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Some Abuses of “Science”, Logic, and Authority Illustrated from Research in Education 从教育研究看“科学”、“逻辑”和“权威”的滥用
Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2020-0004
J. Raven
In this paper, problems with the philosophy and research relating to various interpretations of “closing the gap” in educational achievement are used to open up a discussion of, and illustrate, the process whereby a narrow interpretation of “science” and neglect of systemic thinking result in the generation of huge amounts of dangerous and misleading misinformation and thence the generation of draconian and destructive policies. The paper opens by returning to an unfinished debate arising out of a summary of the unanticipated and counterintuitive effects of interventions designed to close the “attainment” gap between more and less advantaged pupils. This is used to illustrate the importance of studying the unintended as well as intended outcomes of interventions and the importance of considering whether those outcomes are desirable. More of the problems facing those who seek to contribute to evidence-based policy are then illustrated, via a discussion of an “illuminative” evaluation of competency-oriented, project-based, education conducted in the environment around a number of schools, to open a discussion of the need for comprehensive evaluation of educational—and other—projects and policies. “Comprehensive evaluation” implies the evaluation of all short and long term, personal and social, desired and desirable, and undesired and undesirable effects of the programmes and policies under investigation. When this criterion is applied to the vast number of published evaluations of school effectiveness it emerges that most fall well short of the mark. Worse than that, most of their conclusions are nothing less than seriously misleading and damaging. The generation of such misleading information is much more widespread and serious than that exposed by the “replication crisis.” It is argued that, in essence, it stems from the pervasive deployment of non-systemic (viz. “reductionist”) science. A range of serious deficits in the thinking and methodology of psychologists and educational researchers associated with this approach are then discussed. It is concluded that it is vital for social scientists to do what they can to rectify the situation.
在本文中,与教育成绩“缩小差距”的各种解释有关的哲学和研究问题,对“科学”的狭隘解释和对系统思维的忽视导致了大量危险和误导性的错误信息的产生,从而产生了严厉和破坏性的政策。论文的开头回到了一场未完成的辩论,这场辩论源于对旨在缩小优势学生和劣势学生之间“成就”差距的干预措施的意外和违反直觉的影响的总结。这用于说明研究干预措施的意外和预期结果的重要性,以及考虑这些结果是否可取的重要性。然后,通过对在多所学校周围环境中进行的以能力为导向、以项目为基础的教育的“启发性”评估的讨论,说明了那些寻求为循证政策做出贡献的人面临的更多问题,从而开启了对教育和其他项目和政策进行全面评估的必要性的讨论。“全面评价”是指对所调查的方案和政策的所有短期和长期、个人和社会、期望和可取以及不期望和不可取的影响进行评价。当这一标准应用于大量已发表的学校效能评估时,发现大多数都远远达不到标准。更糟糕的是,他们的大多数结论都具有严重的误导性和破坏性。这种误导性信息的产生比“复制危机”所暴露的信息更为广泛和严重。有人认为,从本质上讲,它源于非系统(即“还原论”)科学的普遍应用。然后讨论了与这种方法相关的心理学家和教育研究人员在思维和方法上的一系列严重缺陷。得出的结论是,社会科学家尽其所能纠正这种情况至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Growth of Employability through Reinforcing Apprentice Career Paths in Craftsmanship 通过强化学徒技能职业道路来提高就业能力
Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2020-0001
C. Noworol
The chapter deals with the nowadays questions of employers about whether it makes sense to invest in employees, and how to retain people who are important to the company in prospect of craft SMEs and employability, and how to increase the employment rate in Poland and other EU countries. It describes the concept of job carving and job crafting and shows how to join this ideas with apprentice learning in crafts. The chapter devotes also a place to describe the reigniting the culture of entrepreneurship in Europe as an important response to the COVID crisis with recovery strategies to build resilience within European supply chains and ecosystems, restore consumer and business confidence, stimulate investment and help the unemployed back into work.
