Sisay Demeke Molla, Menberu Teshome Zeleke, S. M. Tamiru
Globally, drought is occurring more frequently today, which is considerably affecting rural households’ agricultural productivity and socioeconomic development. Understanding households’ perceptions of drought is thus important for resilience-building work because people act based on their views, and the resilience of people is tied to their views, knowledge, culture, and attitudes. This study analyses the rural households’ perceptions of drought occurrence and its influence on livelihood strategies in northeast Ethiopia. This was achieved through a mixed-methods approach with a concurrent research design. The quantitative data were collected from 354 randomly selected household heads, whereas the qualitative data were collected from purposefully selected household head focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informants. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic data analysis techniques. The results show that climate variability and drought occurrence were perceived by the households as decreasing rainfall, increasing temperature, variations in rainfall onset and cessation, variations in heat waves and cold waves, heavy rainfall events, changes in sporadic rain, a lesser coverage of clouds, and adverse weather events. Within the last 25 years, households have perceived the number of extreme, severe, or moderate droughts to be increasing. Household perceptions of temperature changes match meteorological records, but their perceptions of rainfall changes do not. The drought hampered income sources, brought food shortages, and threatened family well-being. It increased water stress, livestock morbidity and mortality, insect invasions, fire outbreaks, grazing resource depletion, abnormal migration, school dropout rates, and human health problems. The findings have important policy implications to mitigate drought risk, enhance drought adaptation, and develop pathways out of drought vulnerability, so it is worthwhile to harmonize the household perceptions with climate change policy.
{"title":"Rural Household Perception of Drought Occurrence and Its Influence on Livelihood Strategy in Northeast Ethiopia","authors":"Sisay Demeke Molla, Menberu Teshome Zeleke, S. M. Tamiru","doi":"10.1155/2024/8860956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8860956","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, drought is occurring more frequently today, which is considerably affecting rural households’ agricultural productivity and socioeconomic development. Understanding households’ perceptions of drought is thus important for resilience-building work because people act based on their views, and the resilience of people is tied to their views, knowledge, culture, and attitudes. This study analyses the rural households’ perceptions of drought occurrence and its influence on livelihood strategies in northeast Ethiopia. This was achieved through a mixed-methods approach with a concurrent research design. The quantitative data were collected from 354 randomly selected household heads, whereas the qualitative data were collected from purposefully selected household head focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informants. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic data analysis techniques. The results show that climate variability and drought occurrence were perceived by the households as decreasing rainfall, increasing temperature, variations in rainfall onset and cessation, variations in heat waves and cold waves, heavy rainfall events, changes in sporadic rain, a lesser coverage of clouds, and adverse weather events. Within the last 25 years, households have perceived the number of extreme, severe, or moderate droughts to be increasing. Household perceptions of temperature changes match meteorological records, but their perceptions of rainfall changes do not. The drought hampered income sources, brought food shortages, and threatened family well-being. It increased water stress, livestock morbidity and mortality, insect invasions, fire outbreaks, grazing resource depletion, abnormal migration, school dropout rates, and human health problems. The findings have important policy implications to mitigate drought risk, enhance drought adaptation, and develop pathways out of drought vulnerability, so it is worthwhile to harmonize the household perceptions with climate change policy.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The simplest strategy to boost cowpea production is to have an optimum fertilizer level and spacing. The study was performed to assess the effect of variable row spacing and phosphorus (P) levels on the growth and yield of cowpeas. The experiment was carried out using a split-plot design with three planting geometry as the main plot (15 cm × 30 cm, 30 cm × 30 cm, and 45 cm × 30 cm) and three P levels as subplots (20, 40, and 60 kg/ha), each replicated three times. The result demonstrated that P had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant at 100 days after sowing (DAS), pod length at 85 and 100 DAS, and yield of fresh pods. However, P did not significantly impact plant height or number of pods per plant at 70 and 85 DAS. The highest fresh pod yield (1.05 t/ha) and pod length at 85 and 100 DAS (20.33 and 21.16 cm, respectively) were observed at 60 kg/ha P level. Similarly, the highest number of pods per plant at 100 DAS (8.3) was recorded at a P level of 40 kg/ha, which was comparable to that obtained at a P level of 60 kg/ha (8.1). Also, the spacing showed a nonsignificant effect on any of the studied parameters, except for the number of branches per plant at 30 DAS. The 45 cm × 30 cm spacing resulted in the highest number of branches per plant at this stage (2.4).
