Solid waste disposal is an alarming problem in most African countries. Plastic wastes like Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and powdered wastes like fly ash are severely persisting environmental hazards. They are brutally polluting the water bodies, landfills, as well as the atmosphere. The construction industry has been working towards improving concrete quality by developing alternative methods like partial cement replacement with different pozzolanic elements as well as using waste fibrous materials. Fly ash and PET bottle fibres are two common waste materials that can be used. This article is a part of a research that studied the combined effects of the addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash (as a partial cement replacement) on the structural performance of concrete. From a purely engineering point of view, the research results indicate that the utilization and incorporation of PET and fly ash wastes in the construction industry are a viable solution to make concrete quality better. This article presents, beyond the engineering properties and experimental works, the economic and environmental advantages of the addition of these waste materials to the conventional concrete mixture. The addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash resulted in positive cost implications providing a production cost reduction of 19% over the conventional concrete mixture. The removal of these materials from the environment also showed reduction of the emission of toxic elements to landfills and water bodies that put human, animal and plant lives in danger.
{"title":"Environmental and Cost Advantages of Using Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement","authors":"R. Kassa, C. Kanali, N. Ambassah","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.94020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.94020","url":null,"abstract":"Solid waste disposal is an alarming problem in most African countries. \u0000Plastic wastes like Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and powdered \u0000wastes like fly ash are severely persisting environmental hazards. They are \u0000brutally polluting the water bodies, landfills, as well as the atmosphere. The \u0000construction industry has been working towards improving concrete quality by developing \u0000alternative methods like partial cement replacement with different pozzolanic \u0000elements as well as using waste fibrous materials. Fly ash and PET bottle fibres are two common waste materials that can \u0000be used. This article is a part of a research that studied the combined effects \u0000of the addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash (as a partial cement replacement) on \u0000the structural performance of concrete. From a purely engineering point of view, the research results indicate that the \u0000utilization and incorporation of PET and fly ash wastes in the construction \u0000industry are a viable solution to make concrete quality better. This article presents, beyond the engineering properties and \u0000experimental works, the economic and environmental advantages of the addition \u0000of these waste materials to the conventional concrete mixture. The addition of \u0000PET bottle fibres and fly ash resulted in \u0000positive cost implications providing a production cost reduction of 19% over \u0000the conventional concrete mixture. The removal of these materials from the \u0000environment also showed reduction of the \u0000emission of toxic elements to landfills and \u0000water bodies that put human, animal and \u0000plant lives in \u0000danger.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114748335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of the performances of the Archean of Man gneiss aggregates with the addition of filler to replace the basalt of Kasila group in the asphalt and concrete mix design of southern Sierra Leone is presented in this document. The goal is to compare the results of the asphalt and concrete mix design with gneiss and basalt aggregate. The applied methods and design used are 1) Volumetric design and Marshall method for the asphalt, 2) French Dreux-Gorisse Method for the concrete. We added 2% of gneissic filler and 2% portland cement type 42.5 R to the asphalt hot mix with the gneiss aggregates to follow the criteria variation. The Marshall, the diametric compression and the Duriez tests require us to perform four different types of mix design. The four mix designs meet the requirements but F2 and F4 give the best mechanical properties. F2 (gneiss + 2% filler) and F4 (basalt) have many similarities from which we can conclude their interchangeability. F2 gives 5255 of optimal bitumen content. In regards to hydraulic concrete, the results of the compressive strength test (cement content 350 kg CMI 42.5 R/m3) with the gneiss and basalt aggregates are respectively 40 MPa and 45 MPa at 28 days curing: these values are greater than 35 MPa required by the technical specifications. The use of the Super Fluid ® Thermoplast 120 admixture, to increase the concrete compressive strength, is justified by the requirement of a minimum of 80% Rc28 at 24 hours. For both types of concrete, we have at 24 hours, 34 and 35 MPa which are higher than the minimum of 32 MPa (in 24 h). These results meet the requirements of the technical specifications.
