Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.112013
A. Diédhiou, L. Sow, Gorgui Diouf, Mbene Diop, Ndeye Mareme Diop
This paper presents a geotechnical study whose objective is to determine the lithology of the soil of Balterdi village (Matam, Senegal). A bridge-type structure with six supports is to be built on the studied site. The drilling program consisted of six core drillings (SC) each 30 m deep with sampling and six destructive drillings with pressuremeter tests (SP) every 1.5 m up to 30 m deep. A pair of core and pressuremeter tests was carried out under each support. From the results of the core drill holes and the geological model of the site, it can be seen that the lithology of the soil along the structure consists essentially of soft clay layers, becoming firm at depth over the first 18 m on average (with some incursions of sandy layers) resting on medium to compacted sand up to 30 m. Brown clayey fill is also present between piers P3 and P5. The presence of a watercourse along the structure is noted. The foundations will therefore be carried out in the water. The results of the pressuremeter tests confirm the homogeneity of the soil over the whole area. Indeed, the values obtained are almost similar for all the tests. According to the limit pressures obtained, the clayey-sandy formations encountered along the structure are respectively soft to firm and moderately compact to compact. Their limit pressures are high enough to allow good bearing capacities.
{"title":"Experimental Geotechnical Characterization Campaign of the Matam Soil for Lithology: Application to the Study of Supports of the Balterdi Bridge","authors":"A. Diédhiou, L. Sow, Gorgui Diouf, Mbene Diop, Ndeye Mareme Diop","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.112013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.112013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a geotechnical study whose \u0000objective is to determine the lithology of the soil of Balterdi village (Matam, \u0000Senegal). A bridge-type structure with six supports is to be built on the \u0000studied site. The drilling program consisted of six core drillings (SC) each 30 \u0000m deep with sampling and six destructive drillings with pressuremeter tests \u0000(SP) every 1.5 m up to 30 m deep. A pair of core and pressuremeter tests was carried \u0000out under each support. From the results of the core drill holes and the \u0000geological model of the site, it can be seen that the lithology of the soil \u0000along the structure consists essentially of soft clay layers, becoming firm at \u0000depth over the first 18 m on average (with some incursions of sandy layers) \u0000resting on medium to compacted sand up to 30 m. Brown clayey fill is also \u0000present between piers P3 and P5. The presence of a watercourse along the \u0000structure is noted. The foundations will therefore be carried out in the water. \u0000The results of the pressuremeter tests confirm the homogeneity of the soil over \u0000the whole area. Indeed, the values obtained are almost similar for all the \u0000tests. According to the limit pressures obtained, the clayey-sandy formations \u0000encountered along the structure are respectively soft to firm and moderately \u0000compact to compact. Their limit pressures are high enough to allow good bearing \u0000capacities.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127126031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111009
Bibalo Ida Josiane Ki, Makhaly Bâ, Rokhaya Gueye, P. Hornych, Ahmad Sana
This research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Amenagement et des Reseaux (IFSTTAR)) in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004 [1]. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial () and radial () deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soils from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (wopm - 2%, wopm and wopm + 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (γdopm). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (Ec) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (o 20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. And the resilient modulus increases about 225.67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model is suitable to predict the volumetric () and deviatoric strain () with stress path (Δq/Δp) of the lateritic soils. The predicted Er resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of the bulk stress (). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.