{"title":"Effect of Spacing and Different Levels of Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Malepatan-1 Variety of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp.) in Dang District, Nepal","authors":"Biraj Poudel, Gaurab Chaudhary, Archana Bhatt, Shobita Neupane","doi":"10.1155/2024/9394237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9394237","url":null,"abstract":"The simplest strategy to boost cowpea production is to have an optimum fertilizer level and spacing. The study was performed to assess the effect of variable row spacing and phosphorus (P) levels on the growth and yield of cowpeas. The experiment was carried out using a split-plot design with three planting geometry as the main plot (15 cm × 30 cm, 30 cm × 30 cm, and 45 cm × 30 cm) and three P levels as subplots (20, 40, and 60 kg/ha), each replicated three times. The result demonstrated that P had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant at 100 days after sowing (DAS), pod length at 85 and 100 DAS, and yield of fresh pods. However, P did not significantly impact plant height or number of pods per plant at 70 and 85 DAS. The highest fresh pod yield (1.05 t/ha) and pod length at 85 and 100 DAS (20.33 and 21.16 cm, respectively) were observed at 60 kg/ha P level. Similarly, the highest number of pods per plant at 100 DAS (8.3) was recorded at a P level of 40 kg/ha, which was comparable to that obtained at a P level of 60 kg/ha (8.1). Also, the spacing showed a nonsignificant effect on any of the studied parameters, except for the number of branches per plant at 30 DAS. The 45 cm × 30 cm spacing resulted in the highest number of branches per plant at this stage (2.4).","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140695895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. D. Wijekoon, Mangala Ganehiarachchi, H. Wegiriya, S. Vidanage
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious fruit pest in South Asia; however, studies of their oviposition behavior on different host fruits in Sri Lanka are insufficient. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the oviposition preference and host susceptibility of B. dorsalis on four commercial mango varieties (Karutha kolumban (Kc), Willard (Wld), Vellai kolumban (Vc), and Betti amba (Ba)) under controlled laboratory conditions. The comparative preference and host susceptibility of B. dorsalis to four mango varieties were tested by a series of choice and no-choice experiments. The preference for the oviposition was evaluated by observations, and the host susceptibility was investigated by incubating the above-tested fruits separately until the pupation and the emergence of adults. The gravid females of B. dorsalis showed a significantly different host preference and susceptibility among the four mango varieties tested. Among four mango varieties, “Kc” showed a significantly high oviposition preference and pupae and adult emergence of B. dorsalis. Study findings are useful to design control measures for B. dorsalis to prevent their damage to the commercial mango varieties in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"The Variation of Oviposition Preference and Host Susceptibility of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Commercial Mango Varieties","authors":"C. D. Wijekoon, Mangala Ganehiarachchi, H. Wegiriya, S. Vidanage","doi":"10.1155/2024/7490120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7490120","url":null,"abstract":"The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious fruit pest in South Asia; however, studies of their oviposition behavior on different host fruits in Sri Lanka are insufficient. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the oviposition preference and host susceptibility of B. dorsalis on four commercial mango varieties (Karutha kolumban (Kc), Willard (Wld), Vellai kolumban (Vc), and Betti amba (Ba)) under controlled laboratory conditions. The comparative preference and host susceptibility of B. dorsalis to four mango varieties were tested by a series of choice and no-choice experiments. The preference for the oviposition was evaluated by observations, and the host susceptibility was investigated by incubating the above-tested fruits separately until the pupation and the emergence of adults. The gravid females of B. dorsalis showed a significantly different host preference and susceptibility among the four mango varieties tested. Among four mango varieties, “Kc” showed a significantly high oviposition preference and pupae and adult emergence of B. dorsalis. Study findings are useful to design control measures for B. dorsalis to prevent their damage to the commercial mango varieties in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140737731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ádám Bordé-Pavlicz, A. Zhumakayev, Henrietta Allaga, M. Vörös, P. W. Ramteke, Tamás Monostori, Csaba Vágvölgyi
The primary aim of the present study was to identify bacterial isolates with yield-enhancing potential for application as biofertilisers in the cultivation of sweet potato. Therefore, endophytic and rhizospheric strains were isolated from sweet potato plantations in Hungary to identify bacterial strains with plant growth-promoting and antifungal potential. In total, seven Bacillus licheniformis strains were identified and subjected to detailed ecophysiological investigations. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the tolerance of selected strains to different limiting factors such as pH, temperature, and water activity, which affect survivability in various agricultural environments. The majority of tested B. licheniformis strains exhibited plant growth-promoting potential (e.g., production of indole-3-acetic acid up to 40.42 μg mL−1, production of ammonia up to 0.87 mg mL−1, phosphorus solubilising activity, siderophore production), with two strains (SZMC 27713 and SZMC 27715) demonstrating inhibitory activity (ranging between 7% and 38%) against plant pathogenic fungi prevalent in sweet potato cultivation. Furthermore, strain SZMC 27715 induced accelerated germination and a significantly higher germination rate in tomato seeds compared to the control. In a field study, it was observed that strain SZMC 27715 had a potent yield enhancing effect in sweet potato, where a significant yield per plant increase was observed in all treatments (1.13, 1.09 and 1.40 kg) compared to the control plants (0.92 kg). The highest yield per plant was observed when the cuttings were soaked combined with two additional foliar treatments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful utilisation of the B. licheniformis strain as a biofertiliser for yield enhancement in sweet potato cultivation. Based on our results, strain SZMC 27715 has potential for application as a biofertiliser in sweet potato cultivation either as a standalone option or in a microbial consortium.
