at the policy-making center of the DNS is likely to be the best way to ensure that the Internet infrastructure remains free from undue governmental influence. Yet the risks the transition poses are also high. The DNS is, by design, essentially invisible to the vast majority of Internet users, but if it were to break down, or fragment into multiple competing systems, the impact on Internet use around the world would be substantial. Furthermore, in the wrong hands control over the DNS can be leveraged into control over a much broader universe of Internet activity and communication than that encompassed by the DNS alone. Freed from U.S. government oversight, what is to prevent ICANN from inserting itself into global law-enforcement or governance role far removed from its core commitment to insuring that the DNS runs smoothly and efficiently? The stakes are high, for everyone who uses the Internet and everyone who is concerned with its future development as a global communications platform. Designing a transition plan that achieves the goal of","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134010529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitchell R. K. Tompkins, Sajjad Jafri, Neville Arjani
This paper investigates the impact that the emergence of Automated Funds Transfer (AFT) payments has had on cheque use in Canada. We find that AFT payments have played a role in the declining use of cheques during the past decade. Nevertheless the use of cheques remains moderately high in Canada compared to other G7 countries. We follow this result with a discussion on factors contributing to short and long run growth. In the short-term AFT growth is anticipated to continue as more entities shift from paper to electronic payments. In the longer term AFT growth will depend on how AFT meets the needs of small and medium-sized business.
{"title":"The Role of Automated Funds Transfer Payments in Canada's Declining Use of Cheques","authors":"Mitchell R. K. Tompkins, Sajjad Jafri, Neville Arjani","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2629225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2629225","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact that the emergence of Automated Funds Transfer (AFT) payments has had on cheque use in Canada. We find that AFT payments have played a role in the declining use of cheques during the past decade. Nevertheless the use of cheques remains moderately high in Canada compared to other G7 countries. We follow this result with a discussion on factors contributing to short and long run growth. In the short-term AFT growth is anticipated to continue as more entities shift from paper to electronic payments. In the longer term AFT growth will depend on how AFT meets the needs of small and medium-sized business.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134408182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ifigeneia Georgoula, Demitrios Pournarakis, Christos Bilanakos, Dionisios N. Sotiropoulos, G. Giaglis
This paper uses time-series analysis to study the relationship between Bitcoin prices and fundamental economic variables, technological factors and measurements of collective mood derived from Twitter feeds. Sentiment analysis has been performed on a daily basis through the utilization of a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm, namely Support Vector Machines (SVMs). A series of short-run regressions shows that the Twitter sentiment ratio is positively correlated with Bitcoin prices. The short-run analysis also reveals that the number of Wikipedia search queries (showing the degree of public interest in Bitcoins) and the hash rate (measuring the mining difficulty) have a positive effect on the price of Bitcoins. On the contrary, the value of Bitcoins is negatively affected by the exchange rate between the USD and the euro (which represents the general level of prices). A vector error-correction model is used to investigate the existence of long-term relationships between cointegrated variables. This kind of long-run analysis reveals that the Bitcoin price is positively associated with the number of Bitcoins in circulation (representing the total stock of money supply) and negatively associated with the Standard and Poor's 500 stock market index (which indicates the general state of the global economy).
