Twenty-five common bean genotypes were evaluated to assess the genetic variability, trait association, and determine the direct and indirect effects of traits on seed yield. The genotypes were grown in a lattice design at the research farm of the Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Melkassa and Miesso, in the 2018 cropping season. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were observed among the genotypes at individual locations. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values were moderate for number of nodes, seeds per pod, plant height, and hundred seed weight at Melkassa. Moderate genotypic coefficient of variation values were obtained for pods per plant and seeds per pod. At Miesso, moderate phenotypic coefficients of variation values were recorded for number of nodes, hundred seed weight, and plant height. High heritability estimates were obtained for seed yield and hundred seed weight at Melkassa and for seed yield at Miesso, indicating that selection could be fairly easy and improvement is possible using these traits in a common bean breeding program. High genetic advances were obtained for seed yield and pods per plant at Melkassa, while moderate genetic advances as a percent of the mean were attained for plant height, hundred seed weight, and seeds per pod. Similarly, at Miesso, high and moderate genetic advances as percent of mean values were obtained for seed yield and hundred seed weight, respectively. Seed yield showed positive and significant phenotypic association with days to flowering, internode length, and pods per plant at Melkassa and had positive and significant phenotypic association with seeds per pod and hundred seed weight at Miesso. Hence, selection of those genotypes based on the traits with high genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlation coefficient and direct effect on seed yield can be recommended for further yield improvement at the respective location and at the national level in general.
{"title":"Genetic Variability and Association of Yield and Yield-Related Traits under Moisture Stress in Common Bean Genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Melkassa and Miesso, Ethiopia","authors":"Meseret Tola, Bulti Tesso, Berhanu Amsalu","doi":"10.1155/2023/8697497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8697497","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty-five common bean genotypes were evaluated to assess the genetic variability, trait association, and determine the direct and indirect effects of traits on seed yield. The genotypes were grown in a lattice design at the research farm of the Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Melkassa and Miesso, in the 2018 cropping season. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were observed among the genotypes at individual locations. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values were moderate for number of nodes, seeds per pod, plant height, and hundred seed weight at Melkassa. Moderate genotypic coefficient of variation values were obtained for pods per plant and seeds per pod. At Miesso, moderate phenotypic coefficients of variation values were recorded for number of nodes, hundred seed weight, and plant height. High heritability estimates were obtained for seed yield and hundred seed weight at Melkassa and for seed yield at Miesso, indicating that selection could be fairly easy and improvement is possible using these traits in a common bean breeding program. High genetic advances were obtained for seed yield and pods per plant at Melkassa, while moderate genetic advances as a percent of the mean were attained for plant height, hundred seed weight, and seeds per pod. Similarly, at Miesso, high and moderate genetic advances as percent of mean values were obtained for seed yield and hundred seed weight, respectively. Seed yield showed positive and significant phenotypic association with days to flowering, internode length, and pods per plant at Melkassa and had positive and significant phenotypic association with seeds per pod and hundred seed weight at Miesso. Hence, selection of those genotypes based on the traits with high genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlation coefficient and direct effect on seed yield can be recommended for further yield improvement at the respective location and at the national level in general.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78072479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seed priming is an effective way of promoting seed germination and vigor of okra by alleviating seed dormancy in fresh or stored okra seeds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed priming treatment on seed physiological quality of okra genotypes. This experiment was conducted in a laboratory at Haramaya University in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. It comprised of 5 seed priming treatments (untreated seeds, tape water, 200 ppm GA3, 0.5% KH2PO4, and 50% cow urine) and 5 okra genotypes (Clemson, Arka Anamika, SOH701, 240207, and 240586). The results showed that the main and interaction effects of seed priming treatment and genotypes significantly affected physiological seed quality attributes and hard seed percentage. GA3-treated genotype Clemson showed the highest germination (78.28%) and germination speed (25.29). Similarly, GA3-treated genotypes SHO701 and 240586 had the highest seed vigor index I (13.161) and vigor index II (34.14), respectively. There were no hard seeds in genotype Clemson treated with GA3 and cow urine, genotype SOH701 treated with GA3, besides genotype 240207 treated with KH2PO4 and tap water. All seed priming treatments had a significant positive effect on physiological quality and seed overcame seed hardness in all 5 okra genotypes compared to controls. Therefore, in this study concluded that GA3 seed priming treatment improved physiological seed quality, and alleviated seeds hardness in okra genotypes. As an alternative to GA3 seed priming treatments, Ethiopian farmers can also use tape water, cow urine, and KH2PO4 seed priming treatments.