{"title":"Effect of Water Content and Grains Size Distribution on the Characteristic Resilient Young’s Modulus (Ec) Obtained Using Anisotropic Boyce Model on Gravelly Lateritic Soils from Tropical Africa (Burkina Faso and Senegal)","authors":"Bibalo Ida Josiane Ki, Makhaly Bâ, Rokhaya Gueye, P. Hornych, Ahmad Sana","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111009","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Amenagement et des Reseaux (IFSTTAR)) in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004 [1]. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial () and radial () deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soils from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (wopm - 2%, wopm and wopm + 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (γdopm). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (Ec) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (o 20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. And the resilient modulus increases about 225.67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model is suitable to predict the volumetric () and deviatoric strain () with stress path (Δq/Δp) of the lateritic soils. The predicted Er resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of the bulk stress (). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123823382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111003
Ahmed Elyamani, Nabil A. Bader, Mahmoud Algohary, Ragab Abou El Hassan
The cemetery of the royal family, who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1952, is one of the masterpieces of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. It is a complex building from massive stone masonry walls supporting hemispherical domes and is very rich with the marble decorative elements. Unfortunately, it suffers nowadays from serious cracking due to on-going structural damage. Almost all the structural elements are cracked. Besides, the continuous rise in the groundwater table affects both its structural stability and aesthetics. A detailed inspection was carried out to identify and explain all the manifested damage by the structural elements of the cemetery. The differential settlement damage was found to be very noticeable in the form of many diagonal cracks that are active and threaten the overall stability of the cemetery. The construction history was investigated and found to have a clear effect on the noticed damage. Examination of the construction materials and deterioration products was carried out by inspecting representative samples of the stone, the marble, the mortar, the plaster and the salt. They were examined using different analysis techniques including the Polarized Microscope, the Stereo Microscope, the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provided with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) unit. This examination helped in identifying the type of the used stone, the mortar components, the types of salts affecting the structure, and the deterioration manifested by the marble. It seems that the cemetery needs an urgent conservation project to stop the deterioration and keep it safe for the next generations.
{"title":"Explanation of the Damage to the Royal Family’s Cemetery in Historic Cairo and Examination of the Building Materials","authors":"Ahmed Elyamani, Nabil A. Bader, Mahmoud Algohary, Ragab Abou El Hassan","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111003","url":null,"abstract":"The cemetery of the royal family, who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1952, is \u0000one of the masterpieces of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. It \u0000is a complex building from massive stone masonry walls supporting hemispherical domes and is \u0000very rich with the marble decorative elements. Unfortunately, it suffers \u0000nowadays from serious cracking due to on-going structural damage. Almost all the structural elements are \u0000cracked. Besides, the continuous rise in the groundwater table affects \u0000both its structural stability and aesthetics. A detailed inspection was carried \u0000out to identify and explain all the manifested damage by the structural \u0000elements of the cemetery. The differential settlement damage was found to be \u0000very noticeable in the form of many diagonal cracks that are active and \u0000threaten the overall stability of the cemetery. The construction history was \u0000investigated and found to have a clear effect on the noticed damage. Examination \u0000of the construction materials and deterioration products was carried out by \u0000inspecting representative samples of the stone, the marble, the mortar, the \u0000plaster and the salt. They were examined using different analysis techniques \u0000including the Polarized Microscope, the Stereo Microscope, the X-Ray \u0000Diffraction (XRD), and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provided with \u0000Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) unit. This examination helped in \u0000identifying the type of the used stone, the mortar components, the types of \u0000salts affecting the structure, and the deterioration manifested by the marble. \u0000It seems that the cemetery needs an urgent conservation project to stop the \u0000deterioration and keep it safe for the next generations.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133811768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111010
H. Danso, Frank Appiah-Agyei
The utilization of palm kernel shells (PKS) as an alternative to conventional materials for construction is desirable to promote sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of lightweight concrete produced with different sizes of PKS of 6, 8, 10, 12 mm and mix (consisting of 25% each of the four sizes). RPK sizes were used to replace coarse aggregate in the concrete and cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The tests performed on the concrete are dry density, compressive strength, flexural strength, EDS and SEM. It was revealed that the densities of the concrete specimens were all less than 2000 kg/m3, which implies that the PKS concrete satisfied the requirement of lightweight concrete for structural application. The compressive strength of the 12 mm PKS concrete specimens at 28-day of curing was 10.2 MPa which was 4% to 15.9% better than the other PKS sizes concrete. The flexural strength of the 12 mm PKS concrete specimens at 28-day of curing was 2.85 MPa which was also 3.2% to 57.07% better than the other PKS sizes concrete. It was also revealed by the SEM analysis that there was a good bond between the palm kernel shells and the mortar. A high calcium-silicate content was found in the concrete which resulted in a Ca/Si ratio of 1.26 and Al/Si ratio of 0.11. The study therefore concludes that size variations of PKS as replacement of coarse aggregate have an influence on the properties of the lightweight concrete and recommends 12 mm PKS for use by construction practitioners for lightweight concrete structural application.