{"title":"Using Time-Series and Sentiment Analysis to Detect the Determinants of Bitcoin Prices","authors":"Ifigeneia Georgoula, Demitrios Pournarakis, Christos Bilanakos, Dionisios N. Sotiropoulos, G. Giaglis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2607167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2607167","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses time-series analysis to study the relationship between Bitcoin prices and fundamental economic variables, technological factors and measurements of collective mood derived from Twitter feeds. Sentiment analysis has been performed on a daily basis through the utilization of a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm, namely Support Vector Machines (SVMs). A series of short-run regressions shows that the Twitter sentiment ratio is positively correlated with Bitcoin prices. The short-run analysis also reveals that the number of Wikipedia search queries (showing the degree of public interest in Bitcoins) and the hash rate (measuring the mining difficulty) have a positive effect on the price of Bitcoins. On the contrary, the value of Bitcoins is negatively affected by the exchange rate between the USD and the euro (which represents the general level of prices). A vector error-correction model is used to investigate the existence of long-term relationships between cointegrated variables. This kind of long-run analysis reveals that the Bitcoin price is positively associated with the number of Bitcoins in circulation (representing the total stock of money supply) and negatively associated with the Standard and Poor's 500 stock market index (which indicates the general state of the global economy).","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122572155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industry Canada, the authority charged with radio spectrum allocation and assignment in Canada, administered a Combinatorial Clock Auction in 2013 whereby a sizable number of spectrum licenses were awarded to a handful of telecommunications operators to provide 4G cellular service throughout the Canadian provinces. The auction consisted of two main stages: the Allocation stage and the Assignment stage; in turn the allocation stage was further divided in two: the Clock Rounds and the Supplementary Round. The 700 MHz auction in 2014 was organised in 56 products which corresponded to 14 geographical areas with 4 sets of bands in each area (three bands with two blocks each, known as generic, and one band with a single paired block) and had all bidders bidding during the Clock rounds and in the Supplementary round. In the Assignment stage only those bidders who won generic licences in the Allocation stage got to bid on specific targeted licenses. This paper analyses the results from Canada’s 700 MHz auction in an attempt to unlock main aspects of bidders’ strategic bidding. It uses publicly available data posted by Industry Canada which follow every bidder’s demand history throughout the auction represented by the round-to-round demanded bundles and the aggregate amount bid on for each bundle.