{"title":"Effect of Seed Priming Methods on Seed Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Genotypes","authors":"Mekuria Bereded Sheferie","doi":"10.1155/2023/3951752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3951752","url":null,"abstract":"Seed priming is an effective way of promoting seed germination and vigor of okra by alleviating seed dormancy in fresh or stored okra seeds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed priming treatment on seed physiological quality of okra genotypes. This experiment was conducted in a laboratory at Haramaya University in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. It comprised of 5 seed priming treatments (untreated seeds, tape water, 200 ppm GA3, 0.5% KH2PO4, and 50% cow urine) and 5 okra genotypes (Clemson, Arka Anamika, SOH701, 240207, and 240586). The results showed that the main and interaction effects of seed priming treatment and genotypes significantly affected physiological seed quality attributes and hard seed percentage. GA3-treated genotype Clemson showed the highest germination (78.28%) and germination speed (25.29). Similarly, GA3-treated genotypes SHO701 and 240586 had the highest seed vigor index I (13.161) and vigor index II (34.14), respectively. There were no hard seeds in genotype Clemson treated with GA3 and cow urine, genotype SOH701 treated with GA3, besides genotype 240207 treated with KH2PO4 and tap water. All seed priming treatments had a significant positive effect on physiological quality and seed overcame seed hardness in all 5 okra genotypes compared to controls. Therefore, in this study concluded that GA3 seed priming treatment improved physiological seed quality, and alleviated seeds hardness in okra genotypes. As an alternative to GA3 seed priming treatments, Ethiopian farmers can also use tape water, cow urine, and KH2PO4 seed priming treatments.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89366511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honey production is generating employment and source of income in the rural area of Ethiopia. However, its productivity was low. The objective of this study was to measure the economic efficiency of honey production in Ethiopia’s Horo Guduru Wollega Zone and their limiting factors. To achieve the above-mentioned objective, the study employed a survey methodology using a structured questionnaire tool, and the data were collected from 396 households. Both descriptive and econometric data analysis methods are employed. Dual cost was used to measure the levels of economic efficiency and the Tobit model to identify the determinants of economic efficiency in the study area. In this regard, the analysis relied on a cross-sectional data collected from 396 sample farm households. The mean economic efficiency was 44%. This demonstrates that the farmers in the study area have to decrease production cost by 56% to achieve 100% economic efficiency level. From the determinants of economic efficiency family size, extension services, training, beekeeping experience, and family size are significant technical efficiency variables for honey producers. The study suggests policies to address economic inefficiencies by increasing the number of hives, extending the best performers’ experience by increasing the frequency of extension contacts on honey production, facilitating and expanding credit service in the study area, making bee forage access simple, and increasing forest coverage on the land area in line with the current policy of Ethiopia. Additionally, since farmers in the study area spend their time guarding the honey from damage by ants and monkeys, labor that utilizes technology must be made available in the study area.
