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Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change Projection in Kathmandu Valley using the CLUE-S Model 基于CLUE-S模型的加德满都谷地土地利用土地覆盖变化预测
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38361
Suraj Lamichhane, N. Shakya
In the past few decades the urbanization pattern of the Kathmandu valley has rapidly increased and the process was sensed through the increase in the urban facilities, population growth, and changed LULC pattern. The historical LULC change was analyzed using the generated map and the future scenario was found through the CLUE-S LULC change model and processed in GIS environment. Five scenarios and nine driving forces were considered for the sensitivity and future analysis of the model. Based on the evaluation of the historical maps and the conservation matrix, the built-up area is found to be increased nearby by 5% and the agricultural area decreased by 6.5% during 2010 to 2018. It is concluded that the normal LULC conservation scenario provides more reliable information for the future projection. The simulation result highlights that nearly 4 km2 of fertile and open area will be converted to built-up areas due to the rapid urbanization per decade. This increase in urbanization process leads to more challenges in urban environment management in future.
在过去的几十年里,加德满都谷地的城市化格局快速发展,这一进程通过城市设施的增加、人口的增长和LULC格局的变化来感知。利用生成的地图分析历史土地利用价值变化,通过CLUE-S土地利用价值变化模型构建未来情景,并在GIS环境下进行处理。对模型的敏感性和未来分析考虑了5种情景和9种驱动力。通过对历史地图和保护矩阵的评价,发现2010 - 2018年,建成区面积增加了5%,农业面积减少了6.5%。结论是,正常的土地利用覆盖率保护情景为未来的预测提供了更可靠的信息。模拟结果表明,由于每十年的快速城市化,将有近4平方公里的肥沃开阔地区转变为建成区。城市化进程的加快给未来的城市环境管理带来了更多的挑战。
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引用次数: 4
Study on Parametric Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation System Using Finite Element Approach 桩筏基础体系参数化有限元分析研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38348
Santosh Niraula, I. Acharya
To accommodate the shear requirement and settlement requirement of high rise construction, the concept of piled-raft foundation has been developed. This research deals with successive analysis of parameters of piled-raft foundation system using PLAXIS-2D as a FEM tool. Plain strain analysis of piled raft foundation system has been conducted out by successive fixing up of parameters. For the analysis two cases has been studied for piled-raft lying on silty soil deposit and on clayey deposit with respect to uniform static loading from superstructure. The result of successive variation of parameters showed that variation has limiting effect on stress and displacement behavior. The analysis is also performed for raft of different relative stiffness and pile of different relative compressibility and load sharing between plain strain pile and raft has been analyzed.
为适应高层建筑的抗剪要求和沉降要求,提出了桩筏基础的概念。本文采用PLAXIS-2D有限元分析工具对桩筏基础体系的参数进行了逐次分析。通过参数的逐次确定,对桩筏基础体系进行了平面应变分析。为进行分析,分别研究了粉质地基和粘土地基上桩筏的上部结构均布静荷载作用。参数连续变化的结果表明,变化对应力和位移行为有限制作用。对不同相对刚度的筏板和不同相对压缩性的桩进行了分析,分析了平应变桩与筏板的荷载分担。
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引用次数: 1
Q-Analogue of Holder’s and Minkowski’s Integral Inequalities on Finite Intervals and Generalization 有限区间上Holder和Minkowski积分不等式的q -模拟及其推广
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38362
S. Bhatta, C. R. Bhatta
In recent years, the topic on Holder’s and Minkowski’s inequalities has been studied by several researchers and variety of new results has been developed on their variants, extensions and generalizations. In this paper we give the extension to the generalized q- Holder’s integral inequality and by using it we also establish the generalization on q- Minkowski’s integral inequality on the finite interval [a, b]
近年来,许多研究者对霍尔德不等式和闵可夫斯基不等式进行了研究,并对它们的变体、推广和推广产生了各种新的结果。本文给出了广义q- Holder积分不等式的推广,并利用它建立了有限区间上q- Minkowski积分不等式的推广[a, b]
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引用次数: 0
Study on Mechanical Properties of TMT Bars Manufactured in Nepal 尼泊尔产TMT棒材力学性能研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38363
Umesh Yadav, B. Ale
Three grades of deformed steel bar are presently available in Nepal for concrete reinforcement. The deformed bars are graded according to their specified yield strength. These are Fe415, Fe500 and Fe500D. CTD bars of grade more than Fe415 are scarcely available in market. However, TMT bars of Fe500 grade are easily available in market. This study is undertaken to evaluate the variability of the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel granted with NS Mark and to analyze the degree to which these rolling mills satisfy the minimum requirements established by product national standard NS:191. The data obtained from test results are statistically analyzed to evaluate the variability in the mechanical properties of TMT bars. For the tested mechanical properties, the parameters evaluated for each bar size, and grade at confidence level at 95 % are mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, minimum, maximum, skewness. The samples were collected from NBSM reference sample store room of FY 2073-74 and FY 2074-75. These samples were from nineteen industries and twenty-two different brands. Total 745 numbers of TMT bars of grade Fe500 and Fe500D were tested at NBSM mechanical testing laboratory. The mechanical properties determined from the tested samples are: mass per meter run, yield stress, tensile stress, percentage elongation, UTS/YS ratio, total elongation at maximum force, and bond value.The tested data and obtained statistics of different mechanical properties for the separate and combined data takes on an important practical significance and may be used in calibrating local specifications and designs.
