Cotinus obovatus (American smoketree) is a rare deciduous tree with a relictual distribution in southeastern North America. Efforts to map its finescale geographic distribution in the Ozark Mountains have been limited to the growing season when the distinctive blooming panicles and foliage facilitate detection in hardwood-cedar woodlands. I describe the physiognomic traits of leafless C. obovatus that permit effective population mapping in winter landscapes. Clumped growth and diagonally leaning stems facilitate detection at a distance. Bark texture, twig morphology, and sap odor confirm the identity of the tree at close range.
{"title":"Winter Surveys of Cotinus obovatus (American smoketree) in the Ozark Mountains","authors":"G. Graves","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2018.7201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2018.7201","url":null,"abstract":"Cotinus obovatus (American smoketree) is a rare deciduous tree with a relictual distribution in southeastern North America. Efforts to map its finescale geographic distribution in the Ozark Mountains have been limited to the growing season when the distinctive blooming panicles and foliage facilitate detection in hardwood-cedar woodlands. I describe the physiognomic traits of leafless C. obovatus that permit effective population mapping in winter landscapes. Clumped growth and diagonally leaning stems facilitate detection at a distance. Bark texture, twig morphology, and sap odor confirm the identity of the tree at close range.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43396310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observations of Townsend’s Solitaires (Myadestes townsendi) on Mount Magazine in Logan County, Arkansas","authors":"Don Simons, Kimberly G. Smith","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2018.7203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2018.7203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41357825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Tumlison, C. T. McAllister, H. Robison, M. Connior, D. Sasse, D. Cloutman, L. Durden, C. Bursey, T. Fayton, S. Schratz, M. Buckley
Because meaningful observations of natural history are not always part of larger studies, important pieces of information often are unreported. Small details, however, can fills gaps in understanding and also lead to interesting questions about ecological relationships or environmental change. We have compiled recent observations of foods, reproduction, record size, parasites, and distribution of 30 species of fishes, new records of distribution and parasites of 2 species of amphibians, and new records of distribution, parasites, reproduction and anomalies of 11 species of mammals.
{"title":"Vertebrate Natural History Notes from Arkansas, 2017","authors":"R. Tumlison, C. T. McAllister, H. Robison, M. Connior, D. Sasse, D. Cloutman, L. Durden, C. Bursey, T. Fayton, S. Schratz, M. Buckley","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7117","url":null,"abstract":"Because meaningful observations of natural history are not always part of larger studies, important pieces of information often are unreported. Small details, however, can fills gaps in understanding and also lead to interesting questions about ecological relationships or environmental change. We have compiled recent observations of foods, reproduction, record size, parasites, and distribution of 30 species of fishes, new records of distribution and parasites of 2 species of amphibians, and new records of distribution, parasites, reproduction and anomalies of 11 species of mammals.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48421333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior to the present study, 56 species with 3 additional subspecies for a total of 59 different taxa of crayfishes were recognized from Arkansas. We add a single species (Carmel Crayfish, Fallicambarus schusteri) to that list, subtract a documented synonym (Procambarus ferrugenius = Procambarus liberorum), update the classification to better reflect recent phylogenetic insights, and provide an updated annotated checklist of the 59 crayfish taxa of presently known from the state. There are 8 endemic species in Arkansas, including the Bayou Bodcau Crayfish (Bouchardina robisoni), Boston Mountains Crayfish (Cambarus causeyi), Hell Creek Cave Crayfish (C. zophonastes), Jefferson County Crayfish (Creaserinus gilpini), Ouachita Burrowing Crayfish (Fallicambarus harpi), Slenderwrist Burrowing Crayfish (F. petilicarpus), Saline Burrowing Crayfish (F. strawni), and Redspotted Stream Crayfish (Faxonius acares). There are also 2 federally endangered species, the Benton County Cave Crayfish (Cambarus aculabrum) and the Hell Creek Cave Crayfish (C. zophonastes) that inhabit Arkansas karst habitat. We expect that additional species will be included in the list with further DNA analyses.