{"title":"Characterisation of the Endophytic and Rhizospheric Bacillus licheniformis Strains Isolated from Sweet Potato with Plant Growth-Promoting and Yield Enhancing Potential","authors":"Ádám Bordé-Pavlicz, A. Zhumakayev, Henrietta Allaga, M. Vörös, P. W. Ramteke, Tamás Monostori, Csaba Vágvölgyi","doi":"10.1155/2024/4073275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4073275","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of the present study was to identify bacterial isolates with yield-enhancing potential for application as biofertilisers in the cultivation of sweet potato. Therefore, endophytic and rhizospheric strains were isolated from sweet potato plantations in Hungary to identify bacterial strains with plant growth-promoting and antifungal potential. In total, seven Bacillus licheniformis strains were identified and subjected to detailed ecophysiological investigations. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the tolerance of selected strains to different limiting factors such as pH, temperature, and water activity, which affect survivability in various agricultural environments. The majority of tested B. licheniformis strains exhibited plant growth-promoting potential (e.g., production of indole-3-acetic acid up to 40.42 μg mL−1, production of ammonia up to 0.87 mg mL−1, phosphorus solubilising activity, siderophore production), with two strains (SZMC 27713 and SZMC 27715) demonstrating inhibitory activity (ranging between 7% and 38%) against plant pathogenic fungi prevalent in sweet potato cultivation. Furthermore, strain SZMC 27715 induced accelerated germination and a significantly higher germination rate in tomato seeds compared to the control. In a field study, it was observed that strain SZMC 27715 had a potent yield enhancing effect in sweet potato, where a significant yield per plant increase was observed in all treatments (1.13, 1.09 and 1.40 kg) compared to the control plants (0.92 kg). The highest yield per plant was observed when the cuttings were soaked combined with two additional foliar treatments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful utilisation of the B. licheniformis strain as a biofertiliser for yield enhancement in sweet potato cultivation. Based on our results, strain SZMC 27715 has potential for application as a biofertiliser in sweet potato cultivation either as a standalone option or in a microbial consortium.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elvis Kalonzo Mutua, Mariam Mwangi, Gaoqiong Liu, Jane Nyaanga
Whiteflies greatly contribute to low yields and quality in tomato production. Continuous use of synthetic pesticides leads to whiteflies developing resistance to these pesticides. This research aimed at promoting the use of rabbit urine as a biopesticide against whiteflies in tomato production. Although rabbit urine is been used as a biopesticide against different pests, the best concentration to control whiteflies in tomato production is unknown. Six treatments compared in the two experiments of this study included: 2 L rabbit urine : 9 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 3 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 0 L water; 0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water, and 20 mL Duduthrin 1.75EC : 20 L water. The first experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four blocks to investigate the effects of rabbit urine on the control of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. The second experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of rabbit urine on the bioactivity of adult whiteflies. Results indicated that plots treated with rabbit urine foliar spray registered reduced populations of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults, and lower LT50 values of repelling and killing compared to the negative control (0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water). However, a high ratio of rabbit urine caused significant scorching to tomato leaves. A solution of 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water optimally controls whiteflies without scorching the plant foliage. Rabbit urine has both repelling and killing effects on whiteflies. In the future, further research can be conducted to investigate the effect of rabbit urine on populations of other important insect pests of tomato.
