Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38318
L. Basnet
The climatic signature of global warming is both local and global. The forcing by increasing greenhouse gases is global, so there is clearly a global component to the climatic signature. Moreover, the damaging impacts of global warming are manifesting themselves around the world in the form of extreme weather events like storms, tornadoes, floods and droughts, all of which have been escalating in frequency and intensity. Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that there is high degree of uncertainty surrounding projections of basic climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation. However, numerous authors have explored many of these effects individually and have begun exploring the interactions between climate change-induced impacts in different sectors of urban activities. Therefore, it is safe to say that an attempt to conduct a definitive, comprehensive analysis of all the potential impacts of climate change on the urban structure is premature at present. This communication attempts to examine the trends in maximum monthly urban temperature fluctuations. Analysis reveals increasing trends in urban temperature fluctuations showing effect of Kathmandu industrializations. Forecast models also suggest future scenario with respect to occurrence of extreme temperature. The analysis carried out in this work would be useful for urban planners for sustainable future development, economists and environmentalists etc. Let C be an urban complex (such as a city with its entire infrastructure) and UC the urban system associated with C. We shall consider UC = UC (PC, SC, EC) where, PC is the set of physical indicators like population, land, population density and infrastructure like developed and undeveloped areas etc. SC is the set of socio-economic factors and EC is the set of environmental indicators like pollution and climatic variability (land and sea surface temperature, frequency of hazards like cyclones etc.). All these sets are finite. The urban development can refer to both growth and decline. If we represent the growth of an urban complex by GC, then it will be the rate of increase of UC with respect to time so that GC = . G is thus a system resulting from the complex dynamical interactions of P, S, and E in a certain time interval. Furthermore, P, S, and E which are called generator functions or the complexity of the system U involve finite variables depending on time. On occasions these may be random making the situation complex. The urban growth G can be considered a system itself depending on P, S, and E. Thus, we can consider G = G (P, S, E). In the following we shall study the urban growth G in the perspective of the variability in P and E only so that G = G (P, E). We shall also study the interactions of P and E. The generator function P and E are themselves subsystems of the system G. We begin by reviewing the global and local trends of urban growth and then separately study the components P and E of urban growth G. The compon
与该国其他地区相比，它被认为是一个气候温和的城市。但现在，在过去几十年的记录中，可以很容易地观察到间歇性的高温。它是尼泊尔的经济中心，因为它是尼泊尔王国。非常高的人口增长率和加德满都越来越多的人口所造成的情况显然是危险的，如果我们考虑到人口高度集中的污染本身，这一点也不为过。我们认为，人类活动水平的提高正在增加环境负担。因此，我们也将强调(d)，并将看到极端温度是如何变化的，以及这些极端温度是否受到人类活动的影响。在加德满都的视角下，城市增长G将是一个系统G = G (P, S, E)，其中P = P (P (t)， a (t))， E = E (T1 (t)， Tss (t))， P, a, Tl, Tss和t分别代表人口，面积，陆地温度，海面温度和时间。子系统P可以进一步考虑为asP = Ps(P (t)， A (t)) + Pus (P (t)， A (t))，其中Ps和Pus分别为城市综合体的定居部分和未定居部分。P和E以及G可以被认为是物理过程。子系统S由于其首要的重要性，值得单独研究，并将在其他地方考虑。
{"title":"Forecast Models for Urban Dynamics (Kathmandu Valley)","authors":"L. Basnet","doi":"10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38318","url":null,"abstract":"The climatic signature of global warming is both local and global. The forcing by increasing greenhouse gases is global, so there is clearly a global component to the climatic signature. Moreover, the damaging impacts of global warming are manifesting themselves around the world in the form of extreme weather events like storms, tornadoes, floods and droughts, all of which have been escalating in frequency and intensity. Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that there is high degree of uncertainty surrounding projections of basic climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation. However, numerous authors have explored many of these effects individually and have begun exploring the interactions between climate change-induced impacts in different sectors of urban activities. Therefore, it is safe to say that an attempt to conduct a definitive, comprehensive analysis of all the potential impacts of climate change on the urban structure is premature at present. This communication attempts to examine the trends in maximum monthly urban temperature fluctuations. Analysis reveals increasing trends in urban temperature fluctuations showing effect of Kathmandu industrializations. Forecast models also suggest future scenario with respect to occurrence of extreme temperature. The analysis carried out in this work would be useful for urban planners for sustainable future development, economists and environmentalists etc. \u0000Let C be an urban complex (such as a city with its entire infrastructure) and UC the urban system associated with C. We shall consider UC = UC (PC, SC, EC) where, PC is the set of physical indicators like population, land, population density and infrastructure like developed and undeveloped areas etc. SC is the set of socio-economic factors and EC is the set of environmental indicators like pollution and climatic variability (land and sea surface temperature, frequency of hazards like cyclones etc.). All these sets are finite. The urban development can refer to both growth and decline. If we represent the growth of an urban complex by GC, then it will be the rate of increase of UC with respect to time so that GC = . G is thus a system resulting from the complex dynamical interactions of P, S, and E in a certain time interval. Furthermore, P, S, and E which are called generator functions or the complexity of the system U involve finite variables depending on time. On occasions these may be random making the situation complex. The urban growth G can be considered a system itself depending on P, S, and E. Thus, we can consider G = G (P, S, E). In the following we shall study the urban growth G in the perspective of the variability in P and E only so that G = G (P, E). We shall also study the interactions of P and E. The generator function P and E are themselves subsystems of the system G. \u0000We begin by reviewing the global and local trends of urban growth and then separately study the components P and E of urban growth G. The compon","PeriodicalId":306432,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114013322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38359