{"title":"An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas","authors":"H. Robison, K. Crandall, C. T. McAllister","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7106","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the present study, 56 species with 3 additional subspecies for a total of 59 different taxa of crayfishes were recognized from Arkansas. We add a single species (Carmel Crayfish, Fallicambarus schusteri) to that list, subtract a documented synonym (Procambarus ferrugenius = Procambarus liberorum), update the classification to better reflect recent phylogenetic insights, and provide an updated annotated checklist of the 59 crayfish taxa of presently known from the state. There are 8 endemic species in Arkansas, including the Bayou Bodcau Crayfish (Bouchardina robisoni), Boston Mountains Crayfish (Cambarus causeyi), Hell Creek Cave Crayfish (C. zophonastes), Jefferson County Crayfish (Creaserinus gilpini), Ouachita Burrowing Crayfish (Fallicambarus harpi), Slenderwrist Burrowing Crayfish (F. petilicarpus), Saline Burrowing Crayfish (F. strawni), and Redspotted Stream Crayfish (Faxonius acares). There are also 2 federally endangered species, the Benton County Cave Crayfish (Cambarus aculabrum) and the Hell Creek Cave Crayfish (C. zophonastes) that inhabit Arkansas karst habitat. We expect that additional species will be included in the list with further DNA analyses.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47976922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many diverse animal models have been used to explore the interactions between host organisms and their microbiota. Increased understanding of microbehost interactions could lead to improved healthcare and drug development. Spiders have venom, digestive fluid, and body fluid components that have been suggested to possess antimicrobial properties that could lead to new and interesting host-microbe interactions. While studies have been published on interactions between bacteria affecting the immune function and behavior of spiders, the spider microbiome has not been established to date. Excreta and body swabs were collected from Rabidosa rabida, a wolf spider typically found on tall grass or low vegetation. Bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar, an all-purpose media known to grow most common bacterial strains, plates and 53 bacterial samples were Gram stained, catalase, and coagulase tested using aseptic technique. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp., and a Gram-positive bacillus were found on the excreta samples while Staphylococcus sp., Gram-negative bacilli, and Gram-negative cocci were found on the body swabs. Most of the excreta samples had little to no growth. The body swabs had multiple types of microorganisms that were limited to body location. A better understanding of this relatively simple host-microbe interaction can provide an understanding of the factors affecting these interactions allowing us to then understand more complex interactions such as those found in humans.
{"title":"A First Look at the Microbial Community of Rabidosa rabida, a Wolf Spider in Searcy, Arkansas","authors":"Patricia Rivera, Ryan Stork, Amber Hug","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7111","url":null,"abstract":"Many diverse animal models have been used to explore the interactions between host organisms and their microbiota. Increased understanding of microbehost interactions could lead to improved healthcare and drug development. Spiders have venom, digestive fluid, and body fluid components that have been suggested to possess antimicrobial properties that could lead to new and interesting host-microbe interactions. While studies have been published on interactions between bacteria affecting the immune function and behavior of spiders, the spider microbiome has not been established to date. Excreta and body swabs were collected from Rabidosa rabida, a wolf spider typically found on tall grass or low vegetation. Bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar, an all-purpose media known to grow most common bacterial strains, plates and 53 bacterial samples were Gram stained, catalase, and coagulase tested using aseptic technique. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp., and a Gram-positive bacillus were found on the excreta samples while Staphylococcus sp., Gram-negative bacilli, and Gram-negative cocci were found on the body swabs. Most of the excreta samples had little to no growth. The body swabs had multiple types of microorganisms that were limited to body location. A better understanding of this relatively simple host-microbe interaction can provide an understanding of the factors affecting these interactions allowing us to then understand more complex interactions such as those found in humans.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44864328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. T. McAllister, D. Motriuk-Smith, R. Seville, M. Connior, S. Trauth, H. Robison
Coccidian parasites (Protista: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) commonly infect reptiles, and to a lesser degree, amphibians. The family Eimeriidae includes at least 18 genera and 3 of them, Caryospora, Eimeria, and Isospora have been reported previously from various Arkansas herpetofauna. Over the past 3 decades, our community collaborative effort has provided a great deal of information on these parasites found in amphibians and reptiles of Arkansas. Here, we provide a summary of all coccidians reported from herptiles of the state as well as provide 2 new state records for coccidians from non-native Mediterranean geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus.