{"title":"Analysis of Determinants of Economic Efficiency in Honey Production in Horo Guduru Zone, Ethiopia: Stochastic Dual Cost Frontier Model Approach","authors":"Tolesa Tesema, Megersa Adugna","doi":"10.1155/2023/5813388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5813388","url":null,"abstract":"Honey production is generating employment and source of income in the rural area of Ethiopia. However, its productivity was low. The objective of this study was to measure the economic efficiency of honey production in Ethiopia’s Horo Guduru Wollega Zone and their limiting factors. To achieve the above-mentioned objective, the study employed a survey methodology using a structured questionnaire tool, and the data were collected from 396 households. Both descriptive and econometric data analysis methods are employed. Dual cost was used to measure the levels of economic efficiency and the Tobit model to identify the determinants of economic efficiency in the study area. In this regard, the analysis relied on a cross-sectional data collected from 396 sample farm households. The mean economic efficiency was 44%. This demonstrates that the farmers in the study area have to decrease production cost by 56% to achieve 100% economic efficiency level. From the determinants of economic efficiency family size, extension services, training, beekeeping experience, and family size are significant technical efficiency variables for honey producers. The study suggests policies to address economic inefficiencies by increasing the number of hives, extending the best performers’ experience by increasing the frequency of extension contacts on honey production, facilitating and expanding credit service in the study area, making bee forage access simple, and increasing forest coverage on the land area in line with the current policy of Ethiopia. Additionally, since farmers in the study area spend their time guarding the honey from damage by ants and monkeys, labor that utilizes technology must be made available in the study area.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88042679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Bidzakin, A. Graves, D. Awunyo-Vitor, Osei Yeboah, I. Yahaya, E. Wahaga
Organic fertilizer commercialization may present a great opportunity to help deal with the issue of solid waste management and help improve the declining soil problems in many developing countries. Ghana’s solid waste is predominantly organic, which is suitable for organic fertilizer production. This paper seeks to establish relationship between organic fertilizer usage and crop farm performance and assess its commercialization potential. The study employed a farmer-survey and key informant interviews to generate data from 300 farmers randomly selected across three regions in Ghana. The computed organic fertilizer use rate is 42% among farmers surveyed, and organic fertilizer is primarily used in vegetable and maize production. The estimated current demand for organic fertilizer is about 0.7 million t/annum with a potential to rise to about 2.7 million t/annum in the long term. This will however require sensitization on its importance, availability, and affordability. The study has established a strong relationship between organic fertilizer adoption and farm performance increasing yield by 57%, income by 53%, and gross margins by 63%. There is obviously a cost reduction when organic fertilizer is adopted. Organic fertilizer adoption was found to be mainly related to farmer base organization membership status, access to extension services, access to organic fertilizer, and transport cost. Organic fertilizer commercialization has the potential to make Ghana a net exporter of fertilizer and create sustainable jobs for the youth. We recommend the use of organic fertilizer by farmers and highly recommend the commercial production of organic fertilizer.
{"title":"Utilization of Organic Fertilizer in Ghana: Implications for Crop Performance and Commercialization","authors":"J. Bidzakin, A. Graves, D. Awunyo-Vitor, Osei Yeboah, I. Yahaya, E. Wahaga","doi":"10.1155/2023/8540278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8540278","url":null,"abstract":"Organic fertilizer commercialization may present a great opportunity to help deal with the issue of solid waste management and help improve the declining soil problems in many developing countries. Ghana’s solid waste is predominantly organic, which is suitable for organic fertilizer production. This paper seeks to establish relationship between organic fertilizer usage and crop farm performance and assess its commercialization potential. The study employed a farmer-survey and key informant interviews to generate data from 300 farmers randomly selected across three regions in Ghana. The computed organic fertilizer use rate is 42% among farmers surveyed, and organic fertilizer is primarily used in vegetable and maize production. The estimated current demand for organic fertilizer is about 0.7 million t/annum with a potential to rise to about 2.7 million t/annum in the long term. This will however require sensitization on its importance, availability, and affordability. The study has established a strong relationship between organic fertilizer adoption and farm performance increasing yield by 57%, income by 53%, and gross margins by 63%. There is obviously a cost reduction when organic fertilizer is adopted. Organic fertilizer adoption was found to be mainly related to farmer base organization membership status, access to extension services, access to organic fertilizer, and transport cost. Organic fertilizer commercialization has the potential to make Ghana a net exporter of fertilizer and create sustainable jobs for the youth. We recommend the use of organic fertilizer by farmers and highly recommend the commercial production of organic fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"38 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80108186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The common bean is the crop used as food, feed, and to improve soil fertility. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. Hence, a study was conducted in two research stations at Arsi Negele and Melkasa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), during 2019 cropping season. The treatments consisted of three interrow spacings (30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm) and three common bean varieties (Dame, SER-119, and KAT-B9) combined in a factorial arrangement laid out in the field using (randomized complete block design) RCBD with three replications. Data on growth and yield parameters obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Regarding the interaction effect, leaf area, number of seed pods−1, and grain yield were significantly influenced by the interrow spacings and common bean varieties at both locations. Plant height, number of pods plant−1, total dry biomass, leaf area index, hundred seed weight, and harvest index were significantly influenced by the interrow spacings and common bean varieties at Arsi Negele, whereas they were nonsignificant for MARC. In this study, the highest grain yields (2.23 and 2.17 tons/ha) were obtained from narrow interrow spacings (30 and 40 cm) combined with variety SER-119 at both locations. Hence, the highest net benefits (30848.7 and 29970.4 ETB) were obtained from SER-119 (30 cm × 10 cm, and 40 cm × 10 cm) at Arsi Negele and MARC, respectively. It was recommended that the narrow (30 cm) interrow spacing be used with variety SER-119 for common bean production in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies. On the other hand, the use of wider interrow spacings (40 cm or 50 cm) had a significant importance in improving hundred seed weight, seed quality, and disease incidences of common bean varieties at the given studied sites.