{"title":"Size Variation of Palm Kernel Shells as Replacement of Coarse Aggregate for Lightweight Concrete Production","authors":"H. Danso, Frank Appiah-Agyei","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111010","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization \u0000of palm kernel shells (PKS) as an alternative to conventional materials for construction \u0000is desirable to promote sustainable development. The purpose of this study is \u0000to investigate the properties of lightweight concrete produced with different \u0000sizes of PKS of 6, 8, 10, 12 mm and mix (consisting of 25% each of the four \u0000sizes). RPK sizes were used to replace coarse aggregate in the concrete and \u0000cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The tests performed on the concrete are dry \u0000density, compressive strength, flexural strength, EDS and SEM. It was revealed \u0000that the densities of the concrete specimens were all less than 2000 kg/m3, \u0000which implies that the PKS concrete satisfied the requirement of lightweight \u0000concrete for structural application. The compressive strength of the 12 mm PKS \u0000concrete specimens at 28-day of curing was 10.2 MPa which was 4% to 15.9% \u0000better than the other PKS sizes concrete. The flexural strength of the 12 mm \u0000PKS concrete specimens at 28-day of curing was 2.85 MPa which was also 3.2% to \u000057.07% better than the other PKS sizes concrete. It was also revealed by the \u0000SEM analysis that there was a good bond between the palm kernel shells and the \u0000mortar. A high calcium-silicate content was found in the concrete which \u0000resulted in a Ca/Si ratio of 1.26 and Al/Si ratio of 0.11. The study therefore \u0000concludes that size variations of PKS as replacement of coarse aggregate have an \u0000influence on the properties of the lightweight concrete and recommends 12 mm \u0000PKS for use by construction practitioners for lightweight concrete structural \u0000application.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117186627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111006
Lois N. K. Quartey, S. Amos-Abanyie, S. Afram
Basic schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects on the academic attainments of children. Limited studies have been conducted on noise level in basic schools to date in Ghana. The objective of the study was to assess noise levels in and around learning spaces in basic schools in Ghana with a focus on Kumasi. A survey employing the use of interviews and an empirical monitoring of noise levels in and around learning spaces in four selected basic schools were adopted. The study revealed that mean outdoor and indoor noise levels exceed the World Health Organisation permissible limits by 30 - 40 percent and 90 - 107 percent respectively for schools in the commercial zones and schools that are located near highways. The school that is sited in an educational environment with a setback from the highway attained mean noise levels ranging from 1.2 percent below to 3.7 percent above the permissible limits for outdoor and between 64 - 105 percent for indoor. The outcome of the study is expected to engender the design of environmental noise resilient buildings to facilitate teaching and learning in basic schools in Ghana.