{"title":"Response of Whitefly Population to Rabbit Urine Foliar Spray on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","authors":"Elvis Kalonzo Mutua, Mariam Mwangi, Gaoqiong Liu, Jane Nyaanga","doi":"10.1155/2024/9236328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9236328","url":null,"abstract":"Whiteflies greatly contribute to low yields and quality in tomato production. Continuous use of synthetic pesticides leads to whiteflies developing resistance to these pesticides. This research aimed at promoting the use of rabbit urine as a biopesticide against whiteflies in tomato production. Although rabbit urine is been used as a biopesticide against different pests, the best concentration to control whiteflies in tomato production is unknown. Six treatments compared in the two experiments of this study included: 2 L rabbit urine : 9 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 3 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 0 L water; 0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water, and 20 mL Duduthrin 1.75EC : 20 L water. The first experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four blocks to investigate the effects of rabbit urine on the control of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. The second experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of rabbit urine on the bioactivity of adult whiteflies. Results indicated that plots treated with rabbit urine foliar spray registered reduced populations of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults, and lower LT50 values of repelling and killing compared to the negative control (0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water). However, a high ratio of rabbit urine caused significant scorching to tomato leaves. A solution of 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water optimally controls whiteflies without scorching the plant foliage. Rabbit urine has both repelling and killing effects on whiteflies. In the future, further research can be conducted to investigate the effect of rabbit urine on populations of other important insect pests of tomato.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140778669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil degradation due to acidity is a serious problem in western Ethiopia, which would lower soil productivity and crop production. Implementing integrated soil fertility management is the most efficient approach for enhancing agronomic efficacy and boosting crop output while addressing the issue of soil acidity. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of combined coffee husk biochar (CHB), soil test-based value lime (STV), and inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) rates on the optimum yield of garlic in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 cropping season on two sites. The experiment comprised 14 treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Application of integrated biochar, lime, and inorganic-fertilizer rates showed a highly significant impact (p <0.01) on the yield and yield components of garlic. The treatment unit with T11 ha−1 had the significantly highest total fresh biomass yield (TFBY) per plant for both Farm-1 (65.9 g) and Farm-2 (75.3 g). Bulb yield fresh weight per plant (BWp) was highest in treatments of T4 and T8 ha−1 in Farm-1 (27.7–28.1 g) and in treatments of T4 and T11 ha−1, in Farm-2 (31.4–31.6 g). Marketable bulb yield (MBY) was significantly highest in treatments; T4, T7, T8, and T11 ha−1 in Farm-1 (8.5–9.3 tons ha−1) and Farm-2 (10.1–10.5 tons ha−1). Therefore, by combining, the application of 10 tons of biochar (CHB) + 75% of lime (STV) + 75% of inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) ha−1 in strongly acid soil, and 7.5 tons of CHB + 50% of STV + 50% of NPSB-fertilizer ha−1 rates in very strongly acid soil are recommended for garlic production in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia, and similar areas. In order to draw firm conclusions, future research on more sites is necessary because this study was logically limited to two sites.
