The paper presents a GaAs 32-bit IEEE floating point multiplier. A modified carry save array is used in conjunction with Booth's algorithm to reduce the partial product addition and interconnection. A special rounding technique called Trailing-1's Predictor is used to speed up the final addition and rounding. This chip uses a new layout methodology for easy design structure and improved GaAs technology layout density. The combination of the fast arithmetic architecture and compact layout style achieves 4ns multiplication time with 3.5 W power dissipation at 75/spl deg/C. The area is 2.43 mm by 3.77 mm (excluding pads) and uses 28000 transistors to give a density of 3056 transistors/mm/sup 2/ for 0.8/spl mu/m GaAs technology.<>
{"title":"A 32-bit GaAs IEEE floating point multiplier using Trailing-1's rounding algorithm","authors":"S. Cui, N. Burgess, M. Liebelt, K. Eshraghian","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403466","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a GaAs 32-bit IEEE floating point multiplier. A modified carry save array is used in conjunction with Booth's algorithm to reduce the partial product addition and interconnection. A special rounding technique called Trailing-1's Predictor is used to speed up the final addition and rounding. This chip uses a new layout methodology for easy design structure and improved GaAs technology layout density. The combination of the fast arithmetic architecture and compact layout style achieves 4ns multiplication time with 3.5 W power dissipation at 75/spl deg/C. The area is 2.43 mm by 3.77 mm (excluding pads) and uses 28000 transistors to give a density of 3056 transistors/mm/sup 2/ for 0.8/spl mu/m GaAs technology.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124414187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper defines a generalized structural model of similarity between a pair of objects. We have discussed an additive fuzzy clustering model previously. The merits of the additive fuzzy clustering models are (1) the amount of computations for the identification of the models are much fewer than in a hard clustering model and (2) we obtain a suitable fitness by using fewer number of clusters. This paper proposes a general class of the clustering model, in which aggregation operators are used to define the degree of simultaneous belongingness of a pair of objects to a cluster. We discuss some required conditions for the aggregation operators. T-norms are concrete examples for satisfying these conditions. Moreover, the validity of this model is shown by investigating a characteristic of the model and numerical applications.<>
{"title":"General fuzzy clustering model and neural networks","authors":"M. Sato-Ilic, Yoshiharu Sato, L. Jain","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403484","url":null,"abstract":"This paper defines a generalized structural model of similarity between a pair of objects. We have discussed an additive fuzzy clustering model previously. The merits of the additive fuzzy clustering models are (1) the amount of computations for the identification of the models are much fewer than in a hard clustering model and (2) we obtain a suitable fitness by using fewer number of clusters. This paper proposes a general class of the clustering model, in which aggregation operators are used to define the degree of simultaneous belongingness of a pair of objects to a cluster. We discuss some required conditions for the aggregation operators. T-norms are concrete examples for satisfying these conditions. Moreover, the validity of this model is shown by investigating a characteristic of the model and numerical applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115597657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Moini, A. Blanksby, A. Bouzerdoum, K. Eshraghian, R. Beare
The operation of analog VLSI sensors can be significantly affected by multiplicative noise caused by specular reflections of light from artificial sources. The paper describes the implementation of a proposed architecture and circuits for multiplicative noise cancellation (MNC). The circuit has been used in a motion detection chip, and simulation results indicate about ten times improvement in the signal to noise ratio.<>
{"title":"Multiplicative noise cancellation (MNC) in analog VLSI vision sensors","authors":"A. Moini, A. Blanksby, A. Bouzerdoum, K. Eshraghian, R. Beare","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403508","url":null,"abstract":"The operation of analog VLSI sensors can be significantly affected by multiplicative noise caused by specular reflections of light from artificial sources. The paper describes the implementation of a proposed architecture and circuits for multiplicative noise cancellation (MNC). The circuit has been used in a motion detection chip, and simulation results indicate about ten times improvement in the signal to noise ratio.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"35 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114127851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analog and digital feedback compensation technique employing an active RC all pass filter is described for obtaining a frequency and amplitude independent, drift free phase shift for sinusoidal signals. While the analog feedback for realising the active R is of conventional type, the digital feedback for controlling C is implemented with a modified successive approximation (SA) technique. The implementation of the SA scheme employing discrete digital ICs as well as a microcomputer is described. A prototype built works well over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 50 kHz and has a phase stability of /spl plusmn/0.2.<>
