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Is Glass Ceiling a Myth or Reality? A Systematic Review in Healthcare Sector 玻璃天花板是神话还是现实?医疗保健行业的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.030.01
N. Kaur, Ella Mittal
As females are actively participating in every sector, the obstacles faced by them in their careers attracted the attention of researchers. The main purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature about the glass ceiling in the healthcare sector, published between the years 2000 to 2019, with no geographical limitations. Additionally, the barriers resulting from the glass ceiling were also explored. For this purpose, literature was searched from various databases, and grey literature was also used for the review. After applying all the steps of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 32 studies were evaluated for this paper. Results were obtained by mainly focusing on the existence of a glass ceiling in healthcare and the barriers/factors of the glass ceiling. The findings showed that although the number of females is increasing in the healthcare sector, there is still an underrepresentation of females in senior positions. The existence of a glass ceiling is the main reason for this. The main barriers to the glass ceiling in the healthcare sector that are obstructing the way of females are organizational, societal, and personal. There is a long way to go for females in the healthcare sector.
由于女性积极参与各个部门,她们在职业生涯中面临的障碍引起了研究人员的注意。本研究的主要目的是系统地回顾2000年至2019年间发表的关于医疗保健行业玻璃天花板的文献,没有地域限制。此外,还探讨了玻璃天花板造成的障碍。为此,我们从各种数据库中检索文献,并使用灰色文献进行综述。在应用纳入和排除标准的所有步骤后,本文共评估了32项研究。结果主要集中在医疗保健领域存在玻璃天花板和玻璃天花板的障碍/因素上。调查结果表明,尽管保健部门的女性人数正在增加,但担任高级职位的女性人数仍然不足。玻璃天花板的存在是造成这种情况的主要原因。在医疗保健领域,阻碍女性进入玻璃天花板的主要障碍来自组织、社会和个人。女性在医疗保健领域还有很长的路要走。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from Turkey 汇率对国内价格的传导分析:来自土耳其的证据
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.05
Zeliha Ozdogan
Assessing the impact of exchange rate shocks on domestic prices (Exchange Rate Pass-through) has a crucial role, particularly for the inflation targeting countries. This paper aims to clarify some aspects of ERPT to domestic prices in Turkey, an emerging country. Specifically, this study investigates if ERPT in Turkey is complete and how the behavior of ERPT has changed after the adoption of a flexible exchange rate regime in 2001. A Vector Auto Regression (VAR) framework is used to analyze the impact of exchange rate shocks on CPI Inflation. This study provides empirical evidence on the incompleteness and the pattern of ERPT on Turkey’s CPI inflation based on the VAR Model. The findings demonstrate that ERPT is not only incomplete but also has a different pattern during the floating exchange rate period. The pass-through has decreased from 2001 to 2017, and it has increased dramatically after 2017 to a large extent because of very high inflation and high exchange rate volatility in this period.
评估汇率冲击对国内价格的影响(汇率传递)具有至关重要的作用,特别是对通货膨胀目标制国家而言。本文旨在阐明ERPT对新兴国家土耳其国内价格的影响。具体而言,本研究调查了土耳其的ERPT是否完整,以及2001年采用弹性汇率制度后ERPT的行为是如何变化的。采用向量自回归(VAR)框架分析汇率冲击对CPI通胀的影响。本研究提供了基于VAR模型的ERPT对土耳其CPI通胀的不完全性和模式的实证证据。研究结果表明,在浮动汇率时期,ERPT不仅是不完整的,而且具有不同的模式。从2001年到2017年,这种传递有所减少,而在2017年之后,这种传递急剧增加,很大程度上是因为这一时期通货膨胀非常高,汇率波动很大。
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引用次数: 4
Internationalization of the Automotive Industry by Extending IOL3 model: A Case Study of Geely Automobile 基于IOL3模型扩展的汽车产业国际化——以吉利汽车为例
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.01
Emrae Jung, Erhan Atay
Chinese companies have been heavily expanding their businesses globally during recent decades. In the literature, studies examine the dynamics behind their expansion strategies and build multinational Chinese companies called 'dragon multinationals.’ Pointing out the shortcomings of the ownership-locationinternalization (OLI) paradigm to explain the internationalization of these dragon multinationals, the linkage-leverage-learning (LLL) model was introduced by Mathews (2006). It was extended to the inward linkages-outward linkages-leveragelearning (IOL3) model by Lu et al. (2017). This paper aims to investigate forwarded linkages to understand how these linkages are utilized during further expansions of Chinese multinational companies (MNCs) in developing countries. Inward linkages that Geely gained through earlier acquisitions were studied through secondary sources. Then, Geely's latest acquisition of Proton was examined to identify forwarded linkages. Interviews were conducted with the management of Proton and its suppliers to define sources of know-how transferred to Proton and classify them as direct and indirect forwarded linkages.