本章涉及当今雇主的问题,关于是否有意义的投资于员工,以及如何保留的人是重要的公司的前景工艺中小企业和就业能力,以及如何提高波兰和其他欧盟国家的就业率。它描述了工作雕刻和工作制作的概念,并展示了如何将这些想法与学徒学习手工艺结合起来。本章还专门介绍了在欧洲重新点燃创业文化,这是对COVID危机的重要回应,其恢复战略旨在建立欧洲供应链和生态系统的弹性,恢复消费者和商业信心,刺激投资并帮助失业者重返工作岗位。
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引用次数: 1
Research Review in Organizational Justice 组织公正研究综述
Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2020-0003
Cezary Przęczek, Jerzy Rosiński, Barbara A. Manko
The article aims at presenting the current state of knowledge in the field of organizational justice and its importance for the organization. It includes an overview of changing perception of justice as an idea over the centuries and discusses organizational justice as a part of the field of management science. In the article the author describes three main components of organizational justice: distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactive justice. Additionally, selected research in the area of organizational justice and its impact on the organization and its members has been presented. Conclusions from the presented literature review contain possible directions for further research in the field of organizational justice.
本文旨在介绍组织公正领域的知识现状及其对组织的重要性。它概述了几个世纪以来,作为一种观念的公正观念的变化,并将组织公正作为管理科学领域的一部分进行了讨论。在本文中,作者描述了组织公平的三个主要组成部分:分配公平、程序公平和互动公平。此外,还介绍了组织公正及其对组织及其成员的影响方面的选定研究。从文献综述中得出的结论包含了组织公正领域进一步研究的可能方向。
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引用次数: 1
Career Transition of Non-European Graduates from European High Education Institutions: Implications for Career Practice 欧洲高等教育机构非欧洲毕业生的职业转型:对职业实践的启示
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2019-0010
Erik Zeltner
Based on several case studies of career services for international students and the transitional experience of non-European graduates from study to work, I provide an integrated analysis of transcripts of semi-structured interviews conducted with career representatives and non-European graduates from German, UK and Dutch universities. I discuss the implications for career practice in light of individual perspectives of non-European graduates, higher education career services and other related institutions. The article reveals factors for career planning and development considering cultural gaps ranging from language issues to differences in the higher education system or recruitment procedures as well as a lack of career provision for international students. It illustrates how career services have reacted to these issues by creating new strategies, including the job role of a career specialist for international students, and suggests new directions for further research and the career development of non-European graduates with regard to participating universities and from a broader institutional perspective.
基于对国际学生就业服务的几个案例研究,以及非欧洲毕业生从学习到工作的过渡经历,我对来自德国、英国和荷兰大学的职业代表和非欧洲毕业生进行的半结构化面试的成绩单进行了综合分析。我从非欧洲毕业生、高等教育职业服务机构和其他相关机构的个人角度讨论了这对职业实践的影响。这篇文章揭示了职业规划和发展的因素,考虑到文化差异,从语言问题到高等教育系统或招聘程序的差异,以及缺乏为国际学生提供的职业机会。它说明职业服务如何通过制定新战略,包括国际学生职业专家的工作作用,对这些问题作出反应,并就参与的大学和从更广泛的机构角度提出进一步研究和非欧洲毕业生职业发展的新方向。
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引用次数: 1
Career Guidance for Unaccompanied Young Migrants. A Report on an Italian Experience 为无人陪伴的年轻移民提供职业指导。意大利经验报告
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2019-0008
P. Magnano, A. Zammitti
Unaccompanied foreign minors are migrant children without their parents, relatives, or other adults. In Italy, especially in Sicily, an increasing number of young, non-European Union foreigners arrive daily in search of a new life and work opportunities. Despite this increasing phenomenon, interventions to support young migrants in career projects are infrequent and occasional within the host communities. With the aim of developing a career guidance intervention suitable for unaccompanied foreign minors, we propose a case study presenting a career guidance intervention for a group of unaccompanied foreign adolescents. The framework is the life design paradigm. The conductors of the activities were career counsellors, with the support of a cultural mediator and/or an educator. The setting of the interventions was individual and small groups. The instruments and procedures were predominantly qualitative. This paper includes a discussion of the strengths and weakness of this intervention, including the results of the post-intervention evaluation and the follow-up after one year.