{"title":"Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Arkansas Herpetofauna: A Summary with Two New State Records.","authors":"C. T. McAllister, D. Motriuk-Smith, R. Seville, M. Connior, S. Trauth, H. Robison","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7103","url":null,"abstract":"Coccidian parasites (Protista: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) commonly infect reptiles, and to a lesser degree, amphibians. The family Eimeriidae includes at least 18 genera and 3 of them, Caryospora, Eimeria, and Isospora have been reported previously from various Arkansas herpetofauna. Over the past 3 decades, our community collaborative effort has provided a great deal of information on these parasites found in amphibians and reptiles of Arkansas. Here, we provide a summary of all coccidians reported from herptiles of the state as well as provide 2 new state records for coccidians from non-native Mediterranean geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":"71 1","pages":"143-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44444648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interrelationships between subterranean and epigean environments affect dispersion and distribution of cave organisms among the macro and microhabitats. This study examined the environmental impact of 42 years of tourism and development in the two lower sections of Blanchard Springs Caverns found in Stone County, Arkansas; and contributes to a better understanding of the seasonal fluctuations of the abiotic and biotic parameters. Temperature, water quality, and fauna data were collected. A new entrance, lighting, and approximately 12,500 visitors during the 12-month study had no observable effect on cavern temperatures. Stream water quality measurements were comparable to Grove’s 1974 study. Gray bat, Myotis grisescens , populations and distributions increased from an estimated maximum of 5000 (Grove 1974; Grove and Harvey 1974) to 372,726 reported by U.S. Forest Service (personal communication, Jessica Hawkins, Sylamore District of the Ozark National Forest, Mountain View (AR), 2016). This study reported 5 obligate cave species all recorded in previous studies.
{"title":"Ecology of Blanchard Springs Caverns, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas: 42 Years Later","authors":"C. Midden, S. Sasser, J. L. Grove","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7124","url":null,"abstract":"Interrelationships between subterranean and epigean environments affect dispersion and distribution of cave organisms among the macro and microhabitats. This study examined the environmental impact of 42 years of tourism and development in the two lower sections of Blanchard Springs Caverns found in Stone County, Arkansas; and contributes to a better understanding of the seasonal fluctuations of the abiotic and biotic parameters. Temperature, water quality, and fauna data were collected. A new entrance, lighting, and approximately 12,500 visitors during the 12-month study had no observable effect on cavern temperatures. Stream water quality measurements were comparable to Grove’s 1974 study. Gray bat, Myotis grisescens , populations and distributions increased from an estimated maximum of 5000 (Grove 1974; Grove and Harvey 1974) to 372,726 reported by U.S. Forest Service (personal communication, Jessica Hawkins, Sylamore District of the Ozark National Forest, Mountain View (AR), 2016). This study reported 5 obligate cave species all recorded in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42670855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fecundity, a very important population variable, can be estimated by measuring the number of juveniles hatching out of individual egg sacs. Rabidosa rabida is a large wolf spider that is common in Arkansas and much of the eastern portion of North America. This study attempts to expand previous estimates of variation in fecundity made for this species by Reed and Nicholas in Mississippi. In an attempt to determine baseline variation in a common arthropod predator, we hypothesized that a significant variation would be found in fecundity estimates between two populations of R. rabida in Arkansas. We also hypothesized that this variation would be similar to the variation reported in Mississippi. Two populations of R. rabida were collected in late August and early September of 2016. The egg sacs were allowed to hatch while both the mothers and juveniles were placed in alcohol, with the exception of twenty from each mother which were photographically measured. A comparison was made between the two populations and between variation measured by Reed and Nicholas. We found significant variation between brood size of the two populations in Arkansas similar in magnitude to what was found in Mississippi. We did not find any significant difference in size of juveniles or mothers between the two locations similar to what was found in Mississippi. Observing patterns in these traits provide a starting point for comparison to future measurements which may aid in quantifying differences in populations. A lack of descriptive data for arthropod species has been a challenge in ecological and conservation studies.