{"title":"Noise Exposure Levels in Basic School Environments in a City in Ghana","authors":"Lois N. K. Quartey, S. Amos-Abanyie, S. Afram","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111006","url":null,"abstract":"Basic \u0000schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas \u0000in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects \u0000on the academic attainments of children. Limited studies have been conducted on \u0000noise level in basic schools to date in Ghana. The objective of the study was \u0000to assess noise levels in and around learning spaces in basic schools in Ghana \u0000with a focus on Kumasi. A survey \u0000employing the use of interviews and an empirical monitoring of noise levels in \u0000and around learning spaces in four selected basic schools were adopted. The \u0000study revealed that mean outdoor and indoor noise levels exceed the World \u0000Health Organisation permissible limits by 30 - 40 percent and 90 - 107 percent \u0000respectively for schools in the commercial zones and schools that are located \u0000near highways. The school that is sited in an educational environment with a \u0000setback from the highway attained mean noise levels ranging from 1.2 percent \u0000below to 3.7 percent above the permissible limits for outdoor and between 64 - \u0000105 percent for indoor. The outcome of the study is expected to engender the \u0000design of environmental noise resilient buildings to facilitate teaching and \u0000learning in basic schools in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111007
T. Johnarry
The stiffness model of the finite element is applied to the Kirchhoff-love closed-form plate buckling; buckling is always in focus in plate assemblages. The useful Eigen-value solutions are unable to separate a square plate from a much weaker long one in the most commonly-used all-simply supported plate (SSSS), among others. Spring-values of the Kirchhoff-Love plate are sought; once found, displacement-factors can be determined. Comparative displacements allow an easier and better evaluation of buckling-factors, pure-shear, vibration and so are termed “buckling-displacement-factors”. In testing, many plates in mixed boundary conditions are evaluated for displacement assisted buckling-solutions, first. The displacement-factors made from fundamental Eigen-vectors, in a single-pass, are found to be within about one-percent of known elastic values. It is found that the Kirchhoff-Love plate spring and the finite-element spring, demonstrated, here, in the assemblage of beam-elements, are equivalent from the results. In either case, stiffness is first assembled, ready for any loading—transverse, buckling, shear, vibration. The simply-supported plate draws the only exact vibration solution, and so, in an additional new effort, all other results are calibrated from it; direct vibration solutions are made for comparison but such results are, hardly, better. In the process, interactive Kirchhoff-Love plate-field-sheets are presented, for design. It is now additionally demanded that the solution Eigen-vector be developable into a recognizable deflection-factor. A weaker plate cannot possess greater buckling strength, this is a check; to find stiffness the deflection-factor must be exact or nearly so. Several examples justify the characteristic buckling displacement-factor as a new tool.
{"title":"Spring-Value in Kirchhoff-Love Plate: Displacement, Buckling, Pure-Shear, Vibration","authors":"T. Johnarry","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111007","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000stiffness model of the finite element is applied to the Kirchhoff-love \u0000closed-form plate buckling; buckling is always in focus in plate assemblages. \u0000The useful Eigen-value solutions are unable to separate a square plate from a \u0000much weaker long one in the most commonly-used all-simply supported plate \u0000(SSSS), among others. Spring-values of the Kirchhoff-Love plate are sought; \u0000once found, displacement-factors can be determined. Comparative displacements allow an easier and better evaluation of buckling-factors, pure-shear, vibration and so are termed “buckling-displacement-factors”. \u0000In testing, many plates in mixed boundary conditions are evaluated for displacement assisted \u0000buckling-solutions, first. The displacement-factors made from fundamental Eigen-vectors, \u0000in a single-pass, are found to be within about one-percent of known elastic \u0000values. It is found that the Kirchhoff-Love plate spring \u0000and the finite-element spring, demonstrated, here, in the assemblage of \u0000beam-elements, are equivalent from the results. In either case, stiffness is first assembled, ready for any loading—transverse, buckling, \u0000shear, vibration. The simply-supported plate draws the only exact vibration \u0000solution, and so, in an additional new effort, all other results are calibrated \u0000from it; direct vibration solutions are made for comparison but such results \u0000are, hardly, better. In the process, interactive Kirchhoff-Love \u0000plate-field-sheets are presented, for design. It is now additionally demanded \u0000that the solution Eigen-vector be developable \u0000into a recognizable deflection-factor. A weaker plate cannot possess greater \u0000buckling strength, this is a check; to find stiffness the deflection-factor must be exact or nearly so. Several examples justify the \u0000characteristic buckling displacement-factor as a new tool.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123195350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111005
S. Pham, Phien Vo, Dac Nhat Nguyen
Artificial lift plays an important role in petroleum industry to sustain production flowrate and to extend the lifespan of oil wells. One of the most popular artificial lift methods is Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) because it can produce high flowrate even for wells with great depth. Although ESPs are designed to work under extreme conditions such as corrosion, high temperatures and high pressure, their lifespan is much shorter than expected. ESP failures lead to production loss and increase the cost of replacement, because the cost of intervention work for ESP is much higher than for other artificial lift methods, especially for offshore wells. Therefore, the prediction of ESP failures is highly valuable in oil production and contributes a lot to the design, construction and operation of oil wells. The contribution of this study is to use 3 machine learning algorithms, which are Decision Tree, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Machine, to build predictive models for ESP lifespan while using both dynamic and static ESP parameters. The results of these models were compared to find out the most suitable model for the prediction of ESP life cycle. In addition, this study also evaluated the influence factor of various operating parameters to forecast the most impact parameters on the duration of ESP. The results of this study can provide a better understanding of ESP behavior so that early actions can be realized to prevent potential ESP failures.