无人陪伴的外国未成年人是没有父母、亲戚或其他成年人陪伴的流动儿童。在意大利,尤其是西西里岛,每天都有越来越多的非欧盟国家的年轻人来到这里寻找新的生活和工作机会。尽管这种现象日益增多,但在东道社区内,支持青年移徙者从事职业项目的干预措施并不多见,只是偶尔出现。为了开发适合无人陪伴的外籍未成年人的职业指导干预,我们提出了一个案例研究,展示了一组无人陪伴的外籍青少年的职业指导干预。这个框架就是生命设计范式。这些活动的主持者是职业顾问,在文化调解人和(或)教育工作者的支持下。干预措施的设置是个人和小团体。这些工具和程序主要是定性的。本文讨论了该干预措施的优缺点,包括干预后的评估结果和一年后的随访。
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引用次数: 3
From Career Decision-Making Towards Career Cruising – the Case of Hungary: the “U” Model 从职业决策到职业巡航——以匈牙利为例:“U”模型
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2019-0006
Tibor Bors Borbély-Pecze
This paper describes the changing role, practice and institutional setting of career guidance and counselling in Hungary from the 1950s to the present time. The article defines the relation between the institutional settings (polity), changes in the content of guidance policies implemented in those decades (policy), and decision-making processes (politics). It is argued that the lack of institutional resilience and the vagueness of the career guidance theoretical models created a relatively unstable guidance system in Hungary. Our description concerns both the theoretical development of guidance and counselling and legislative and institutional changes. It addresses the changing role of career guidance and counselling, including access to guidance service, and the changing perception of the two manifested by citizens, companies and politicians.
本文描述了从20世纪50年代到现在,匈牙利职业指导和咨询的角色、实践和机构设置的变化。文章定义了制度设置(政治)、几十年来实施的指导政策内容的变化(政策)和决策过程(政治)之间的关系。有人认为,由于缺乏制度弹性和职业指导理论模型的模糊性,匈牙利的指导体系相对不稳定。我们的描述涉及指导和咨询的理论发展以及立法和体制改革。它涉及职业指导和咨询作用的变化,包括获得指导服务的机会,以及公民、公司和政治家对这两者的看法的变化。
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引用次数: 1
Program Evaluation of Career Development Services in Five Turkish Schools: A Preliminary Study 土耳其五所学校职业发展服务项目评估的初步研究
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.18290/pepsi-2019-0007
N. Ozdemir, S. Nassar, Ersoy Karabay, Ahmet Ayaz
School counselors in Turkey, like in many other countries, are tasked with providing career development services within the broader school curriculum. Yet, both globally as well as in Turkey, the unemployment rate among youth continues to rise. In addition, Turkey is home to thousands of Syrian refugees largely concentrated in four cities, creating another layer of challenge for school counselors as career development providers. Effective programs are essential more than ever before, yet very few rigorous efforts at evaluating such programs are in place. In Turkey there are some recent policies governing both career practices and their evaluation, which represents a promising beginning for evaluating these programs locally and nationally. This preliminary qualitative study aims to provide such an example of program evaluation by measuring six key components as identified by the Career Builders Toolkit, an empirically based tool designed to develop and evaluate career and workforce development programs. Five school counseling programs in the city of Gaziantep, Turkey (which is among the cities with a very high Syrian refugee populations), were purposefully selected. Their program materials were content analyzed and, encoded around the Career Builders Toolkit six key components, were rated as being Sufficient, Existing, or Absent, thus providing information about the growth areas still needed in these school-based career development curricula. Among the largest growth areas identified were trainer curriculum and evaluation. Implications for policy, research, and practice are provided based on a Tripartite Model of Program Evaluation.
与许多其他国家一样,土耳其的学校辅导员负责在更广泛的学校课程中提供职业发展服务。然而,无论是在全球还是在土耳其,青年失业率都在持续上升。此外,土耳其有数千名叙利亚难民,主要集中在四个城市,这给学校辅导员作为职业发展提供者带来了另一层挑战。有效的计划比以往任何时候都更加重要,但很少有严格的努力来评估这些计划。在土耳其,最近有一些关于职业实践及其评估的政策,这代表着在当地和全国范围内评估这些项目的一个有希望的开端。这项初步的定性研究旨在通过测量职业建设者工具包确定的六个关键组成部分来提供这样一个项目评估的例子,职业建设者工具包是一个基于经验的工具,旨在制定和评估职业和劳动力发展项目。有目的地选择了土耳其加济安泰普市(叙利亚难民人口非常多的城市之一)的五个学校咨询项目。他们的课程材料经过内容分析,并围绕职业建设者工具包的六个关键组成部分进行编码,被评为“足够”、“现有”或“不存在”,从而提供了这些基于学校的职业发展课程中仍然需要的成长领域的信息。确定的最大增长领域包括培训师课程和评估。基于项目评估的三方模型,提供了对政策、研究和实践的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Diversifying the Careers Workforce: Opportunities and Challenges 职业劳动力多样化:机遇与挑战
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.18290/PEPSI-2019-0009
Siobhan Neary
Attracting high quality candidates with relevant and pertinent experience to any profession is often a challenge. A UK based research project is presented that employs a protean lens to examine the motivations and expectations of career changers who have recently moved into the field of career guidance and counselling. The research comprised of a mixed methods design, utilising an online self-completed survey and interviews aimed at practitioners who have transitioned into the careers field over the last five years. The data reflects practitioners working in a range of settings including, schools, further education colleges and higher education. The initial findings present several important issues for the careers field in the UK which may have wider applicability. Respondents transitioned from a diverse range of professional backgrounds including HR, education management consultancy and research. A common motivation focused on supporting and influencing a social justice agenda. The research identifies that the field is successful in recruiting highly qualified and experienced candidates, the challenge is about diversity and attracting a workforce that better reflects the populace.