{"title":"An Interpretation of Bidding Strategies in Canada's 700 MHz Combinatorial Clock Auction","authors":"F. Beltrán","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2593806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2593806","url":null,"abstract":"Industry Canada, the authority charged with radio spectrum allocation and assignment in Canada, administered a Combinatorial Clock Auction in 2013 whereby a sizable number of spectrum licenses were awarded to a handful of telecommunications operators to provide 4G cellular service throughout the Canadian provinces. The auction consisted of two main stages: the Allocation stage and the Assignment stage; in turn the allocation stage was further divided in two: the Clock Rounds and the Supplementary Round. The 700 MHz auction in 2014 was organised in 56 products which corresponded to 14 geographical areas with 4 sets of bands in each area (three bands with two blocks each, known as generic, and one band with a single paired block) and had all bidders bidding during the Clock rounds and in the Supplementary round. In the Assignment stage only those bidders who won generic licences in the Allocation stage got to bid on specific targeted licenses. This paper analyses the results from Canada’s 700 MHz auction in an attempt to unlock main aspects of bidders’ strategic bidding. It uses publicly available data posted by Industry Canada which follow every bidder’s demand history throughout the auction represented by the round-to-round demanded bundles and the aggregate amount bid on for each bundle.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131207422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean Abstract: 베트남은 우리나라의 중요한 경제협력국이자, 우리나라 ODA의 최대 수원국이다. 한편 정보통신기술(ICT) 분야는 IT 강국으로서 우리나라가 역량을 보유한 분야이자 개도국 발전에 매우 중요한 분야이다. 우리나라는 2000년 초부터 ICT분야 개발협력 사업을 활발하게 추진해왔으나, 효과성 제고를 위해서는 개선과제들이 남아 있다. 최근 ICT의 범분야적 성격으로 인하여, ICT라는 특정 분야에 대한 지원을 벗어나 개발협력 전 분야에서 ICT를 널리 활용하고 있다. 이러한 상황 변화를 ICT 관련 개발협력 방향 도출 시 고려할 필요가 있다. 이러한 배경 아래 이 연구에서는 베트남을 대상국가로 선정하여 ICT분야 개발 현황을 살펴본 후, 우리나라 개발협력 사업 방향과 개선방안을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 이 연구에서는 국내외 문헌조사와 함께 현지 방문조사를 실시하였다. 특히 베트남 정보통신부와 공동으로 개최한 워크숍을 통해 정책담당자의 의견을 청취하였으며, 베트남 주재 원조기관과 우리나라의 베트남 진출 기업인들과의 면담으로 현지 정보를 수집하였다. 교육이나 보건 등 타 분야와는 달리 ICT는 그 자체가 ODA의 목적이라기보다는 수단의 측면이 강하다. 즉, 교육수준의 향상이나 보건환경의 개선은 그 자체가 개도국 국민의 삶을 향상시키는 것이지만, ICT가 국민의 삶을 향상시키기 위해서는 단순한 기술이나 장비의 제공을 넘어서 이것이 개도국의 발전에 활용될 수 있는 여건이 갖추어져야 한다. 따라서 타 분야의 ODA 사업과 비교할 때 ICT ODA 사업은 민관협력, 사후관리, 적정기술 제공, 활용성이 갖추어져야 성공할 수 있다. 이 연구의 제2장에서는 ICT가 개도국의 경제성장, 사회개발 및 공공부문의 개혁에 있어서 어떠한 기여를 할 수 있는지를 살펴보고, 이것이 실제의 성과로 나타나기 위해서 필요한 조건이 무엇인지 알아보았다. 제3장에서는 베트남의 ICT 관련 일반 현황과 함께 발전전략을 살펴보고, ICT 발전전략의 수립과 집행에 있어서 정부조직의 특징, 정책 집행에 있어서의 문제점 등에 대하여 알아보았다. 베트남은 이미 ICT 발전을 위한 기초적 인프라를 갖추고 있으나, ICT 인프라 고도화와 경제, 사회, 행정, 국방 등 다양한 분야에서 ICT 확산이 요구되는 상황이다. 특히 앞으로 전자정부와 관련하여 다양한 수요가 창출될 것으로 전망된다. 베트남 정부는 10대 핵심 사회ㆍ경제 인프라 중의 하나로 ICT 인프라를 포함시키고 있으며, ICT 개발과 활용을 촉진시키는 것을 최우선으로 고려하고 있다. 현재 베트남 ICT 관련 국가 프로그램은 IT 인프라 구축, 국가 데이터베이스 구축, 국가 정보시스템 구축으로 요약된다. 