Shova Darlamee, T. Bajracharya
Energy is an important driver of all economic activities and it is necessary for the production of goods and the provision of services. Thus, a secure supply of energy to meet national demand on both the short term and long term is important for any country. As a net importer of petroleum products from only one supplier country of petroleum products (i.e. India), supply and demand gap of energy, frequent price fluctuations of petroleum products and poor diversification of primary energy supply, policies regarding energy security should be developed for Nepal. This study aims to assess the energy security index of Nepal so as to provide a picture of the historical performance of the country in terms of energy security for the past years 2005-2015 and in the future 2016-2030 under different scenarios. A set of 24 energy security indicators were selected based on literature review and relevant to national energy policies and grouped under 5 dimensions which are availability, affordability, accessibility, efficiency and acceptability. It can be seen that energy security for Nepal has been following a declining trade since 2005/06 to 2015/16, the causes of which could be attributed to the increase in energy consumption, increase in imports of petroleum products, increase in electricity deficit from the year 2008/09, increase in price of petroleum products. However, the value of energy security index is on the higher side (near to 10) which is mainly due to the fact that energy supply of Nepal is mostly dependent on traditional sources which is domestically supplied. There is a need to incorporate energy security in the national energy policy of Nepal with more emphasis on diversification of primary energy sources (other than traditional resources), reduction on import dependency especially on fossil fuel resources, strategic fuel reserves, diversification of energy resources uses in different energy consumption sectors like transport, industries, increase in energy supply from renewable energy sources, etc.
{"title":"Energy Security Assessment of Nepal for the Period 2005-2030","authors":"Shova Darlamee, T. Bajracharya","doi":"10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38359","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is an important driver of all economic activities and it is necessary for the production of goods and the provision of services. Thus, a secure supply of energy to meet national demand on both the short term and long term is important for any country. As a net importer of petroleum products from only one supplier country of petroleum products (i.e. India), supply and demand gap of energy, frequent price fluctuations of petroleum products and poor diversification of primary energy supply, policies regarding energy security should be developed for Nepal. This study aims to assess the energy security index of Nepal so as to provide a picture of the historical performance of the country in terms of energy security for the past years 2005-2015 and in the future 2016-2030 under different scenarios. A set of 24 energy security indicators were selected based on literature review and relevant to national energy policies and grouped under 5 dimensions which are availability, affordability, accessibility, efficiency and acceptability. It can be seen that energy security for Nepal has been following a declining trade since 2005/06 to 2015/16, the causes of which could be attributed to the increase in energy consumption, increase in imports of petroleum products, increase in electricity deficit from the year 2008/09, increase in price of petroleum products. However, the value of energy security index is on the higher side (near to 10) which is mainly due to the fact that energy supply of Nepal is mostly dependent on traditional sources which is domestically supplied. There is a need to incorporate energy security in the national energy policy of Nepal with more emphasis on diversification of primary energy sources (other than traditional resources), reduction on import dependency especially on fossil fuel resources, strategic fuel reserves, diversification of energy resources uses in different energy consumption sectors like transport, industries, increase in energy supply from renewable energy sources, etc.","PeriodicalId":306432,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133603798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38273
Aprin Bajracharya, A. M. Nakarmi
This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Routes of Kathmandu Valley which was found from the 163 number of routes of our study on the basis of total travel demand measured in passenger-km per year. The transportation optimization model has been prepared on the Microsoft-Excel Spreadsheet & the optimization of distribution of vehicles is done by using Premium Solver. The results clearly show that the requirement of buses at some routes was less than the available buses plying on the route & the requirement of buses at some routes was more than the available buses plying on the route. The optimization is done on the basis of least cost methods fulfilling the travel demands of flow of passengers at different interval of time in a day at each route of our study. More number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means more transportation cost, more energy consumption & more environmental emissions than the present scenario & Lesser number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means lesser transportation cost, lesser energy consumption & lesser environmental emissions than the present scenario.