吸引具有相关和相关经验的高素质候选人从事任何职业通常都是一项挑战。英国的一个研究项目采用了多变的视角来研究最近进入职业指导和咨询领域的职业改变者的动机和期望。这项研究包括混合方法设计,利用在线自行完成的调查和访谈,针对在过去五年中过渡到职业领域的从业者。该数据反映了在学校、继续教育学院和高等教育等一系列环境中工作的从业者。初步发现为英国的职业领域提出了几个重要问题,这些问题可能具有更广泛的适用性。受访者来自不同的专业背景,包括人力资源、教育管理咨询和研究。共同的动机是支持和影响社会正义议程。研究表明,该领域在招聘高素质和经验丰富的候选人方面是成功的,挑战在于多样性和吸引更好地反映民众的劳动力。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a Moral Sensitivity Measure for Career Guidance and Counselling 发展职业指导及辅导的道德敏感度量度
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.5167/UZH-184412
Johannes Katsarov, A. Albien, L. Ferrari
Moral sensitivity, the ability to recognize ethical issues when they arise in practice, is a key premise for career practitioners’ professional conduct of Career Guidance Counselling (CGC). Due to the diversity of ethical issues related to CGC and the situational contingency of ethical problems, the assessment of moral sensitivity is challenging. The purpose of this article is to develop a novel measure of moral sensitivity, consisting of triad judgment tasks, to assess whether career practitioners are capable of identifying ten ethical issues related to the CGC practice. In this article, we present our theoretical approach, the development phases of the Guidance Ethical Sensitivity Test (GUEST) and the first administration of the GUEST. The reliability was assessed by performing Polychoric Correlations and Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATCPA). Administrations showed that ethics experts and most groups with ethics training scored significantly higher than others without ethics training. Future GUEST validations and implications for CGC research, training and policy are discussed.
道德敏感度,即在实践中发现道德问题的能力,是职业从业员职业操守的重要前提。由于与CGC相关的伦理问题的多样性和伦理问题的情境偶然性,道德敏感性的评估具有挑战性。本文的目的是开发一种新的道德敏感性测量方法,包括三重判断任务,以评估职业从业者是否有能力识别与CGC实践相关的十个道德问题。在本文中,我们介绍了我们的理论方法,指导道德敏感性测试(GUEST)的发展阶段和GUEST的第一次管理。通过进行多元相关和分类主成分分析(CATCPA)来评估可靠性。行政部门表明,道德专家和大多数接受过道德培训的群体的得分明显高于没有接受过道德培训的群体。讨论了未来的GUEST验证及其对CGC研究、培训和政策的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The People Demand Social Justice: The Social Protest in Israel as an Agoral Gathering 人民要求社会正义:以色列的社会抗议活动
Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/pepsi-2018-0007
Leehu Zysberg
Abstract The summer of 2011 has seen the first mass-scale social protest in Israel in its 70 years of existence. This social wave that shook the country, showed unique characteristics a-typical of most social and political uprisings, that go largely unexplained by social theories of social change and crowd psychology. In this article I am analyzing published reports of the social protest of 2011, and draw the analogy with the concept of ‘Agoral Gathering’ that may account for these events and support discussion of their aftermath.
摘要2011年夏天,以色列发生了70年来的首次大规模社会抗议活动。这场震撼全国的社会浪潮表现出了独特的特征,这是大多数社会和政治起义的典型特征,而社会变革和人群心理的社会理论在很大程度上无法解释这一点。在这篇文章中,我分析了2011年已发表的社会抗议报告,并将其与“痛苦集会”的概念进行了类比,这可能解释了这些事件,并支持对其后果的讨论。
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引用次数: 5
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Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration
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