近几十年来,中国企业一直在大力拓展全球业务。在文献中,研究考察了他们扩张战略背后的动态,并建立了被称为“龙跨国公司”的跨国中国公司。Mathews(2006)指出所有权-位置-内部化(OLI)范式在解释这些巨龙跨国公司的国际化时存在的缺陷,引入了联系-杠杆-学习(LLL)模型。Lu等人(2017)将其扩展为内向链接-外向链接-杠杆学习(IOL3)模型。本文旨在研究转发联系,以了解中国跨国公司在发展中国家的进一步扩张如何利用这些联系。吉利通过早期收购获得的内部联系通过二手资源进行了研究。然后,对吉利最近收购宝腾的交易进行了审查,以确定转发联系。与宝腾的管理层及其供应商进行了访谈,以确定转移给宝腾的专有技术的来源,并将其分类为直接和间接转发联系。
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引用次数: 0
Trade Openness, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from India 贸易开放、资本形成与经济增长:来自印度的经验证据
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.03
S. H. Wani
The main objective of the present study is to examine the link between trade openness, capital formation, and economic growth in the case of India by applying an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach. To achieve this objective, the trade openness index is developed using various proxies of trade openness. The empirical results indicate negative relation between trade openness and economic growth in case of India, both in the short-run and long-run. The results of the present study have important policy implications for India. Among others, the study suggests that those policies need to be adopted, which can boost human and physical capital formation so that economy can grow to the threshold level required to reap the benefits of trade openness.
本研究的主要目的是通过应用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)约束检验方法,检验印度的贸易开放、资本形成和经济增长之间的联系。为了实现这一目标,利用贸易开放程度的各种代理来开发贸易开放指数。实证结果表明,印度的贸易开放与经济增长在短期和长期均呈负相关。本研究的结果对印度具有重要的政策意义。除其他外,该研究表明,需要采取这些政策,这些政策可以促进人力和物质资本的形成,使经济能够增长到获得贸易开放利益所需的门槛水平。
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引用次数: 4
Testing the role of gold in crisis: a global perspective 考验黄金在危机中的作用:全球视角
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.02
S. Madhavan, Sivaramapanicker Sreejith
During the period of extreme financial turmoil, investors will include hedge and safehaven assets in their portfolios. The present study looked at the dynamic link between gold return and the world stock return during crises. The study examined the conditional correlation between world stock and gold return. It investigated the usefulness of gold as a safe haven for stocks in the bear markets from January 2001 to June 2021 using daily MSCI stock index and gold price data. The crisis period is defined as the bear stock market in the present study, and bear markets were identified using the algorithm of Pagan and Sossounov (2003). Seven bear markets were identified for the purpose of the study. A combination of the DCC-GARCH model and OLS regression were employed to determine the relationship between gold and the MSCI world stock index. The study found that the dynamic conditional correlations are primarily negative in the bear markets under investigation. Gold performs the role of a safe haven for all bear markets except for the bear market from 2004-02-27 to 2004-06-30. It was concluded that gold acts as a robust, safe haven during turmoil and safe haven property depends on the severity of stock price changes. The findings have implications for policymakers and investors.
在金融极度动荡时期,投资者会将对冲和避险资产纳入其投资组合。目前的研究着眼于危机期间黄金回报与全球股市回报之间的动态联系。该研究考察了世界股市和黄金回报率之间的条件相关性。该研究利用每日MSCI股票指数和黄金价格数据,调查了2001年1月至2021年6月熊市期间黄金作为股票避风港的实用性。本研究将危机期定义为熊市,并使用Pagan和Sossounov(2003)的算法识别熊市。为了研究的目的,确定了七个熊市。采用DCC-GARCH模型和OLS回归相结合的方法确定黄金与MSCI世界股票指数之间的关系。研究发现,在被调查的熊市中,动态条件相关性主要是负的。除了2004年2月27日至2004年6月30日的熊市外,黄金在所有熊市中都扮演着避风港的角色。得出的结论是,在动荡时期,黄金是一种稳健的避险资产,而避险资产取决于股价变化的严重程度。研究结果对政策制定者和投资者具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic Market Index Behavior and Performance: Empirical Evidence from Dow Jones Market Indexes 伊斯兰市场指数行为与表现:来自道琼斯市场指数的经验证据
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2022.029.04
Irfan Djedović, Hisham Khallaf
The main objective of the study is to empirically investigate the impact of the Conventional stock market index on the Islamic stock market index and the comparative performance of the two stock market indexes. For the purpose of the study, daily observations of Dow Jones Islamic Market US Titans 50 (DJUS50) and Dow Jones Composite Index (DJA) spanning a period from January 2015 until December 2021 are obtained from the Investing.com database. Risk-adjusted performance, VAR model, granger-causality test, generalized impulse response functions, and Johansen cointegration tests are used to investigate the behavior and performance of the Islamic market index empirically. Results based on risk-adjusted performance indicate that the Islamic market index performs better than the Conventional market index. Furthermore, the results suggest no long-run association between the indexes, while there is short-run bidirectional causality. This study will contribute both to the literature and practice. It will contribute to the already existing literature through the usage of the newest data, while the practical implication will help investors to better understand the behavior of the Islamic stock market index.