目前尼泊尔有三种等级的变形钢筋用于混凝土加固。根据规定的屈服强度对变形钢筋进行分级。这些是Fe415, Fe500和Fe500D。超过Fe415等级的CTD棒在市场上几乎没有。然而,市场上很容易买到Fe500级的TMT棒材。本研究旨在评估带有NS标志的钢筋力学性能的可变性,并分析这些轧机满足产品国家标准NS:191规定的最低要求的程度。从试验结果中获得的数据进行了统计分析,以评估TMT棒的力学性能的可变性。对于所测试的力学性能,在95%置信水平下,对每个棒材尺寸和等级进行评估的参数是平均值、标准差、变异系数、最小值、最大值、偏度。样品采集自fy2073 -74和fy2074 -75的NBSM参考样品库。这些样本来自19个行业和22个不同的品牌。在NBSM力学试验实验室对745根Fe500和Fe500D级TMT棒材进行了试验。从测试样品中确定的机械性能是:每米运行质量,屈服应力,拉伸应力,伸长率,UTS/YS比,最大力下的总伸长率和键合值。试验数据和所得的不同力学性能的单独和组合数据的统计具有重要的实际意义,可用于标定局部规范和设计。
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引用次数: 0
Energy Scenario of Three Wheeler Electric and Gasoline Vehicle in Hetauda 三轮电动车和汽油车在Hetauda的能源情景
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38345
Sabina Uprety, R. Sapkota
The global shifting away from petroleum fuels and towards more renewable energy sources has resulted in a significant progress in favor of vehicle electrification. The uptake of electric vehicle in the existing fleet of vehicles has positive impacts in the reduction of emissions and reduces the carbon footprints by moving in to greener transport. Nepal is a hydropower resource rich developing country; it can use its clean source of hydroelectricity for public transport electrification. Use of hydroelectricity for transport electrification can help to reduce the dependence on petroleum fuels with significant environmental benefits. This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Hetauda through primary data survey of 4086 three wheeler as 1874 and 2212 as gasoline and electric respectively. Three scenarios are considered business-as-usual (BAU), ETRM 100 (100% electric tempo replacement)and ETRM 75 (75% electric tempo replacement). Energy demand of Hetauda is 230.4TJ and will be increased to 333.5TJ for the accounting year 2018 and 2035 respectively.
全球从石油燃料转向更多的可再生能源,这使得汽车电气化取得了重大进展。在现有车队中采用电动汽车对减少排放产生了积极影响,并通过转向更环保的交通方式减少了碳足迹。尼泊尔是一个水电资源丰富的发展中国家;它可以利用其清洁的水力发电来实现公共交通的电气化。利用水力发电进行运输电气化有助于减少对石油燃料的依赖,并具有显著的环境效益。本研究旨在通过对4086辆三轮车1874和2212辆汽油和电动三轮车的初步数据调查,分析Hetauda的能源场景。三种情况被认为是正常运行(BAU), ETRM 100(100%电节拍替换)和ETRM 75(75%电节拍替换)。Hetauda的能源需求为230.4TJ, 2018会计年度和2035会计年度将分别增加到333.5TJ。
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引用次数: 0
Revealed Preference Analysis for Mode Choice in Graduate Level Engineering Students of Kathmandu Valley 加德满都谷地研究生工科学生模式选择的揭示性偏好分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38329
Piyush Chataut, P. Shrestha
Proper planning which is the key element in ensuring infrastructure efficiency, relies on demand analysis. Among the various trips under the domain of demand analysis educational trips occupy a significant part and hence the knowledge about patterns and attitudes of these trips is important to policymakers and infrastructure planners. The current study analyzes the mode choice of graduate-level engineering students in Kathmandu valley where the current transportation system is facing multiple problems thus requiring a proper planning intervention. This study reveals the educational mode preference among the students of engineering colleges. The reveal preference survey was conducted at the various engineering colleges in Kathmandu valley. The study concludes that the travel distance, number of siblings, and vehicle ownership effects the selection of personal modes of transport and distance effects the selection of public transportation, walking option being base criteria for both the cases. It is recommended that existing walking conditions should be improved within the educational zones while public transport which are preferred options for long journeys be designed considering movement between zones.