이를 추진하는데 있어서 가장 큰 문제점으로는 ICT 정책을 담당하고 있는 정보통신부의 컨트롤 타워 기능 부재와 중앙정부와 지방정부 간의 미흡한 협력관계를 들 수 있다. 이 연구의 제4장에서는 베트남에 대한 국제사회의 ODA 현황을 파악하기 위해 일본 및 미국 등 주요 공여국과 세계은행, ADB 등 주요 국제기구의 사업을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 베트남 ICT ODA의 최대 공여국은 일본으로서 DAC 회원국의 베트남 ICT ODA 총액의 73%를 차지한다. 그 뒤를 우리나라가 따르는데, 양국의 ODA는 사업 내용 측면에서 다소 상이하다. 일본은 방송분야에 대한 지원 건수가 많았으며, 한국은 공공행정 분야 정보화에 대한 사업 건수가 많았다. 우리나라가 추진한 주요 사업으로는 한ㆍ베 친선 IT대학사업과 현재 진행 중인 정부통합데이터센터 구축사업을 들 수 있다. ICT ODA 전반에 대한 기존 평가 결과 분석과 이 연구에서 진행한 주요 사업에 대한 비판적 검토를 통해 발견된 문제점은 다음과 같다. 우선 KOICA, EDCF 등 개별 원조수행기관들이 통일된 국가원조 전략하에 사업을 수행하지 못하고 상호 간 협업과 분업을 도모하지 못하고 있다는 점이 가장 큰 문제다. 또한 베트남의 정치구조, 경제상황, 문화 등에 대한 충분한 검토 없이 사업이 추진되어 실제로 사업 집행이 지연되고 사업이 현지화되지 않아 활용성이 떨어진다는 점을 들 수 있다. ICT의 전문성과 수원국 현지 사정에 대한 정보와 지식을 결합시킬 수 있도록 사업관리 및 진행체계의 개선이 시급하다. 이 연구는 우리나라가 앞으로 베트남에서 수행할 수 있는 유망 ICT ODA 사업분야를 도출하고, 이러한 사업을 추진하는 데 있어서 문제점을 개선하기 위한 과제를 제시했다. 가장 유망한 분야는 전자정부 구축으로 대변되는 공공행정 분야의 정보화사업이라고 할 수 있다. 이미 베트남은 ICT 인프라가 갖추어진 국가이며 행정개혁을 위하여 전자정부 구축을 국가사업으로 추진하고 있기 때문에 전자정부 구축 분야에서 지속적으로 ODA 수요가 발생하고 있다. 또한 전자정부 구축은 타 공여국이나 공여기관의 ICT ODA 분야 사업 내용과 차별성이 있다. 우리나라는 ICT 강국으로서 공공행정 정보화 분야의 경험이 있으며, 다양한 정책기관이 전문성을 축적하고 있는 상태로, 우리나라의 공급역량 관점에서도 공공행정 정보화는 유망한 사업 분야라고 할 수 있다. ICT ODA사업의 성공적인 추진을 위해서는 무엇보다 베트남의 ICT 정책 거버넌스에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 베트남에서는 정책기관 간 합의가 이루어지는데 시간이 많이 걸리고, 정보통신부의 정책조정 기능이 부재하기 때문에개별 사업 수요에 대한 정보를 취합하기가 쉽지 않다. 이를 위해서 지금까지 수행된 사업에 대한 정보와 현재 베트남 상황에 대한 정보를 DB화하고 이를 특정 기관이 전담 운영할 필요가 있다. ICT는 성격상 시급성이 요구되는 사업이 많으므로 수요를 발굴하고 기획하는 절차에 시간을 많이 소요하게 되면 사업 자체가 무산되기 쉽다. 따라서 베트남 현지 IT 기업 협의회를 구성하여 사업 발굴 및 기획에 참여하게 하는 것을 고려해볼 필요가 있다. 또한 대규모 사업 추진을 위하여 시범사업을 본 사업으로 연결하고, 유ㆍ무상사업 연계도 강화할 필요가 있다. 베트남이 이미 세계은행에서 ICT분야 대규모 차관을 도입한 예에서 보듯이, ICT분야의 대규모 유상원조에 대
然而，为了让韩国的ICT ODA亲
{"title":"베트남의 Ict분야 개발협력 방안 (International Cooperation for ICT Sector Development in Vietnam)","authors":"Jongil Kim, Jung-min Kim, Kang Dong‐geun","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2655388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2655388","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 베트남은 우리나라의 중요한 경제협력국이자, 우리나라 ODA의 최대 수원국이다. 한편 정보통신기술(ICT) 분야는 IT 강국으로서 우리나라가 역량을 보유한 분야이자 개도국 발전에 매우 중요한 분야이다. 우리나라는 2000년 초부터 ICT분야 개발협력 사업을 활발하게 추진해왔으나, 효과성 제고를 위해서는 개선과제들이 남아 있다. 최근 ICT의 범분야적 성격으로 인하여, ICT라는 특정 분야에 대한 지원을 벗어나 개발협력 전 분야에서 ICT를 널리 활용하고 있다. 이러한 상황 변화를 ICT 관련 개발협력 방향 도출 시 고려할 필요가 있다. 이러한 배경 아래 이 연구에서는 베트남을 대상국가로 선정하여 ICT분야 개발 현황을 살펴본 후, 우리나라 개발협력 사업 방향과 개선방안을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 이 연구에서는 국내외 문헌조사와 함께 현지 방문조사를 실시하였다. 특히 베트남 정보통신부와 공동으로 개최한 워크숍을 통해 정책담당자의 의견을 청취하였으며, 베트남 주재 원조기관과 우리나라의 베트남 진출 기업인들과의 면담으로 현지 정보를 수집하였다. 교육이나 보건 등 타 분야와는 달리 ICT는 그 자체가 ODA의 목적이라기보다는 수단의 측면이 강하다. 즉, 교육수준의 향상이나 보건환경의 개선은 그 자체가 개도국 국민의 삶을 향상시키는 것이지만, ICT가 국민의 삶을 향상시키기 위해서는 단순한 기술이나 장비의 제공을 넘어서 이것이 개도국의 발전에 활용될 수 있는 여건이 갖추어져야 한다. 따라서 타 분야의 ODA 사업과 비교할 때 ICT ODA 사업은 민관협력, 사후관리, 적정기술 제공, 활용성이 갖추어져야 성공할 수 있다. 이 연구의 제2장에서는 ICT가 개도국의 경제성장, 사회개발 및 공공부문의 개혁에 있어서 어떠한 기여를 할 수 있는지를 살펴보고, 이것이 실제의 성과로 나타나기 위해서 필요한 조건이 무엇인지 알아보았다. 