本研究的主要目的是实证考察传统股票市场指数对伊斯兰股票市场指数的影响以及两种股票市场指数的比较表现。为了研究的目的,从Investing.com的数据库中获得了2015年1月至2021年12月期间道琼斯伊斯兰市场美国泰坦50 (DJUS50)和道琼斯综合指数(DJA)的每日观察数据。运用风险调整绩效、VAR模型、granger因果检验、广义脉冲响应函数和Johansen协整检验对伊斯兰市场指数的行为和绩效进行了实证研究。基于风险调整的结果表明,伊斯兰市场指数的表现优于传统市场指数。此外,研究结果表明,指标之间不存在长期关联,但存在短期双向因果关系。本研究具有一定的文献价值和实践价值。它将通过使用最新的数据对已有的文献做出贡献,而实际意义将帮助投资者更好地理解伊斯兰股票市场指数的行为。
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引用次数: 2
Does Gender Heterogeneity Matters: The Moderating Role of Women Directors' Independence in the Indian Corporate Sector 性别异质性是否重要:印度企业部门女性董事独立性的调节作用
Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2021.028.05
Pradeep Kaur, P. Mahajan
This study aims to examine the moderating role of the independent status of women directors on the relationship between gender heterogeneity and firm value. The empirical analysis is performed on the panel data of BSE 100 companies for the period of 10 years from the year 2009 to 2018. Generalized Method of Moments is employed along with Fixed Effects Model while controlling for firm and board-specific variables to examine the relationship between gender heterogeneity and firm value. Moderation impact on this relationship is also analyzed empirically as well as graphically. Results show a negative impact of board gender heterogeneity on the value of a firm. Also, there is a negative moderation effect of women independent directors on the relationship between gender heterogeneity and firm value. Empirical findings of the present study contribute to the current discourse of gender heterogeneity and depict the Indian scenario of corporate boards in this context. This is the first study examining the moderating role of women independent directors on the relationship between board gender heterogeneity and the value of a firm in the Indian climate.
本研究旨在探讨女性董事独立地位对性别异质性与企业价值关系的调节作用。本文采用2009 - 2018年10年的BSE 100公司面板数据进行实证分析。在控制公司和董事会特定变量的情况下,采用广义矩量法和固定效应模型来检验性别异质性与公司价值之间的关系。本文还从实证和图形两方面分析了适度对这一关系的影响。结果显示,董事会性别异质性对公司价值有负向影响。女性独立董事对性别异质性与企业价值的关系存在负向调节作用。本研究的实证结果有助于当前性别异质性的论述,并在此背景下描绘了印度公司董事会的情景。这是第一个研究女性独立董事对董事会性别异质性和印度气候下公司价值之间关系的调节作用。
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引用次数: 1
Nature and Extent of International Diversification: Empirical Evidence from India 国际多元化的性质与程度:来自印度的经验证据
Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2021.028.02
Meenu Khurana, A. Bhatia
The paper aims to measure the extent of international diversification achieved by Indian companies in the recent time period. The study also investigates the nature of international diversification of companies during their transition beyond national boundaries. This evaluation of the firm’s nature and extent of internationalization is further extended to cover the period of COVID-19 as well. The Jacquemin and Berry Entropy Approach (1979) is applied to operationalize the firm’s international diversification. It facilitates the measurement of both inter-region and intra-region diversification. World Bank Geographical Region Classification Framework (2018) has been used to facilitate the applicability of the approach applied. Results indicate that Indian companies were inclined to grow beyond their home territories. However, the extent of international diversification is low as ‘Internationally Low Diversification (ILD)’ reveals to be the most popular strategy amongst Indian companies. Nature depicts a preference for relatedness than unrelatedness for overseas expansion as firms prefer intra-region expansion as compared to moving inter-region. Stagnation and halt are witnessed in the global expansion of companies in the period of the pandemic. The present study is novel as it comprehensively evaluates the international growth strategies preferred by Indian companies in the pre-pandemic and the pandemic period.