{"title":"A Description of Variation in Fecundity Between Two Populations of Wolf Spider Rabidosa rabida in Searcy Arkansas Using Brood Size Measurements","authors":"Brandon Hogland, Ryan Stork, Amber Hug","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7110","url":null,"abstract":"Fecundity, a very important population variable, can be estimated by measuring the number of juveniles hatching out of individual egg sacs. Rabidosa rabida is a large wolf spider that is common in Arkansas and much of the eastern portion of North America. This study attempts to expand previous estimates of variation in fecundity made for this species by Reed and Nicholas in Mississippi. In an attempt to determine baseline variation in a common arthropod predator, we hypothesized that a significant variation would be found in fecundity estimates between two populations of R. rabida in Arkansas. We also hypothesized that this variation would be similar to the variation reported in Mississippi. Two populations of R. rabida were collected in late August and early September of 2016. The egg sacs were allowed to hatch while both the mothers and juveniles were placed in alcohol, with the exception of twenty from each mother which were photographically measured. A comparison was made between the two populations and between variation measured by Reed and Nicholas. We found significant variation between brood size of the two populations in Arkansas similar in magnitude to what was found in Mississippi. We did not find any significant difference in size of juveniles or mothers between the two locations similar to what was found in Mississippi. Observing patterns in these traits provide a starting point for comparison to future measurements which may aid in quantifying differences in populations. A lack of descriptive data for arthropod species has been a challenge in ecological and conservation studies.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45018640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research presented in this manuscript describes the procedure to quantify the restrained shrinkage of geopolymer concrete (GPC) using ring specimen. Massive concrete structures are susceptible to shrinkage and thermal cracking. This cracking can increase the concrete permeability and decrease the strength and design life. This test is comprised of evaluating geopolymer concrete of six different mix designs including different activator solution to fly ash ratio subjected to both restrained and free shrinkage. Test results obtained from this experimental setup were plotted along with the available empirical equation to observe the shrinkage strain of GPC and a model was suggested to predict the shrinkage strain of GPC. It was found from this study that along with activator solution to fly ash ratio the final compressive strength of GPC plays an important role on shrinkage strain.
{"title":"Restrained Shrinkage of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete and Analysis of Long Term Shrinkage Prediction Models","authors":"R. Islam, Mahbub Ahmed, H. Begum, E. Allouche","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7115","url":null,"abstract":"The research presented in this manuscript describes the procedure to quantify the restrained shrinkage of geopolymer concrete (GPC) using ring specimen. Massive concrete structures are susceptible to shrinkage and thermal cracking. This cracking can increase the concrete permeability and decrease the strength and design life. This test is comprised of evaluating geopolymer concrete of six different mix designs including different activator solution to fly ash ratio subjected to both restrained and free shrinkage. Test results obtained from this experimental setup were plotted along with the available empirical equation to observe the shrinkage strain of GPC and a model was suggested to predict the shrinkage strain of GPC. It was found from this study that along with activator solution to fly ash ratio the final compressive strength of GPC plays an important role on shrinkage strain.","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45070638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anatomical Distribution of Clinostomum Metacercariae in the Tissues of Pond-Raised Channel Catfish (Ictaluris puctatus)","authors":"J. Singleton, J. J. Daly, K. Wagner","doi":"10.54119/jaas.2017.7136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2017.7136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30423,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46783034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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