{"title":"Microcontroller based precision variable-phase phase-shifter","authors":"S. Rao, V. Kumar, P. Sankaran","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403462","url":null,"abstract":"An analog and digital feedback compensation technique employing an active RC all pass filter is described for obtaining a frequency and amplitude independent, drift free phase shift for sinusoidal signals. While the analog feedback for realising the active R is of conventional type, the digital feedback for controlling C is implemented with a modified successive approximation (SA) technique. The implementation of the SA scheme employing discrete digital ICs as well as a microcomputer is described. A prototype built works well over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 50 kHz and has a phase stability of /spl plusmn/0.2.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128215874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing interest in intelligent tools in the area of fault detection and diagnosis in electrical and electronic systems. This paper reports the progress made in the development of a methodology for the diagnosis of electrical machines, with some encouraging initial results. An induction motor was chosen as an application of the knowledge based approach to fault diagnosis.<>
{"title":"Diagnosing electrical and electronic systems in an intelligent environment","authors":"A. Bolton, P. Pourbeik, L. Jain","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403469","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in intelligent tools in the area of fault detection and diagnosis in electrical and electronic systems. This paper reports the progress made in the development of a methodology for the diagnosis of electrical machines, with some encouraging initial results. An induction motor was chosen as an application of the knowledge based approach to fault diagnosis.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124512767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers at the US Bureau of Mines have combined several biologically oriented techniques into a comprehensive approach to adaptive process control. The three specific techniques from the field of artificial intelligence used to produce the adaptive process control systems are: (1) fuzzy logic, (2) genetic algorithms, and (3) neural networks. Fuzzy logic is a technique in which the human "rule-of-thumb" approach to decision making is modelled. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural genetics that are able to rapidly locate near-optimum solutions to difficult problems. Neural networks are crude paradigms of the mammalian brain that have been used to model industrial systems. This paper provides an overview of the architecture used to achieve adaptive process control, and demonstrates its effectiveness in the control of an industrial motivated titration system.<>
{"title":"Adaptive process control using biologic paradigms","authors":"C. L. Karr","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403481","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers at the US Bureau of Mines have combined several biologically oriented techniques into a comprehensive approach to adaptive process control. The three specific techniques from the field of artificial intelligence used to produce the adaptive process control systems are: (1) fuzzy logic, (2) genetic algorithms, and (3) neural networks. Fuzzy logic is a technique in which the human \"rule-of-thumb\" approach to decision making is modelled. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural genetics that are able to rapidly locate near-optimum solutions to difficult problems. Neural networks are crude paradigms of the mammalian brain that have been used to model industrial systems. This paper provides an overview of the architecture used to achieve adaptive process control, and demonstrates its effectiveness in the control of an industrial motivated titration system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115978828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The US Army Missile Command is conducting a program to develop and demonstrate a simple, low cost machine vision system capable of allowing an unmanned ground vehicle to perform autonomous road following and obstacle avoidance while using a minimum sensor suite. Current work is focused on developing this vision system to perform its function using color and monochrome TV imagery. The first phase of the program has involved the development and application of color and monochrome image processing techniques to the task of discriminating a road from the surrounding environment. With the road defined, a guidance vector is determined for vehicle steering.<>
{"title":"Autonomous road vehicle navigation","authors":"Scott A. Speigle","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403489","url":null,"abstract":"The US Army Missile Command is conducting a program to develop and demonstrate a simple, low cost machine vision system capable of allowing an unmanned ground vehicle to perform autonomous road following and obstacle avoidance while using a minimum sensor suite. Current work is focused on developing this vision system to perform its function using color and monochrome TV imagery. The first phase of the program has involved the development and application of color and monochrome image processing techniques to the task of discriminating a road from the surrounding environment. With the road defined, a guidance vector is determined for vehicle steering.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124374223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural properties of texture elements in a surface have successfully been applied to characterise textures. For this purpose, histograms of texture element's properties are used. Compactness property of an element has been used for characterisation. The compactness depends upon its perimeter. A novel method based on perimeter contribution, to compute the value of perimeter is presented. The perimeter value computed using the proposed method is closer to the actual, than the perimeter value computed using the conventional methods. The value of perimeter using proposed method is also more consistent than the conventional methods. The value of compactness using the proposed method are not only closer to actual value but also more consistent under affine transformations. Invariant histogram of compactness using the invariant value of compactness characterises texture invariant of scaling and rotation.<>