{"title":"Response of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Yield to Combined Biochar, Lime, and Inorganic-Fertilizer Rates in the Case of Gimbi District, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Solomon Abeba Kenea, Tolera Abera Goshu, Kinati Chimdessa","doi":"10.1155/2024/1347367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1347367","url":null,"abstract":"Soil degradation due to acidity is a serious problem in western Ethiopia, which would lower soil productivity and crop production. Implementing integrated soil fertility management is the most efficient approach for enhancing agronomic efficacy and boosting crop output while addressing the issue of soil acidity. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of combined coffee husk biochar (CHB), soil test-based value lime (STV), and inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) rates on the optimum yield of garlic in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 cropping season on two sites. The experiment comprised 14 treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Application of integrated biochar, lime, and inorganic-fertilizer rates showed a highly significant impact (p <0.01) on the yield and yield components of garlic. The treatment unit with T11 ha−1 had the significantly highest total fresh biomass yield (TFBY) per plant for both Farm-1 (65.9 g) and Farm-2 (75.3 g). Bulb yield fresh weight per plant (BWp) was highest in treatments of T4 and T8 ha−1 in Farm-1 (27.7–28.1 g) and in treatments of T4 and T11 ha−1, in Farm-2 (31.4–31.6 g). Marketable bulb yield (MBY) was significantly highest in treatments; T4, T7, T8, and T11 ha−1 in Farm-1 (8.5–9.3 tons ha−1) and Farm-2 (10.1–10.5 tons ha−1). Therefore, by combining, the application of 10 tons of biochar (CHB) + 75% of lime (STV) + 75% of inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) ha−1 in strongly acid soil, and 7.5 tons of CHB + 50% of STV + 50% of NPSB-fertilizer ha−1 rates in very strongly acid soil are recommended for garlic production in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia, and similar areas. In order to draw firm conclusions, future research on more sites is necessary because this study was logically limited to two sites.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Birara Gebeyhu Reta, Samuel Dagalo Hatiye, Mekuanent Muluneh Finsa
Irrigated agriculture has been practiced in Ethiopia for several centuries and performance of scheme was poor due to inadequate irrigation water management practices. This study was conducted to evaluate irrigation water management indicators and to suggest possible mitigation measure for Arba Minch irrigation scheme. Primary data such as field and canal flow, soil moisture content, and canal slope were measured on field and soil physical properties were evaluated in the laboratory. Utilizing climate and crop data, the CropWat 8 model was employed to estimate seasonal crop water requirements, while furrow and border irrigation dimensions were designed using SURDEV software. The average field application efficiency (30%), storage efficiency (76%), percolation losses (66%), and overall efficiency (25%). The average relative water and irrigation supply in the scheme were 1.7 and 3.3, respectively. The mean water and land productivity of the wheat, onion, pepper, watermelon, and maize of the Arba Minch irrigation scheme were 0.1 kg/m3 and 0.5 ton/ha, 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.9 ton/ha, 1.5 kg/m3 and 6.2 ton/ha, 0.5 kg/m3 and 0.6 ton/ha, and 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.2 ton/ha, respectively. Watermelon had the highest net returns per hectare ($1,693), followed by onion ($1,829), pepper ($1,221), and wheat ($1,057). In terms of net returns per cubic meter of water, onion led with $0.3, followed by watermelon ($0.2), pepper and wheat with the lowest at $0.1 (top of form). The average value conveyance efficiency, water surface elevation ratio and manning coefficient were 82%, 42%, and 0.06%, respectively. The existing, and corrected length were 843 and 135 m (border irrigation) and 20 and 595 m (furrow irrigation), respectively. In conclusion, the Arba Minch irrigation scheme was very poor performance and low efficiency. To address these issues, farmers and irrigation authorities implement improved irrigation water management practices. Policymakers should promote sustainable water management and explore crops with higher water productivity for overall scheme improvement.
{"title":"Assessment of Irrigation Water Management Performance Indicators and Mitigation Measure in Arba Minch Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia","authors":"Birara Gebeyhu Reta, Samuel Dagalo Hatiye, Mekuanent Muluneh Finsa","doi":"10.1155/2024/5596514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5596514","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigated agriculture has been practiced in Ethiopia for several centuries and performance of scheme was poor due to inadequate irrigation water management practices. This study was conducted to evaluate irrigation water management indicators and to suggest possible mitigation measure for Arba Minch irrigation scheme. Primary data such as field and canal flow, soil moisture content, and canal slope were measured on field and soil physical properties were evaluated in the laboratory. Utilizing climate and crop data, the