本文旨在衡量印度公司在最近一段时间内实现国际多元化的程度。本研究还探讨了跨国公司转型过程中国际多元化的性质。对公司国际化性质和程度的评估进一步扩展到2019冠状病毒病期间。Jacquemin和Berry熵方法(1979)被应用于实施公司的国际多元化。它有助于衡量区域间和区域内的多样化。已使用世界银行地理区域分类框架(2018年)来促进所采用方法的适用性。结果表明,印度公司倾向于在本土以外发展。然而,国际多元化的程度很低,因为“国际低多元化”是印度公司中最受欢迎的战略。自然描述了对海外扩张的相关性比非相关性的偏好,因为公司更喜欢区域内扩张,而不是跨区域移动。大流行期间,企业的全球扩张出现停滞和停顿。本研究是新颖的,因为它全面评估了印度公司在大流行前和大流行期间首选的国际增长战略。
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引用次数: 1
Job Characteristics' Causal Effects on Individual Job Performance Perceptions and Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction 工作特质对个人工作绩效知觉的因果效应及工作满意度的中介作用
Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2021.028.04
Metin Kaya, H. Demirer
This study aims to reveal the dimensions of job characteristics' causal effects on the dimensions of job performance perception and the mediating role of extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction in this relationship. All the variables are examined for individual-organization interaction at the individual level. Primary research data were gathered by using a structured questionnaire that included valid and reliable scales, namely Job Characteristics Inventory, Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and The Job performance quality scale. The sample of the study consists of 472 employees randomly chosen from five private and public hospitals in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used for factor validation. Path analysis and bootstrap analyses are used to detect direct and mediating effects on a path model using the structural equation modeling technique. Findings revealed that skill variety and friendship have a positive causal effect on compliance and task performance. Friendship, skill variety, and autonomy have a positive causal effect on job satisfaction. Internal job satisfaction has a positive causal influence on compliance, contextual, and task performance. Friendship, skill variety, and autonomy's causal effects on compliance, contextual, and task performance are mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction.
本研究旨在揭示工作特质对工作绩效感知各维度的因果效应维度,以及外在和内在工作满意度在这一关系中的中介作用。所有的变量都在个人层面上为个人与组织的相互作用进行了检查。主要研究数据采用结构化问卷收集,该问卷包含有效可靠的量表,即工作特征量表、明尼苏达工作满意度量表和工作绩效质量量表。该研究的样本包括从土耳其五家私立和公立医院随机抽取的472名员工。探索性和验证性因素分析用于因素验证。路径分析和自举分析使用结构方程建模技术来检测对路径模型的直接和中介影响。结果表明,技能多样性和友谊对服从性和任务绩效有正向因果影响。友谊、技能多样性和自主性对工作满意度有正向的因果影响。内部工作满意度对服从、情境和任务绩效有正向的因果影响。友谊、技能多样性和自主性对依从性、情境和任务绩效的因果效应是由内在和外在工作满意度介导的。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of Consumer Behavior Pertaining to Personalization of Price in an E-Commerce Context 电子商务环境下价格个性化对消费者行为的影响
Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.17015/ejbe.2021.028.06
Jensolin Abitha Kumari J, Preeti R. Gotmare
The study focuses on developing a conceptual model to explore the factors influencing consumers' judgments in the decision-making process with a prime focus on personalized dynamic pricing (PDP). The study explored the judgmental impact of PDP on customer willingness to pay and mediating role of stickiness to the online store on PDP fairness and customer willingness to pay. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered among 256 students at a large university in India. SEM using AMOS software was used to analyze data. Price perception, involvement, product knowledge, and recommendation system positively impact price fairness of PDP, directly and indirectly influencing customer willingness to pay. Results also showed that stickiness to online stores fully mediates the relationship between price fairness of PDP and customer willingness to pay. Theoretically, the study contributes to pricing and marketing literature by identifying the antecedents of price fairness of PDP. For practitioners, this study signifies the importance of a robust recommendation system to stand out from the competition and provide deals to satisfy consumers. Specifically, the results emphasize the need to focus on stickiness to an online store to track consumer characteristics and customer value
本文以个性化动态定价(PDP)为研究对象,建立了一个概念模型来探讨消费者决策过程中的影响因素。本研究探讨了PDP对消费者支付意愿的判断影响,以及在线商店粘性对PDP公平性和消费者支付意愿的中介作用。数据是通过对印度一所大型大学的256名学生进行结构化问卷调查收集的。采用SEM和AMOS软件对数据进行分析。价格感知、参与、产品知识和推荐系统正向影响PDP的价格公平性,直接和间接影响顾客的支付意愿。结果还表明,在线商店粘性在PDP价格公平性与消费者支付意愿之间的关系中起到了充分的中介作用。从理论上讲,本研究通过确定PDP价格公平性的前因由,为定价和营销文献做出了贡献。对于从业者来说,这项研究表明了一个强大的推荐系统在竞争中脱颖而出,并提供满足消费者的交易的重要性。具体来说,研究结果强调需要关注在线商店的粘性,以跟踪消费者特征和客户价值
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics
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