{"title":"Substitution of Kasila Group Basalt with the Archean Man Gneiss in Asphalt and Hydraulic Concrete Mix Design (Sierra Leone)","authors":"I. Sow, I. Cissé","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.94021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.94021","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000study of the performances of the Archean of Man gneiss aggregates with the \u0000addition of filler to replace the basalt of Kasila group in the asphalt and concrete mix design of southern Sierra Leone is presented in this document. The goal is to compare the results of the asphalt and concrete \u0000mix design with gneiss and basalt aggregate. The applied methods and design used are 1) Volumetric design and Marshall method for the \u0000asphalt, 2) French Dreux-Gorisse Method for the concrete. We added 2% of gneissic filler and 2% portland cement \u0000type 42.5 R to the \u0000asphalt hot mix with the gneiss aggregates to follow the criteria variation. The Marshall, the \u0000diametric compression and the Duriez tests require us to perform four different types of mix \u0000design. The \u0000four mix designs meet the requirements but F2 and F4 give the best mechanical \u0000properties. F2 \u0000(gneiss + 2% filler) and F4 (basalt) \u0000have many similarities from which we can conclude their interchangeability. F2 gives 5255 of optimal \u0000bitumen content. In regards to hydraulic \u0000concrete, the results of the compressive strength test (cement content 350 kg CMI 42.5 R/m3) with the \u0000gneiss and basalt aggregates are respectively 40 MPa and 45 MPa at 28 days curing: these values are greater than \u000035 MPa \u0000required by the technical specifications. The use of the Super Fluid ® Thermoplast 120 \u0000admixture, to increase the concrete compressive strength, is justified by the \u0000requirement of a minimum of 80% Rc28 at 24 hours. For both types of \u0000concrete, we have at 24 hours, 34 and 35 MPa which are higher than the minimum \u0000of 32 MPa (in \u000024 h). \u0000These results meet the requirements of the technical specifications.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"891 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126716111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefanie Schubert-Polzin, Alexander Saupe, U. Krause
The apartment fire tests comprise a set of two full-scale fire experiments in a dwelling building made from pre-fabricated concrete elements in April 2013. Two apartments were nearly identically furnished and fully instrumented with thermocouples, video cameras and gas extraction probes. The apartments were ignited successively whereupon the fire in the second apartment developed freely to post-flashover conditions and got the main focus in this report. The apartment was completely furnished with contemporary furniture and objects, and had an average fire load density for residential occupancy. A full description of the fire load, ventilation conditions and instrumentation are provided. The focus of this report is primarily to obtain conclusions on the horizontal spread of smoke throughout the apartment during the fire growth period. Velocities of smoke spreading were measured to be in the range below 0.05 m/s which means that the smoke migrated over the longest distance throughout the apartment for about 3 to 4 minutes while the flame did not leave the initial fire room. The main aim of the experiments was to collect a comprehensive set of data from a realistic and contemporary fire scenario to validate numerical simulations.
{"title":"Horizontal Fire Spread in a Contemporary Apartment Based on a Real Fire","authors":"Stefanie Schubert-Polzin, Alexander Saupe, U. Krause","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.94025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.94025","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000apartment fire tests comprise a set of two full-scale fire experiments in a \u0000dwelling building made from pre-fabricated concrete elements in April 2013. Two apartments were nearly identically \u0000furnished and fully instrumented with thermocouples, video cameras and gas extraction probes. The apartments were \u0000ignited successively whereupon \u0000the fire in the second apartment developed freely to post-flashover conditions \u0000and got the main focus in this report. The apartment was completely furnished with contemporary furniture and objects, and had an average fire load density \u0000for residential occupancy. A full \u0000description of the \u0000fire load, ventilation conditions and instrumentation are provided. The focus of this report \u0000is primarily to obtain conclusions on the horizontal spread of smoke throughout the apartment during the fire growth \u0000period. Velocities \u0000of smoke spreading were measured to be in the range below 0.05 m/s which means \u0000that the smoke migrated over the longest distance throughout the apartment for about 3 to 4 minutes while the flame did not leave the initial fire room. The main aim of the \u0000experiments was to collect \u0000a comprehensive set of data from a realistic and contemporary fire scenario to \u0000validate numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125322604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Arhin, P. E. Ptoe, A. Gatiba, Melissa F. Anderson, Melkamsew Ribbisso, Babin Manandhar
The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of several measures for assessing reliability of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with waiting affects bus patrons’ perception of quali of the service provided. Studies in this subject area have therefore been of interest to transit service agencies and officials. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to determine patrons’ maximum acceptable wait times (beyond the scheduled arrival time) at bus stops in an urban area. In all, 3387 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed over a period of 9 months. The results of the survey showed that the least acceptable wait time beyond the scheduled arrival time was 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Also, only one-third (33%) of the total number of patrons surveyed were willing to wait up to 5 minutes beyond the scheduled arrival time of buses. In addition, patrons are willing to wait longer in warm weather. On average, white patrons were found to have the least maximum acceptable wait times, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and then Blacks.