普通豆是用作食物、饲料和提高土壤肥力的作物。然而，埃塞俄比亚的产量和生产力受到营养和肥料管理不良、不适当的行距以及作物基因组成差的影响。因此，在2019年种植季节，在Arsi Negele和Melkasa农业研究中心(MARC)的两个研究站进行了一项研究。这些处理包括三个行距(30 cm、40 cm和50 cm)和三个常见的豆类品种(Dame、SER-119和KAT-B9)，采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，按因子排列，在田间布置3个重复。所得的生长和产量参数数据进行方差分析。在互作效应方面，两个地点的叶面积、种子荚数−1和籽粒产量均受行距和普通豆品种的显著影响。行距和普通豆品种对玉米株高、荚果数、总干生物量、叶面积指数、百粒重和收获指数有显著影响，而对MARC无显著影响。在本研究中，窄行距(30和40 cm)组合SER-119的产量最高，分别为2.23和2.17吨/公顷。因此，Arsi Negele和MARC的SER-119 (30 cm × 10 cm和40 cm × 10 cm)分别获得了最高的净效益(30848.7和29970.4 ETB)。建议在研究区和类似的农业生态环境中，将窄行距(30 cm)与SER-119品种一起用于普通豆生产。另一方面，宽行距(40 cm或50 cm)对提高普通豆品种百粒重、品质和病害发生率有显著作用。
{"title":"Effect of Interrow Spacings on Growth, Yield, and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia","authors":"Shanko Bakure, Tarekegn Yoseph, D. Ejigu","doi":"10.1155/2023/7434012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7434012","url":null,"abstract":"The common bean is the crop used as food, feed, and to improve soil fertility. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. Hence, a study was conducted in two research stations at Arsi Negele and Melkasa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), during 2019 cropping season. The treatments consisted of three interrow spacings (30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm) and three common bean varieties (Dame, SER-119, and KAT-B9) combined in a factorial arrangement laid out in the field using (randomized complete block design) RCBD with three replications. Data on growth and yield parameters obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Regarding the interaction effect, leaf area, number of seed pods−1, and grain yield were significantly influenced by the interrow spacings and common bean varieties at both locations. Plant height, number of pods plant−1, total dry biomass, leaf area index, hundred seed weight, and harvest index were significantly influenced by the interrow spacings and common bean varieties at Arsi Negele, whereas they were nonsignificant for MARC. In this study, the highest grain yields (2.23 and 2.17 tons/ha) were obtained from narrow interrow spacings (30 and 40 cm) combined with variety SER-119 at both locations. Hence, the highest net benefits (30848.7 and 29970.4 ETB) were obtained from SER-119 (30 cm × 10 cm, and 40 cm × 10 cm) at Arsi Negele and MARC, respectively. It was recommended that the narrow (30 cm) interrow spacing be used with variety SER-119 for common bean production in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies. On the other hand, the use of wider interrow spacings (40 cm or 50 cm) had a significant importance in improving hundred seed weight, seed quality, and disease incidences of common bean varieties at the given studied sites.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77966742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study objectives were to evaluate effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on growth rate, gut histomorphology, and physiological parameters of broilers. A total 360 birds were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 72 birds per group; four replicates per group n = 18), the control group drink water without nano zinc, and ZnO NP groups added 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/liter to drinking water. The results presented that ZnO NP groups showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) in growth performance with reduced feed intake in all ZnO NP groups in comparison to the control at 35 and 42 days of age. Villus height and villi to crypt ratio showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all ZnO NP groups compared to the basal control, but the results showed there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the ZnO NP and control in crypt depth. There was no significant effect of ZnO NP on total protein and albumin in broiler serum compared to the control at 35 and 42 days of age. The data showed that ZnO NP had a positive effect and improved the ratio of serum globulin and globulin to albumin compared to the others of broilers at 35 and 42 days of age. On the other hand, liver enzyme activity was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) different in ZnO NP groups compared to the basal control. The inclusion of ZnO NPs in drinking water significantly improved growth performance and gut histomorphology, and it had an impact on antioxidant and biochemical parameters.