CropWat 8 model was employed to estimate seasonal crop water requirements, while furrow and border irrigation dimensions were designed using SURDEV software. The average field application efficiency (30%), storage efficiency (76%), percolation losses (66%), and overall efficiency (25%). The average relative water and irrigation supply in the scheme were 1.7 and 3.3, respectively. The mean water and land productivity of the wheat, onion, pepper, watermelon, and maize of the Arba Minch irrigation scheme were 0.1 kg/m3 and 0.5 ton/ha, 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.9 ton/ha, 1.5 kg/m3 and 6.2 ton/ha, 0.5 kg/m3 and 0.6 ton/ha, and 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.2 ton/ha, respectively. Watermelon had the highest net returns per hectare ($1,693), followed by onion ($1,829), pepper ($1,221), and wheat ($1,057). In terms of net returns per cubic meter of water, onion led with $0.3, followed by watermelon ($0.2), pepper and wheat with the lowest at $0.1 (top of form). The average value conveyance efficiency, water surface elevation ratio and manning coefficient were 82%, 42%, and 0.06%, respectively. The existing, and corrected length were 843 and 135 m (border irrigation) and 20 and 595 m (furrow irrigation), respectively. In conclusion, the Arba Minch irrigation scheme was very poor performance and low efficiency. To address these issues, farmers and irrigation authorities implement improved irrigation water management practices. Policymakers should promote sustainable water management and explore crops with higher water productivity for overall scheme improvement.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140077731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluating supplementary irrigation under rain-fed agriculture could help to determine the amount of water depth for water management and increasing productivity. Thus, this study was conducted at the Jimma and Gera to determine the effect of supplementary irrigation (SI) on carrot production. Eight treatments with three replications on a field plot of 9 m2 were used for conducting the experiment. Crop water requirement (ETc) was calculated from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) using CropWat 8.0 software. Yield and yield component data were collected from the field and analyzed using the statistical analysis system (SAS) software 9.0. The result revealed that root shoulder diameter, fresh biomass, and fresh root weight had significant (p <0.05) effects between the treatments, but there was no significant difference (p >0.05) between treatments on plant height and carrot root length at both locations. The highest and lowest plant heights were recorded at 75% SI and at a rain-fed treatment. A root shoulder diameters of 38.37 and 37.86 mm were recorded at Jimma and Gera, respectively, from the application of 75% and two SI at flowering and fruit setting treatment. The application of 75% SI gave the highest root length. A maximum fresh biomass of 3,038.6 kg/ha was obtained at 75% SI, and a minimum fresh biomass of 1,640.00 kg/ha was recorded from the rain-fed treatment at JARC. Application of 75% SI gave the maximum fresh biomass (2,388.9 kg/ha) at Gera, and a minimum fresh biomass of 1,277.8 kg/ha was recorded from rain fed. An application of 75% SI gave the highest fresh root weight of 7,430.6 kg/ha at JARC. In the study, the application of 75% SI gave the highest (6,388.9 kg/ha) fresh root weight, and the lowest was recorded at rain fed (3,883.3 kg/ha). Therefore, for optimum production, 75% SI was recommended for the production of carrots. The total net benefit from the production of carrots was in the range of 36,659–46,950 ETB per hectare at Jimma and from 24,828 up to 39,399 ETB per hectar at Gera. The maximum and minimum marginal return rate (MRR) at Jimma were 300.97%, which is at 75% SI and 43.69%, which is at 25% supplementary irrigation, respectively. At Gera, the maximum and minimum MRR were 490.95%, which were at 25% supplementary irrigation, and the minimum was 23.18%, which was at full supplementary irrigation. Therefore, to get an economic benefit, supplementing carrot crop at 75% irrigation was recommended for both Gera and JARC.
对雨水灌溉农业的补充灌溉进行评估，有助于确定水的深度，以进行水资源管理并提高生产率。因此，本研究在吉马和格拉进行，以确定补充灌溉（SI）对胡萝卜产量的影响。在一块 9 平方米的田块上进行了 8 个处理 3 次重复的试验。使用 CropWat 8.0 软件根据参考蒸散量（ETo）和作物系数（Kc）计算作物需水量（ETc）。从田间收集了产量和产量成分数据，并使用统计分析系统（SAS）软件 9.0 进行分析。结果表明，两地处理间的根肩直径、新鲜生物量和新鲜根重对植株高度和胡萝卜根长的影响显著（P 0.05）。75% SI 和雨水灌溉处理的植株高度最高，植株高度最低。在吉马和格拉，开花期和坐果期施用 75% SI 和两种 SI 的根肩直径分别为 38.37 毫米和 37.86 毫米。施用 75% SI 的根长最高。在 75% SI 处理中，新鲜生物量最高达 3,038.6 千克/公顷，而在 JARC 的雨水灌溉处理中，新鲜生物量最低为 1,640.00 千克/公顷。在 Gera，施用 75% SI 可获得最大新鲜生物量（2,388.9 千克/公顷），而雨水灌溉可获得最小新鲜生物量（1,277.8 千克/公顷）。在 JARC，施用 75% SI 可获得最高的鲜根重（7,430.6 公斤/公顷）。在这项研究中，施用 75% SI 可获得最高（6388.9 千克/公顷）的鲜根重量，而雨水灌溉的鲜根重量最低（3883.3 千克/公顷）。因此，为了获得最佳产量，建议在胡萝卜生产中使用 75% 的 SI。在吉马，胡萝卜生产的总净收益为每公顷 36 659-46 950 英镑，在格拉，则为每公顷 24 828-39 399 英镑。吉马的最高和最低边际收益率（MRR）分别为 300.97%（75% SI）和 43.69%（25% 补充灌溉）。在格拉，最大和最小边际收益率分别为 490.95%（补充灌溉 25%）和 23.18%（完全补充灌溉）。因此，为了获得经济效益，建议 Gera 和 JARC 的胡萝卜作物补充 75% 的灌溉。