{"title":"Patron Survey of Acceptable Wait Times at Transit Bus Stops in the District of Columbia","authors":"S. Arhin, P. E. Ptoe, A. Gatiba, Melissa F. Anderson, Melkamsew Ribbisso, Babin Manandhar","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.94019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.94019","url":null,"abstract":"The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of \u0000several measures for assessing reliability \u0000of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with \u0000waiting affects bus patrons’ perception of quali \u0000of the service provided. Studies in this subject area have therefore been of \u0000interest to transit service agencies and officials. This paper presents the \u0000findings of a study conducted to determine patrons’ maximum acceptable wait \u0000times (beyond the scheduled arrival time) at bus stops in an urban area. In all, \u00003387 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed over a period of 9 \u0000months. The results of the survey showed that the least acceptable wait time \u0000beyond the scheduled arrival time was 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable \u0000wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Also, only one-third (33%) of the \u0000total number of patrons surveyed were willing to wait up to 5 minutes beyond the scheduled \u0000arrival time of buses. In addition, patrons are willing to wait longer in warm \u0000weather. On average, white patrons were found to have the least maximum \u0000acceptable wait times, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and then Blacks.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122491300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pozzolana which is an eco-friendly and cheap supplementary cementious material has not been established on a commercial scale in the construction industry in Nigeria. Hence, this paper is aimed at presenting a feasibility study to show the viability and highlight the business opportunities available for local and foreign investors in the area of pozzolana production in Nigeria. The paper discussed the technical requirements and estimated start-up capital for setting up a Pozzolana production plant from calcinated of Fifteen Thousand Tonnes Annual Production Capacity. An outline for start-up capital identified building and civil work, furniture and fixtures, machinery and equipment requirement, intangible assets, and seed fund. Raw materials/utilities and organizational requirement for annual production were also presented. The investment is viable with a total investment cost of $507,321.23, annual net profit of $107,961.70 and a payback period of 4.7 years. The net profit ratio and rate of return are 16.28% and 21.28% respectively. The findings and understanding of the technical and financial requirements from this work will aid investors in making decisions. The project if carried out will reduce cement contents in concrete and mortar structures, with eco-friendly cement admixtures and subsequently reduce the cost of construction in general.
{"title":"Technical Profile on the Production of Pozzolana (An Emerging Construction Material) in Nigeria","authors":"E. A. Ogwu, F. Apeh, A. A. Ogwu, B. S. Yahaya","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.94024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.94024","url":null,"abstract":"Pozzolana \u0000which is an eco-friendly and cheap supplementary cementious material has not been established on a commercial scale \u0000in the construction industry in Nigeria. Hence, this paper is aimed at \u0000presenting a feasibility study to show the viability and highlight the business \u0000opportunities available for local and foreign investors in the area of \u0000pozzolana production in Nigeria. The paper discussed the technical requirements \u0000and estimated start-up capital for setting up a Pozzolana production plant from \u0000calcinated of Fifteen Thousand Tonnes Annual Production Capacity. An outline \u0000for start-up capital identified building and civil work, furniture and fixtures, \u0000machinery and equipment requirement, intangible assets, and seed fund. Raw materials/utilities \u0000and organizational requirement for annual production were also \u0000presented. The investment is viable with a total investment cost of $507,321.23, annual net profit of $107,961.70 and a \u0000payback period of 4.7 years. The net profit ratio and rate of return are 16.28% \u0000and 21.28% respectively. The findings and understanding of the technical and \u0000financial requirements from this work will aid investors in making decisions. \u0000The project if carried out will reduce \u0000cement contents in concrete and mortar structures, with eco-friendly cement \u0000admixtures and subsequently reduce the cost of construction in general.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127562904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was focused on the simulation of energy performance for residential buildings incorporating different types of insulation materials. The energy consumption of residential buildings in the U.S. plays a significant role in the total annual energy consumption, and using insulation materials of higher performances is one of the most effective ways to reduce the building energy consumption. In this study, the building energy simulation was performed in BEopt for a typical residential house in the U.S. with several different types of insulation materials. The results show that adding insulation materials can significantly improve the building energy performance. The polyisocyanurate performed the best among the conventional insulation materials and had an annualized source energy saving of 37% in Pittsburgh. Vacuum-Insulated Panels had the best performance among all types of materials discussed in this study and showed annualized source energy of 41% in Pittsburgh. Phase Change Material was found to be the most effective way to particularly reduce the cooling energy use.