{"title":"Effective Electrical Submersible Pump Management Using Machine Learning","authors":"S. Pham, Phien Vo, Dac Nhat Nguyen","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111005","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial lift plays an important role in petroleum industry to sustain \u0000production flowrate and to extend the lifespan of oil wells. One of the most \u0000popular artificial lift methods is Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) because it \u0000can produce high flowrate even for wells with great depth. Although ESPs are \u0000designed to work under extreme conditions such as corrosion, high temperatures \u0000and high pressure, their lifespan is much shorter than expected. ESP failures \u0000lead to production loss and increase the cost of replacement, because the cost \u0000of intervention work for ESP is much higher than for other artificial lift \u0000methods, especially for offshore wells. Therefore, the prediction of ESP \u0000failures is highly valuable in oil production and contributes a lot to the design, construction and operation of \u0000oil wells. The contribution of this study is to use 3 machine learning \u0000algorithms, which are Decision Tree, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting \u0000Machine, to build predictive models for ESP lifespan while using both dynamic \u0000and static ESP parameters. The results of these models were compared to find out the most suitable model for the prediction of ESP life cycle. \u0000In addition, this study also evaluated the influence factor of various \u0000operating parameters to forecast the most \u0000impact parameters on the duration of ESP. The results of this study can provide \u0000a better understanding of ESP behavior so that early actions can be realized to \u0000prevent potential ESP failures.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114622830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111001
Yasmine Binta Traore, A. Messan, Kinda Hannawi, J. Gérard, W. Prince, F. Tsobnang
Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete can be used in different fields of construction. To determine more accurately the fields of application, it is important to know and understand the behaviour of OPS concrete over the long term and when it is in aggressive environments. This paper presents the results of studies conducted on the durability of OPS concrete. Water absorption capacity, electrical resistivity and apparent diffusion of chloride ions have been measured on different concrete samples. In addition, the behaviour of OPS concretes to carbonation was studied in an environment rich in carbon dioxide. Results show that OPS concrete has an absorptivity of 0.97 kg/m2·h1/2, an electrical resistivity of 64.37 Ω·m and an apparent diffusion coefficient of chloride ions of 3.84 × 10-12 m2/s after 90 days. All these results of OPS concrete are very close to those of concrete with normal aggregate and other lightweight concrete, which mean OPS concretes have globally good properties with regard to durability.