{"title":"Public Transportation Energy Planning by Network Analysis-A Case Study of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Aprin Bajracharya, A. M. Nakarmi","doi":"10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38273","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Routes of Kathmandu Valley which was found from the 163 number of routes of our study on the basis of total travel demand measured in passenger-km per year. The transportation optimization model has been prepared on the Microsoft-Excel Spreadsheet & the optimization of distribution of vehicles is done by using Premium Solver. The results clearly show that the requirement of buses at some routes was less than the available buses plying on the route & the requirement of buses at some routes was more than the available buses plying on the route. The optimization is done on the basis of least cost methods fulfilling the travel demands of flow of passengers at different interval of time in a day at each route of our study. More number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means more transportation cost, more energy consumption & more environmental emissions than the present scenario & Lesser number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means lesser transportation cost, lesser energy consumption & lesser environmental emissions than the present scenario.","PeriodicalId":306432,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115487590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38360
Shubhash Joshi, A. K. Jha
Gravitational Water Vortex power plant is a relatively new plant used to generate hydropower from low head rivers and canals. There has been an increase in research in the field of runner design and canal design for GWVPPs throughout the world. As no definite equations are formulated in case of runners used in a GWVPP, they are currently produced by hit and trial method. This research focuses on studying about the use of a pure reaction turbine, Gorlov turbine, to generate power from a GWVPP. ANSYS Fluent was used to perform computational study while the experimental study was done using helical turbine blades fabricated using a 3-D printer. The energy generated is very low compared to the impulse turbines. Both the computational and experimental study shows that when increasing the aspect ratio of the turbine but keeping the solidity same, the efficiency is increased significantly. However, the studies also show that on increasing the solidity, the efficiency seems to decrease. All the turbines used submerged to 3 different depts and all the results show that increasing the submergence increased the efficiency.
重力水涡电站是一种较新的利用低水头河流和运河发电的电站。近年来，国内外对gwvp的流道设计和渠道设计的研究越来越多。对于GWVPP中使用的跑道，由于没有明确的公式，目前采用的是hit - and - trial法。本研究的重点是研究利用纯反应涡轮Gorlov涡轮从GWVPP发电。采用ANSYS Fluent进行计算研究，实验研究采用3d打印机制造的螺旋涡轮叶片。与脉冲涡轮机相比，产生的能量非常低。计算和实验研究均表明，在保持涡轮固度不变的情况下，增大涡轮展弦比可显著提高效率。然而，研究也表明，随着固体度的增加，效率似乎有所下降。所有的水轮机都在3个不同的深度下潜，所有的结果都表明，增加下潜深度可以提高效率。
{"title":"Computational and Experimental Study of the Effect of Solidity and Aspect Ratio of a Helical Turbine for Energy Generation in a Model Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant","authors":"Shubhash Joshi, A. K. Jha","doi":"10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38360","url":null,"abstract":"Gravitational Water Vortex power plant is a relatively new plant used to generate hydropower from low head rivers and canals. There has been an increase in research in the field of runner design and canal design for GWVPPs throughout the world. As no definite equations are formulated in case of runners used in a GWVPP, they are currently produced by hit and trial method. This research focuses on studying about the use of a pure reaction turbine, Gorlov turbine, to generate power from a GWVPP. ANSYS Fluent was used to perform computational study while the experimental study was done using helical turbine blades fabricated using a 3-D printer. The energy generated is very low compared to the impulse turbines. Both the computational and experimental study shows that when increasing the aspect ratio of the turbine but keeping the solidity same, the efficiency is increased significantly. However, the studies also show that on increasing the solidity, the efficiency seems to decrease. All the turbines used submerged to 3 different depts and all the results show that increasing the submergence increased the efficiency.","PeriodicalId":306432,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122548836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38289
J. Shrestha
This paper reviews the geological and engineering aspects of rural road construction in the hilly areas of Nepal. The general background in geological, climatic and geographical setting is briefly presented in reference to the five-zone Himalayan model for the Nepal Himalayas. Then, alignment selection of rural roads is discussed in the context of the five zone mountain model. The impact of road cross section design and construction on mountain slopes has been studied. The cut width is a key geometric design parameter that has a significant impact on slope stability and volume of excavation. The choice of cut width in cross-section is reviewed and appropriate cut width in cross-section is recommended in terrain slopes to minimize slope failures and volume of excavation.
{"title":"Impact of Road Cuts in Slope Stability in Hilly Regions of Nepal","authors":"J. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38289","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the geological and engineering aspects of rural road construction in the hilly areas of Nepal. The general background in geological, climatic and geographical setting is briefly presented in reference to the five-zone Himalayan model for the Nepal Himalayas. Then, alignment selection of rural roads is discussed in the context of the five zone mountain model. The impact of road cross section design and construction on mountain slopes has been studied. The cut width is a key geometric design parameter that has a significant impact on slope stability and volume of excavation. The choice of cut width in cross-section is reviewed and appropriate cut width in cross-section is recommended in terrain slopes to minimize slope failures and volume of excavation.","PeriodicalId":306432,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128245193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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