{"title":"Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Supplementary Irrigation under Rain-Fed Agriculture at Jimma and Gera, Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia","authors":"Etefa Tilahun Ashine, Minda Tadesse Bedane, Adissu Asefa Mengesha","doi":"10.1155/2024/3976619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3976619","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating supplementary irrigation under rain-fed agriculture could help to determine the amount of water depth for water management and increasing productivity. Thus, this study was conducted at the Jimma and Gera to determine the effect of supplementary irrigation (SI) on carrot production. Eight treatments with three replications on a field plot of 9 m2 were used for conducting the experiment. Crop water requirement (ETc) was calculated from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) using CropWat 8.0 software. Yield and yield component data were collected from the field and analyzed using the statistical analysis system (SAS) software 9.0. The result revealed that root shoulder diameter, fresh biomass, and fresh root weight had significant (p <0.05) effects between the treatments, but there was no significant difference (p >0.05) between treatments on plant height and carrot root length at both locations. The highest and lowest plant heights were recorded at 75% SI and at a rain-fed treatment. A root shoulder diameters of 38.37 and 37.86 mm were recorded at Jimma and Gera, respectively, from the application of 75% and two SI at flowering and fruit setting treatment. The application of 75% SI gave the highest root length. A maximum fresh biomass of 3,038.6 kg/ha was obtained at 75% SI, and a minimum fresh biomass of 1,640.00 kg/ha was recorded from the rain-fed treatment at JARC. Application of 75% SI gave the maximum fresh biomass (2,388.9 kg/ha) at Gera, and a minimum fresh biomass of 1,277.8 kg/ha was recorded from rain fed. An application of 75% SI gave the highest fresh root weight of 7,430.6 kg/ha at JARC. In the study, the application of 75% SI gave the highest (6,388.9 kg/ha) fresh root weight, and the lowest was recorded at rain fed (3,883.3 kg/ha). Therefore, for optimum production, 75% SI was recommended for the production of carrots. The total net benefit from the production of carrots was in the range of 36,659–46,950 ETB per hectare at Jimma and from 24,828 up to 39,399 ETB per hectar at Gera. The maximum and minimum marginal return rate (MRR) at Jimma were 300.97%, which is at 75% SI and 43.69%, which is at 25% supplementary irrigation, respectively. At Gera, the maximum and minimum MRR were 490.95%, which were at 25% supplementary irrigation, and the minimum was 23.18%, which was at full supplementary irrigation. Therefore, to get an economic benefit, supplementing carrot crop at 75% irrigation was recommended for both Gera and JARC.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation farming is one approach to reduce climate-related risks, and make production possible throughout the year. Nevertheless, farmers were limited to using small-scale irrigation (SSI) in the study area. This study mainly analyzed the perception of farmers’ and their constraints to use irrigation. The study used a multistage sampling technique to collect the primary data from 102 nonuser and 82 irrigation user respondents. Likert rating scale, relative importance index (RII), and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The result of the RII indicates that, irrigation ensures high-net income (0.87), high-market demand for products (0.84), and insurance against drought (0.82) were highly perceived as advantageous attributes of the irrigation. Whereas, production cost (0.85), skill requirements (0.74), and declining soil fertility (0.65) were strongly perceived as relative disadvantage attributes of irrigation. Plant disease, input shortages, ineffective water distribution, and poor transportation are identified as major constraints for farmers to practice irrigation. Overall, farmers commonly noted the importance of irrigation. However, irrigation users highly perceived the positive attributes; whereas nonusers extremely perceived the negative attributes of irrigation. This implies the existence of perception differences between the two groups of farmers. Therefore, concerned stakeholders should strive to close the perception gap toward irrigation through interventions.