제3장에서는 베트남의 ICT 관련 일반 현황과 함께 발전전략을 살펴보고, ICT 발전전략의 수립과 집행에 있어서 정부조직의 특징, 정책 집행에 있어서의 문제점 등에 대하여 알아보았다. 베트남은 이미 ICT 발전을 위한 기초적 인프라를 갖추고 있으나, ICT 인프라 고도화와 경제, 사회, 행정, 국방 등 다양한 분야에서 ICT 확산이 요구되는 상황이다. 특히 앞으로 전자정부와 관련하여 다양한 수요가 창출될 것으로 전망된다. 베트남 정부는 10대 핵심 사회ㆍ경제 인프라 중의 하나로 ICT 인프라를 포함시키고 있으며, ICT 개발과 활용을 촉진시키는 것을 최우선으로 고려하고 있다. 현재 베트남 ICT 관련 국가 프로그램은 IT 인프라 구축, 국가 데이터베이스 구축, 국가 정보시스템 구축으로 요약된다. 이를 추진하는데 있어서 가장 큰 문제점으로는 ICT 정책을 담당하고 있는 정보통신부의 컨트롤 타워 기능 부재와 중앙정부와 지방정부 간의 미흡한 협력관계를 들 수 있다. 이 연구의 제4장에서는 베트남에 대한 국제사회의 ODA 현황을 파악하기 위해 일본 및 미국 등 주요 공여국과 세계은행, ADB 등 주요 국제기구의 사업을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 베트남 ICT ODA의 최대 공여국은 일본으로서 DAC 회원국의 베트남 ICT ODA 총액의 73%를 차지한다. 그 뒤를 우리나라가 따르는데, 양국의 ODA는 사업 내용 측면에서 다소 상이하다. 일본은 방송분야에 대한 지원 건수가 많았으며, 한국은 공공행정 분야 정보화에 대한 사업 건수가 많았다. 우리나라가 추진한 주요 사업으로는 한ㆍ베 친선 IT대학사업과 현재 진행 중인 정부통합데이터센터 구축사업을 들 수 있다. ICT ODA 전반에 대한 기존 평가 결과 분석과 이 연구에서 진행한 주요 사업에 대한 비판적 검토를 통해 발견된 문제점은 다음과 같다. 우선 KOICA, EDCF 등 개별 원조수행기관들이 통일된 국가원조 전략하에 사업을 수행하지 못하고 상호 간 협업과 분업을 도모하지 못하고 있다는 점이 가장 큰 문제다. 또한 베트남의 정치구조, 경제상황, 문화 등에 대한 충분한 검토 없이 사업이 추진되어 실제로 사업 집행이 지연되고 사업이 현지화되지 않아 활용성이 떨어진다는 점을 들 수 있다. ICT의 전문성과 수원국 현지 사정에 대한 정보와 지식을 결합시킬 수 있도록 사업관리 및 진행체계의 개선이 시급하다. 이 연구는 우리나라가 앞으로 베트남에서 수행할 수 있는 유망 ICT ODA 사업분야를 도출하고, 이러한 사업을 추진하는 데 있어서 문제점을 개선하기 위한 과제를 제시했다. 가장 유망한 분야는 전자정부 구축으로 대변되는 공공행정 분야의 정보화사업이라고 할 수 있다. 이미 베트남은 ICT 인프라가 갖추어진 국가이며 행정개혁을 위하여 전자정부 구축을 국가사업으로 추진하고 있기 때문에 전자정부 구축 분야에서 지속적으로 ODA 수요가 발생하고 있다. 또한 전자정부 구축은 타 공여국이나 공여기관의 ICT ODA 분야 사업 내용과 차별성이 있다. 우리나라는 ICT 강국으로서 공공행정 정보화 분야의 경험이 있으며, 다양한 정책기관이 전문성을 축적하고 있는 상태로, 우리나라의 공급역량 관점에서도 공공행정 정보화는 유망한 사업 분야라고 할 수 있다. ICT ODA사업의 성공적인 추진을 위해서는 무엇보다 베트남의 ICT 정책 거버넌스에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 베트남에서는 정책기관 간 합의가 이루어지는데 시간이 많이 걸리고, 정보통신부의 정책조정 기능이 부재하기 때문에개별 사업 수요에 대한 정보를 취합하기가 쉽지 않다. 이를 위해서 지금까지 수행된 사업에 대한 정보와 현재 베트남 상황에 대한 정보를 DB화하고 이를 특정 기관이 전담 운영할 필요가 있다. ICT는 성격상 시급성이 요구되는 사업이 많으므로 수요를 발굴하고 기획하는 절차에 시간을 많이 소요하게 되면 사업 자체가 무산되기 쉽다. 따라서 베트남 현지 IT 기업 협의회를 구성하여 사업 발굴 및 기획에 참여하게 하는 것을 고려해볼 필요가 있다. 또한 대규모 사업 추진을 위하여 시범사업을 본 사업으로 연결하고, 유ㆍ무상사업 연계도 강화할 필요가 있다. 베트남이 이미 세계은행에서 ICT분야 대규모 차관을 도입한 예에서 보듯이, ICT분야의 대규모 유상원조에 대","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129580008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-impact companies are a very important source of economic and job growth. Identifying the drivers and barriers behind their development is key to developing a sound supporting policy framework. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) can interpret and measure entrepreneurial capacity as a systemic phenomenon. For that reason it provides a powerful means of assessing regional entrepreneurial performance. This paper begins by analyzing GEDI results in order to draw a picture of how well entrepreneurship systems perform in Latin America and the Caribbean. The lessons drawn from this analysis are deepened through the qualitative analysis of nine case studies on the creation and development of successful high-impact companies in the region.