{"title":"Rotation invariant perimeter and invariant compactness for texture elements","authors":"G. R. Kishor, D. Mital, W. Goh","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403470","url":null,"abstract":"Structural properties of texture elements in a surface have successfully been applied to characterise textures. For this purpose, histograms of texture element's properties are used. Compactness property of an element has been used for characterisation. The compactness depends upon its perimeter. A novel method based on perimeter contribution, to compute the value of perimeter is presented. The perimeter value computed using the proposed method is closer to the actual, than the perimeter value computed using the conventional methods. The value of perimeter using proposed method is also more consistent than the conventional methods. The value of compactness using the proposed method are not only closer to actual value but also more consistent under affine transformations. Invariant histogram of compactness using the invariant value of compactness characterises texture invariant of scaling and rotation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133566787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images generated of targets which have a large angle of rotation or non-linear rotational motion are blurred if the rotational motion is not taken into account. If the rotational motion is known, the data can be corrected by resampling from the polar grid on which the data is collected, to a rectangular grid. A focused ISAR image can be then formed by using a 2D FFT. In practice the rotational motion is not known a priori and so it must be estimated from the data itself. This paper presents a technique for estimating the target's rotational motion. The rotational motion is modelled as a quadratic, the parameters of which are set by minimising the entropy of a single cross range profile of the data. The minimum entropy cross range profile is the best focused cross range profile which should result in a focused ISAR image. Alternatively the entropy of the image itself could be minimised, but this has not been considered as it is computationally intensive.<>
{"title":"The use of entropy to focus inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images","authors":"Y. Mohan-Ram, L. Jain","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403476","url":null,"abstract":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images generated of targets which have a large angle of rotation or non-linear rotational motion are blurred if the rotational motion is not taken into account. If the rotational motion is known, the data can be corrected by resampling from the polar grid on which the data is collected, to a rectangular grid. A focused ISAR image can be then formed by using a 2D FFT. In practice the rotational motion is not known a priori and so it must be estimated from the data itself. This paper presents a technique for estimating the target's rotational motion. The rotational motion is modelled as a quadratic, the parameters of which are set by minimising the entropy of a single cross range profile of the data. The minimum entropy cross range profile is the best focused cross range profile which should result in a focused ISAR image. Alternatively the entropy of the image itself could be minimised, but this has not been considered as it is computationally intensive.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design and performance of an optically powered and isolated sensor system for inaccessible locations is described. Target applications involve sensing in hostile environments such as those experienced in high voltage power systems. A micropowered conventional transducer, serial 12-bit ADC, and LED transmitter are powered by a small photocell array that converts light from an optical fibre into electrical energy. Data is transmitted from the sensor head via an optical fibre link.<>
{"title":"Optically powered isolated sensors","authors":"A. Higgins, I. Hook","doi":"10.1109/ETD.1995.403510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETD.1995.403510","url":null,"abstract":"The design and performance of an optically powered and isolated sensor system for inaccessible locations is described. Target applications involve sensing in hostile environments such as those experienced in high voltage power systems. A micropowered conventional transducer, serial 12-bit ADC, and LED transmitter are powered by a small photocell array that converts light from an optical fibre into electrical energy. Data is transmitted from the sensor head via an optical fibre link.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":302763,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Electronic Technology Directions to the Year 2000","volume":"86 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114231634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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