{"title":"Exploring Farmers’ Perception and Constraints on the Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation in Hulet Eju Enesie District, North-Western Ethiopia","authors":"Getasew Daru, Sinkie Alemu","doi":"10.1155/2024/4979184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4979184","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation farming is one approach to reduce climate-related risks, and make production possible throughout the year. Nevertheless, farmers were limited to using small-scale irrigation (SSI) in the study area. This study mainly analyzed the perception of farmers’ and their constraints to use irrigation. The study used a multistage sampling technique to collect the primary data from 102 nonuser and 82 irrigation user respondents. Likert rating scale, relative importance index (RII), and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The result of the RII indicates that, irrigation ensures high-net income (0.87), high-market demand for products (0.84), and insurance against drought (0.82) were highly perceived as advantageous attributes of the irrigation. Whereas, production cost (0.85), skill requirements (0.74), and declining soil fertility (0.65) were strongly perceived as relative disadvantage attributes of irrigation. Plant disease, input shortages, ineffective water distribution, and poor transportation are identified as major constraints for farmers to practice irrigation. Overall, farmers commonly noted the importance of irrigation. However, irrigation users highly perceived the positive attributes; whereas nonusers extremely perceived the negative attributes of irrigation. This implies the existence of perception differences between the two groups of farmers. Therefore, concerned stakeholders should strive to close the perception gap toward irrigation through interventions.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139615073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tef is the major staple cereal crop in Ethiopia. Broadcast method of sowing and lack of site-specific seeding rates are among the major constraints of tef productivity. In this context, a field experiment was conducted with the aim of optimizing inter-row spacing and seed rates for better growth and yield of tef in southern Ethiopia. Treatments consisted of five levels of seed rates (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 kg ha−1) and four inter-row spacing (15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) that were combined in factorial arrangement and laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenology, growth, yield components, and yield data were collected. The results revealed that lodging, main panicle weight, biomass, and grain yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of inter-row spacing and seed rates. Seed rate of 2.5 kg ha−1 at 20 cm inter-row spacing prolonged crop phonology, enhanced tiller formation, and increased panicle and 1,000-grain weight than other treatments. The maximum grain yield (2,400 kg ha−1) was obtained from the combination 2.5 kg ha−1 seed rate with 20 cm inter-row spacing. Taking the agronomic and economic advantages, it was concluded that a seed rate of 2.5 kg ha−1 with an inter-row spacing of 20 cm was suggested for tef growing farmers with similar agroecology of the study area.
特夫是埃塞俄比亚的主要谷物作物。撒播法和缺乏因地制宜的播种率是制约柚子产量的主要因素。在这种情况下，我们进行了一项田间试验，目的是优化行间距和播种率，以提高埃塞俄比亚南部柚木的生长和产量。试验包括五种播种率（2.5、5、7.5、10 和 12.5 千克/公顷）和四种行距（15、20、25 和 30 厘米），以因子排列组合，采用随机完全区组设计，三次重复。收集了作物的物候期、生长期、产量成分和产量数据。结果表明，稻瘟病、主圆锥花序重量、生物量和谷物产量受行间距和种子率交互效应的显著影响。与其他处理相比，行距为 20 厘米、播种量为 2.5 千克/公顷的处理延长了作物的生长期，促进了分蘖的形成，并增加了圆锥花序和千粒重。2.5 kg ha-1 的播种量和 20 cm 的行距组合获得了最高的谷物产量（2,400 kg ha-1）。考虑到农艺学和经济学方面的优势，研究得出结论，建议在研究地区种植柚子的农民采用 2.5 千克/公顷的播种量和 20 厘米的行距。
{"title":"Boosting Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter)) Yield through the Use of Different Inter-Row Spacing and Seeding Rates","authors":"Wolde Tasew, A. Habte, F. Laekemariam","doi":"10.1155/2024/5614296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5614296","url":null,"abstract":"Tef is the major staple cereal crop in Ethiopia. Broadcast method of sowing and lack of site-specific seeding rates are among the major constraints of tef productivity. In this context, a field experiment was conducted with the aim of optimizing inter-row spacing and seed rates for better growth and yield of tef in southern Ethiopia. Treatments consisted of five levels of seed rates (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 kg ha−1) and four inter-row spacing (15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) that were combined in factorial arrangement and laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenology, growth, yield components, and yield data were collected. The results revealed that lodging, main panicle weight, biomass, and grain yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of inter-row spacing and seed rates. Seed rate of 2.5 kg ha−1 at 20 cm inter-row spacing prolonged crop phonology, enhanced tiller formation, and increased panicle and 1,000-grain weight than other treatments. The maximum grain yield (2,400 kg ha−1) was obtained from the combination 2.5 kg ha−1 seed rate with 20 cm inter-row spacing. Taking the agronomic and economic advantages, it was concluded that a seed rate of 2.5 kg ha−1 with an inter-row spacing of 20 cm was suggested for tef growing farmers with similar agroecology of the study area.","PeriodicalId":30608,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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