{"title":"Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Drinking Water on Growth Rate, Biochemical Parameters, and Intestinal Histology of Broilers","authors":"A. Mohammed, Oday K. Hamad, Thamer A. Khttab","doi":"10.1155/2023/8523516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8523516","url":null,"abstract":"The study objectives were to evaluate effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on growth rate, gut histomorphology, and physiological parameters of broilers. A total 360 birds were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 72 birds per group; four replicates per group n = 18), the control group drink water without nano zinc, and ZnO NP groups added 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/liter to drinking water. The results presented that ZnO NP groups showed significant (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) in growth performance with reduced feed intake in all ZnO NP groups in comparison to the control at 35 and 42 days of age. Villus height and villi to crypt ratio showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all ZnO NP groups compared to the basal control, but the results showed there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the ZnO NP and control in crypt depth. There was no significant effect of ZnO NP on total protein and albumin in broiler serum compared to the control at 35 and 42 days of age. The data showed that ZnO NP had a positive effect and improved the ratio of serum globulin and globulin to albumin compared to the others of broilers at 35 and 42 days of age. On the other hand, liver enzyme activity was significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) different in ZnO NP groups compared to the basal control. The inclusion of ZnO NPs in drinking water significantly improved growth performance and gut histomorphology, and it had an impact on antioxidant and biochemical parameters.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78006138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of pesticides is increasing from time to time due to their significant importance in maximizing crop production. This situation raised concerns about their potentially adverse effects on honeybee health and the environment, particularly in countries where regulations are not strictly implemented and farmers’ knowledge of safe handling procedures is inadequate. This study was conducted in Chilga district, North Gonder, to assess utilization, types, and supply routes of pesticides. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using semistructured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 353 respondents (155 beekeepers and 198 nonbeekeepers), and a semistructured questionnaire was administered to the selected respondents. The result indicated a rapid increment in pesticide use regardless of its recent introduction to the district. Out of the ten different kinds of pesticides being used in the study area (2,4-D, diazinon 60%, glycel 41%, diazinon 60%, DDT, a mixture of 2-4-D with glycel, mancozeb 80%, malathion 50%, endosulfan 35%, agrothoate 40%, and ethiosulfane 10%), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glycel, diazinon, and endosulfan 35% are the most widely used ones. Most of the farmers access these pesticides from illegal traders. About 71.3% of the respondents had no access to advice, and 86.9% of them had no training on how to apply pesticides safely to themselves, to the honeybees, and to the environment. The respondents keep extra pesticides at home and use empty pesticide containers for storing food items. In general, integrated efforts are needed to make farmers in Chilga district aware of their knowledge gap on the safe handling and utilization of pesticides.