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Energy Performance for Residential Wall Systems with Conventional and Innovative Insulation Materials: A Case Study","authors":"Xinrui Lu, A. Memari","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.93017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.93017","url":null,"abstract":"This study was focused on the simulation of energy \u0000performance for residential buildings incorporating different types of \u0000insulation materials. The energy consumption of residential buildings in the U.S. \u0000plays a significant role in the total annual energy consumption, and using \u0000insulation materials of higher performances is one of the most effective ways \u0000to reduce the building energy consumption. In this study, the building energy simulation was \u0000performed in BEopt for a typical \u0000residential house in the U.S. with several different types of insulation \u0000materials. The results show that adding insulation materials can significantly \u0000improve the building energy performance. \u0000The polyisocyanurate performed the best among the conventional insulation \u0000materials and had an annualized source energy saving of 37% in Pittsburgh. \u0000Vacuum-Insulated Panels had the best performance among all types of materials \u0000discussed in this study and showed annualized source \u0000energy of 41% in Pittsburgh. Phase Change Material was found to be the most \u0000effective way to particularly reduce the cooling \u0000energy use.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134199615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Study of the groundwater table development and runoff generation is one of the most important parts of hydrology to develop a clear concept, especially in hill slope. The study is more complex in the real field rather than in the artificial system. The result in artificial systems developed and experimental observations may give good results. So, therefore, this study is aimed at modeling in the laboratory as artificial hill slope flows which include saturation excess surface runoff flows. The physical processes along with runoff generation depend on the factors—soil type, characteristic slope geometry, and initial soil conditions at the commencement of rainfall. The mechanisms involved in runoff formation process have been simulated successfully to compute hydrograph for hilly terrain and groundwater table development in highly permeable soil tested by kinematic storage model theory. The model represents the hill slope as a rectangular storage element of length 2.02 m, depth 0.15 m and width 1m With an impermeable bed making an angle of 10 degrees with the horizontal. The storage element is composed of two moisture zones: an unsaturated zone and a saturated zone. The result obtained is seemed good adjustment to the theory of hill slope model given by Nm Shakya, 1995. Aslo, the moisture profile variation in mixed sand profile was found immediately after the rainfall event. The result obtained shows that the timing and distribution of moisture over the depth where the maximum moisture content is 0.4 in mid of the depth which is more than in surface having a moisture level of 0.37.
{"title":"Kinematic Storage Model (KSM) for Groundwater Development in Highly Permeable Hill Slope-Laboratory Study","authors":"D. Khadka","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2019.93014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2019.93014","url":null,"abstract":"Study of the groundwater table development and runoff \u0000generation is one of the most important parts of hydrology to develop a clear concept, especially in hill slope. The \u0000study is more complex in the real field rather than in the artificial system. The result in \u0000artificial systems developed and experimental observations may give good results. So, therefore, this study is aimed at modeling in the laboratory as artificial hill slope flows which include \u0000saturation excess surface runoff flows. The physical processes along with \u0000runoff generation depend on the factors—soil type, characteristic slope geometry, and \u0000initial soil conditions at the commencement of rainfall. The mechanisms involved \u0000in runoff formation process have been simulated successfully to compute \u0000hydrograph for hilly terrain and groundwater table development in highly \u0000permeable soil tested by kinematic storage model theory. The model represents \u0000the hill slope as a rectangular storage element of length 2.02 m, depth 0.15 m \u0000and width 1m With an impermeable bed making an angle of 10 degrees with the horizontal. The storage element is composed of two moisture \u0000zones: an unsaturated zone and a saturated zone. The result obtained is seemed good adjustment to the theory of hill slope \u0000model given by Nm Shakya, 1995. Aslo, the moisture profile variation in mixed sand profile was found immediately after the rainfall event. \u0000The result obtained shows that the timing and distribution of moisture over the \u0000depth where the maximum moisture content is 0.4 in mid of the depth which is \u0000more than in surface having a moisture level of 0.37.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115942758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atila Kumbasaroglu, A. Celik, O. Demir, A. Turan, Hakan Yalciner
Turkey is a country that is vulnerable to earthquakes and has experienced many major earthquakes that completely destroyed or caused significant damage to numerous historic structures. Today, using computer software, it is important to numerically model and analyze historic structures that need significant restoration and strengthening, to evaluate them from a perspective of seismic resistance, and to reinforce them without altering their originality. In this study, a finite element model of the historic Tigris Bridge on the Tigris River was created. First, the stresses and deformation caused by its own weight were determined. Subsequently, dynamic analyses were performed in the time domain using past earthquake ground motion records. Displacement and stress values obtained for each earthquake record in these time domain analysis were compared to each other to evaluate the seismic behavior of the bridge comparatively. The seismic performance of the bridge was determined on the basis of the “Guidelines on the Management of Earthquake Risks for Historic Structures” published by the Directorate General of Religious Foundations in Turkey.