{"title":"Durability of Lightweight Concrete Using Oil Palm Shell as Aggregates","authors":"Yasmine Binta Traore, A. Messan, Kinda Hannawi, J. Gérard, W. Prince, F. Tsobnang","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete can be used in different fields of \u0000construction. To determine more accurately the fields of application, it is \u0000important to know and understand the behaviour of OPS concrete over the long term and when it is in aggressive environments. This paper presents \u0000the results of studies conducted on the durability of OPS concrete. Water \u0000absorption capacity, electrical resistivity and apparent diffusion of chloride \u0000ions have been measured on different concrete samples. In addition, the behaviour \u0000of OPS concretes to carbonation was studied in an environment rich in carbon \u0000dioxide. Results show that OPS concrete has an \u0000absorptivity of 0.97 kg/m2·h1/2, an electrical resistivity of 64.37 Ω·m and an apparent diffusion coefficient of chloride ions of 3.84 × 10-12 m2/s after 90 days. All \u0000these results of OPS concrete are very close to those of concrete with normal \u0000aggregate and other lightweight concrete, which mean \u0000OPS concretes have globally good properties with regard to durability.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125076458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111008
M. Zahabi, A. Said
Lightweight aggregates are increasingly used in concrete construction. They reduce concrete selfweight furnishing a structural advantage. In contrast, the mechanical properties and durability of lightweight concrete can become the governing factor on lightweight aggregate replacement ratios. Alkali-Silica Reactison (ASR) and compressive strength of mortar samples with expanded slate, expanded glass or perlite, covering the spectrum of internal porosity and weight of lightweight aggregates, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to evaluate the contribution of the aggregates’ porosity and chemical composition in inhibiting ASR. Perlite, owing to its highly porous microstructure and lower matter excelled in ASR expansion while chemical composition and denser microstructure of the heavier expanded slate resulted in more signified late ASR expansion and higher compressive strength. An attempt in visual inspection of ASR attack of alkali metal ions on silica-rich expanded glass using an ultra-accelerated exposure to sodium hydroxide solution was made.
{"title":"Alkali-Silica Reactivity and Strength of Mortars with Expanded Slate, Expanded Glass or Perlite","authors":"M. Zahabi, A. Said","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111008","url":null,"abstract":"Lightweight \u0000aggregates are increasingly used in concrete construction. They reduce concrete \u0000selfweight furnishing a structural advantage. In contrast, the mechanical \u0000properties and durability of lightweight concrete can become the governing \u0000factor on lightweight aggregate replacement ratios. Alkali-Silica Reactison (ASR) \u0000and compressive strength of mortar samples with expanded slate, expanded glass \u0000or perlite, covering the spectrum of internal porosity and weight of \u0000lightweight aggregates, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was \u0000utilized to evaluate the contribution of the aggregates’ porosity and chemical \u0000composition in inhibiting ASR. Perlite, owing to its highly porous \u0000microstructure and lower matter excelled in ASR expansion while chemical \u0000composition and denser microstructure of the heavier expanded slate resulted in \u0000more signified late ASR expansion and higher compressive strength. An attempt \u0000in visual inspection of ASR attack of alkali metal ions on silica-rich expanded \u0000glass using an ultra-accelerated exposure to sodium hydroxide solution was made.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/OJCE.2021.111002
Jie Sun
The application of digital technology in the field of construction is still in its infancy, and the existing concrete framework of digital technology application in the construction industry and the study of applied ecological elements are not enough. The ecological elements of digital technology application in the construction industry are important factors that promote the healthy operation of the entire digital technology application ecosystem. Using grounded theory, we compiled the data of 33 researchers who participated in semi-structured interviews, and obtained 4 main categories and 9 sub-categories of ecological elements of digital technology application in the construction industry. Among them, the digital technology application mechanism is the core category of ecological application elements. We also used the Bass model to analyze the application trend of digital technology in the construction industry. In 2040, the number of construction companies applying digital technology will reach 98.66% of the maximum market potential.
{"title":"The Application of Ecological Elements of Digital Technology in Construction Industry","authors":"Jie Sun","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000application of digital technology in the field of construction is still in its infancy, \u0000and the existing concrete framework of digital technology application in the \u0000construction industry and the study of applied ecological elements are not \u0000enough. The ecological elements of digital technology application in the \u0000construction industry are important factors that promote the healthy operation of the entire digital technology \u0000application ecosystem. Using grounded theory, we compiled the data of 33 \u0000researchers who participated in semi-structured \u0000interviews, and obtained 4 main categories and 9 sub-categories of \u0000ecological elements of digital technology application in the construction \u0000industry. Among them, the digital technology application mechanism is the core \u0000category of ecological application elements. We also used the Bass model to \u0000analyze the application trend of digital technology in the construction \u0000industry. In 2040, the number of \u0000construction companies applying digital technology will reach 98.66% of \u0000the maximum market potential.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130246439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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