{"title":"Pesticide Utilization, Practices, and Their Effect on Honeybees in North Gonder, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Zewdie Abay Teshome, Amssalu Bezabeh Argaw, Walellign Wotro Wanore","doi":"10.1155/2023/9971768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9971768","url":null,"abstract":"The use of pesticides is increasing from time to time due to their significant importance in maximizing crop production. This situation raised concerns about their potentially adverse effects on honeybee health and the environment, particularly in countries where regulations are not strictly implemented and farmers’ knowledge of safe handling procedures is inadequate. This study was conducted in Chilga district, North Gonder, to assess utilization, types, and supply routes of pesticides. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using semistructured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 353 respondents (155 beekeepers and 198 nonbeekeepers), and a semistructured questionnaire was administered to the selected respondents. The result indicated a rapid increment in pesticide use regardless of its recent introduction to the district. Out of the ten different kinds of pesticides being used in the study area (2,4-D, diazinon 60%, glycel 41%, diazinon 60%, DDT, a mixture of 2-4-D with glycel, mancozeb 80%, malathion 50%, endosulfan 35%, agrothoate 40%, and ethiosulfane 10%), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glycel, diazinon, and endosulfan 35% are the most widely used ones. Most of the farmers access these pesticides from illegal traders. About 71.3% of the respondents had no access to advice, and 86.9% of them had no training on how to apply pesticides safely to themselves, to the honeybees, and to the environment. The respondents keep extra pesticides at home and use empty pesticide containers for storing food items. In general, integrated efforts are needed to make farmers in Chilga district aware of their knowledge gap on the safe handling and utilization of pesticides.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75802733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mishra, M. Chitara, Sweta Negi, Jagat Pal singh, Rajeew Kumar, P. Chaturvedi
The ecofriendly nature of materials used in synthesis and their low cost make biosynthesized nanoparticles excellent stuff for a broad range of applications in bioscience. Green nanomaterials are progressively used in agriculture to deliver plant nutrients efficiently and effectively. The present work aimed to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don leaf extracts to use them as a nanopriming agent for improving seed germination and seedling growth in Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (finger millet). UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and TEM were used to characterize biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs). The peaks at 362 nm characterized UV-Vis spectra of ZnO NPs. The FTIR absorption spectrum of ZnO NPs showed Zn-O bending at 547 cm−1. The size (44.5 nm) and shape (nonspherical) of ZnO NPs were revealed by TEM image analysis. XRD confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO with an average particle size of 35.19. The seed germination results revealed that ZnO-nanoprimed seeds at 500 mg/L substantially improved all the seed germination parameters, viz., plumule length (23.4%), radicle length (55%), vigor index (41.94%), and dry matter production (54.6%) compared to hydropriming (control).
{"title":"Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles via Leaf Extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and Their Application in Improving Seed Germination Potential and Seedling Vigor of Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn","authors":"D. Mishra, M. Chitara, Sweta Negi, Jagat Pal singh, Rajeew Kumar, P. Chaturvedi","doi":"10.1155/2023/7412714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7412714","url":null,"abstract":"The ecofriendly nature of materials used in synthesis and their low cost make biosynthesized nanoparticles excellent stuff for a broad range of applications in bioscience. Green nanomaterials are progressively used in agriculture to deliver plant nutrients efficiently and effectively. The present work aimed to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don leaf extracts to use them as a nanopriming agent for improving seed germination and seedling growth in Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (finger millet). UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and TEM were used to characterize biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs). The peaks at 362 nm characterized UV-Vis spectra of ZnO NPs. The FTIR absorption spectrum of ZnO NPs showed Zn-O bending at 547 cm−1. The size (44.5 nm) and shape (nonspherical) of ZnO NPs were revealed by TEM image analysis. XRD confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO with an average particle size of 35.19. The seed germination results revealed that ZnO-nanoprimed seeds at 500 mg/L substantially improved all the seed germination parameters, viz., plumule length (23.4%), radicle length (55%), vigor index (41.94%), and dry matter production (54.6%) compared to hydropriming (control).","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85693858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reproduction is a basic requirement for efficient cattle production to continue or cease; whereas, reproductive disorders are the leading cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of major reproductive disorders in cattle in the Tole district, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from October, 2020, to October, 2021. To identify potential risk factors for cattle reproductive disorders, a multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis was used. A total of 400 randomly selected cows were examined, and 37.8% of them had at least one reproductive disorder. The three main reproductive disorders observed in the study area were abortion (17.8%), stillbirth (4.8%), and dystocia (3.3%). Risk factors for reproductive disorders in the study area included the calving season (OR = 3.7, 95% CL-1.37–7.18) and the accessibility of dogs to cattle (OR = 2.5, 95% CL-1.64–3.85). Accessibility of dogs to cattle in the study areas was also a risk factor for abortion (OR = 7.5, 95% CL-3.59–15.54). The present study also identified parity (OR = 5.2, 95% CL-1.05–26.04) as a risk factor for dystocia in cattle in the study areas. This demonstrated that losses in cattle production in the study areas are significantly attributed to reproductive problems. Hence, it is essential to increase public awareness of how reproductive disorders affect cattle production and to develop and implement appropriate control measures for these disorders. The causes of abortion and dystocia in various areas should be precisely identified and described through further research.