{"title":"An Assessment of the Seismic Performance of the Historic Tigris Bridge","authors":"Atila Kumbasaroglu, A. Celik, O. Demir, A. Turan, Hakan Yalciner","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.93016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.93016","url":null,"abstract":"Turkey is a country that is vulnerable \u0000to earthquakes and has experienced many major earthquakes that completely destroyed \u0000or caused significant damage to numerous historic structures. Today, using computer \u0000software, it is important to numerically model and analyze historic structures that need significant restoration and strengthening, \u0000to evaluate them from a perspective of seismic resistance, and to reinforce them \u0000without altering their originality. In this study, a finite element model of the \u0000historic Tigris Bridge on the Tigris River was created. First, the stresses and \u0000deformation caused by its own weight were determined. Subsequently, dynamic analyses \u0000were performed in the time domain using past earthquake ground motion records. Displacement \u0000and stress values obtained for each earthquake record in these time domain analysis were compared to each other \u0000to evaluate the seismic behavior of the bridge comparatively. The seismic performance \u0000of the bridge was determined on the basis of the “Guidelines on the Management of \u0000Earthquake Risks for Historic Structures” published by the Directorate General of \u0000Religious Foundations in Turkey.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122607281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work tried to develop suitable proportions for the production of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF) reinforced Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), an experimental analysis with a mix ratio of 1:1.84:3.27 for cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates with constant water to cement ratio of 0.54. The total volume per mixing batch was calculated of 9 cubes + 9 cylinders + 3 beams in order to know the number of materials to be used in casting per batch, and the PALF percentage was taken based on cement weight whereby it starts from the lowest to the maximum as follow 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The tests that were done on fresh concrete were compacting factors and workability using the slump test which was carried out on each fresh mix of concrete. The results showed that PALF can be used to improve the Tensile and Flexural properties of Normal Strength Concrete.
{"title":"Developing Suitable Proportions for the Production of Pineapple Leaf Fibers Reinforced Normal Strength Concrete","authors":"Kayibanda Patrick, R. Onchiri, G. Mang’uriu","doi":"10.4236/OJCE.2019.93013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJCE.2019.93013","url":null,"abstract":"The present work tried to develop suitable proportions for the production of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF) reinforced Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), an experimental analysis with a mix ratio of 1:1.84:3.27 for cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates with constant water to cement ratio of 0.54. The total volume per mixing batch was calculated of 9 cubes + 9 cylinders + 3 beams in order to know the number of materials to be used in casting per batch, and the PALF percentage was taken based on cement weight whereby it starts from the lowest to the maximum as follow 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The tests that were done on fresh concrete were compacting factors and workability using the slump test which was carried out on each fresh mix of concrete. The results showed that PALF can be used to improve the Tensile and Flexural properties of Normal Strength Concrete.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125538916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the process of quantifying optimum seismic design parameters, the losses implying the failure of the system must be assessed. Intangibles such as human lives may lie among indirect losses. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the value of the investment that society should be willing to make for saving lives. In order to do this, we analyze both individual and social problems. However, special treatment is given to the individual problem where the value of the life of a human being is inferred by what the person should be willing to pay or willing to accept to reduce the risk of dying. Due to the use of utility curves in the calculation of this kind of intangible, we pay special attention to shape and requirement conditions of these curves. We also pay attention when personal impact and legacies or bequests are considered in utility curves. The results are shown through some applications, especially in the computation of optimum seismic design coefficients at a low seismicity site.
{"title":"Assessment of Seismic Indirect Losses Based on Utility Curves","authors":"J. Garcia-Pérez, E. García-López","doi":"10.4236/ojce.2019.93015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.93015","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of quantifying \u0000optimum seismic design parameters, the losses implying the failure of the \u0000system must be assessed. Intangibles such as human lives may lie among indirect \u0000losses. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the value of the investment that society should be willing to make for saving lives. In order to do this, \u0000we analyze both individual and social problems. However, special treatment is \u0000given to the individual problem where the value of the life of a human being is \u0000inferred by what the person should be willing to pay or willing to accept to \u0000reduce the risk of dying. Due to the use of utility curves in the calculation \u0000of this kind of intangible, we pay special attention to shape and requirement \u0000conditions of these curves. We also pay attention when personal impact and \u0000legacies or bequests are considered in utility curves. The results are shown \u0000through some applications, especially in the computation of optimum seismic \u0000design coefficients at a low seismicity site.","PeriodicalId":302856,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122598299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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