{"title":"Identifying the Obstacles to High-Impact Entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"Z. Acs, P. Correa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2534412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2534412","url":null,"abstract":"High-impact companies are a very important source of economic and job growth. Identifying the drivers and barriers behind their development is key to developing a sound supporting policy framework. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) can interpret and measure entrepreneurial capacity as a systemic phenomenon. For that reason it provides a powerful means of assessing regional entrepreneurial performance. This paper begins by analyzing GEDI results in order to draw a picture of how well entrepreneurship systems perform in Latin America and the Caribbean. The lessons drawn from this analysis are deepened through the qualitative analysis of nine case studies on the creation and development of successful high-impact companies in the region.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121785869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is a study of innovation in India, but the emphasis is on one of the most important actors of innovation, i.e. the government. Today, innovation has become a household name for both public and private entities. Whether it is product or service, we all want a cost effective solution, i.e., high quality at low cost, that’s what innovation is all about. But, how this innovation happens and who organizes it and what are the policy measures – behind all these, the government as an actor of innovation plays a vital role. This paper attempts to study of the role of government and it is on the study of the Indian government. The objective of this paper is to find a better view on the role of government in stimulating innovation in India.
{"title":"The Government as an Actor in Innovation: How the Indian Government Stimulates Innovation","authors":"Ganeswar Sahoo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2313022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2313022","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is a study of innovation in India, but the emphasis is on one of the most important actors of innovation, i.e. the government. Today, innovation has become a household name for both public and private entities. Whether it is product or service, we all want a cost effective solution, i.e., high quality at low cost, that’s what innovation is all about. But, how this innovation happens and who organizes it and what are the policy measures – behind all these, the government as an actor of innovation plays a vital role. This paper attempts to study of the role of government and it is on the study of the Indian government. The objective of this paper is to find a better view on the role of government in stimulating innovation in India.","PeriodicalId":302272,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Management of Technological Innovation & R&D in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125964333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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