{"title":"Reproductive Disorders of Cattle in the Tole District of Southwest Ethiopia and Their Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors","authors":"Dereje Tulu, Chaluma Negera","doi":"10.1155/2022/4806982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4806982","url":null,"abstract":"Reproduction is a basic requirement for efficient cattle production to continue or cease; whereas, reproductive disorders are the leading cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of major reproductive disorders in cattle in the Tole district, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from October, 2020, to October, 2021. To identify potential risk factors for cattle reproductive disorders, a multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis was used. A total of 400 randomly selected cows were examined, and 37.8% of them had at least one reproductive disorder. The three main reproductive disorders observed in the study area were abortion (17.8%), stillbirth (4.8%), and dystocia (3.3%). Risk factors for reproductive disorders in the study area included the calving season (OR = 3.7, 95% CL-1.37–7.18) and the accessibility of dogs to cattle (OR = 2.5, 95% CL-1.64–3.85). Accessibility of dogs to cattle in the study areas was also a risk factor for abortion (OR = 7.5, 95% CL-3.59–15.54). The present study also identified parity (OR = 5.2, 95% CL-1.05–26.04) as a risk factor for dystocia in cattle in the study areas. This demonstrated that losses in cattle production in the study areas are significantly attributed to reproductive problems. Hence, it is essential to increase public awareness of how reproductive disorders affect cattle production and to develop and implement appropriate control measures for these disorders. The causes of abortion and dystocia in various areas should be precisely identified and described through further research.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86389147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gunalan, A. Thangaiah, J. Janaki, A. Thiyagarajan, S. Kuppusamy, L. Arunachalam
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an incredible plant with a storehouse of essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and sterioids. From the qualitative screening, phytochemical was highly present in hydroethanolic extracts. Through hydroethanolic extraction, the recovery of these biomolecules could be achieved throughadvanced novel extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction. The main aim of this experimental trial is to optimize three independent factors including power (500 W–700 W), temperature (30°C–50°C), and extraction time (20 min–40 min) consisting of two levels of dependent variables such as extraction yield (EY) and total phenol content (TPC) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) constructed by Central Composite Design (CCD) with 20 trial runs. The optimized extraction method recorded 14.64 to 17.65% of extraction yield and 63.36 to 76.40 mg GA/gram of total phenol content. As a result of the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction, the recovery of biomolecules from the dried moringa leaves is achieved by increasing the extraction temperature and time with the microwave power of the instrument.
辣木(Moringa oleifera Lam.)是一种令人难以置信的植物，它富含必需的营养物质，如蛋白质、维生素、矿物质和植物化学物质，如酚类、类黄酮、糖苷和类固醇。从定性筛选来看，水乙醇提取物中植物化学成分含量较高。通过氢乙醇提取，可以通过微波辅助提取等先进的新型提取方法来回收这些生物分子。本试验的主要目的是利用响应面法(RSM)优化功率(500 W - 700 W)、温度(30°C - 50°C)和提取时间(20 min - 40 min)三个独立因素，包括提取率(EY)和总酚含量(TPC)两个水平的变量，通过20次试验，采用中心复合设计(CCD)构建响应面法(RSM)。优化后的提取方法提取率为14.64 ~ 17.65%，总酚含量为63.36 ~ 76.40 mg GA/g。通过对微波辅助提取工艺的优化，利用仪器的微波功率提高提取温度和提取时间，实现了辣木叶中生物分子的回收。
{"title":"Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method for Increased Extraction Yield and Total Phenol Content from Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) var. PKM 1","authors":"S. Gunalan, A. Thangaiah, J. Janaki, A. Thiyagarajan, S. Kuppusamy, L. Arunachalam","doi":"10.1155/2022/7370886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7370886","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an incredible plant with a storehouse of essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and sterioids. From the qualitative screening, phytochemical was highly present in hydroethanolic extracts. Through hydroethanolic extraction, the recovery of these biomolecules could be achieved throughadvanced novel extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction. The main aim of this experimental trial is to optimize three independent factors including power (500 W–700 W), temperature (30°C–50°C), and extraction time (20 min–40 min) consisting of two levels of dependent variables such as extraction yield (EY) and total phenol content (TPC) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) constructed by Central Composite Design (CCD) with 20 trial runs. The optimized extraction method recorded 14.64 to 17.65% of extraction yield and 63.36 to 76.40 mg GA/gram of total phenol content. As a result of the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction, the recovery of biomolecules from the dried moringa leaves is achieved by increasing the extraction temperature and time with the microwave power of the instrument.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74953678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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