适当的规划是确保基础设施效率的关键因素,它依赖于需求分析。在需求分析领域的各种旅行中,教育旅行占据了重要的一部分,因此了解这些旅行的模式和态度对政策制定者和基础设施规划者很重要。目前的研究分析了加德满都谷地研究生水平的工程学生的模式选择,目前的交通系统面临着多重问题,因此需要适当的规划干预。本研究揭示了工科院校学生对教育模式的偏好。这项调查是在加德满都谷地的多所工程学院进行的。研究得出结论,出行距离、兄弟姐妹数量和车辆拥有量影响个人交通方式的选择,距离影响公共交通的选择,步行选择是这两种情况的基本标准。建议改善教育区内现有的步行条件,而公共交通是长途旅行的首选选择,应考虑到区域之间的移动。
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引用次数: 0
Maximum Network Flow Algorithms 最大网络流算法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38321
M. Adhikari, Umila Pyakurel
The aim of the maximum network flow problem is to push as much flow as possible between two special vertices, the source and the sink satisfying the capacity constraints. For the solution of the maximum flow problem, there exists a number of algorithms. The existing algorithms can be divided into two families. First, augmenting path algorithms that satisfy the conservation constraints at intermediate vertices and the second preflow push relabel algorithms that violates the conservation constraints at the intermediate vertices resulting incoming flow more than outgoing flow.In this paper, we study different algorithms that determine the maximum flow in the static and dynamic networks.
最大网络流量问题的目标是在满足容量约束的两个特殊顶点(源和汇)之间推尽可能多的流量。对于最大流量问题的求解,存在多种算法。现有的算法可分为两类。首先,满足中间点守恒约束的增强路径算法和违反中间点守恒约束的预流推送重标记算法,导致流入流量大于流出流量。在本文中,我们研究了确定静态和动态网络中最大流量的不同算法。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical Simulation Studies on Stall Suppression of a NACA0015 Airfoil NACA0015翼型失速抑制数值模拟研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38276
Biswash Shrestha, Nawraj Bhattarai
This study aims to achieve an improved airfoil performance at low Reynolds number, and to determine the optimum position and size of rectangular cross-section burst control plate (BCP) to suppress stall in airfoil. The type of airfoil used in the present study is NACA0015 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil with 200 mm of chord (c) length. Here, rectangular cross-section burst control plates with different sizes and at different locations are investigated numerically at the low Reynolds number of 1.6×105. Total of three positions (0.05c, 0.1c and 0.2c from the leading edge of airfoil), and four sizes (with heights 0.3 mm, 0.7mm, 1mm and 1.5 mm, and constant width 4 mm) of rectangular BCPs are simulated in ANSYS Fluent software using Transition SST model. The results indicate that the rectangular cross-section burst control plate is an effective device in the suppression of airfoil stall. For 0.7 mm and 1 mm height BCPs, the stall angle is postponed by 2° for all positions, while for 0.3 mm and 1.5 mm height BCPs, the reduction in sudden fall of lift can be observed but at the cost of reduction in maximum lift coefficient. Among various configurations, the 1mm height BCP located at 0.2c position is found to be most effective in the suppression of stall.
为了提高翼型在低雷诺数下的性能,确定矩形横截面爆炸控制板(BCP)抑制翼型失速的最佳位置和尺寸。在目前的研究中使用的翼型的类型是NACA0015(国家咨询委员会航空)翼型弦(c)长度200毫米。本文在低雷诺数1.6×105条件下,对不同尺寸、不同位置的矩形截面爆发控制板进行了数值研究。采用Transition SST模型,在ANSYS Fluent软件中对矩形bcp的三个位置(距翼型前缘0.05c、0.1c和0.2c)和四种尺寸(高度分别为0.3 mm、0.7mm、1mm和1.5 mm,宽度恒定为4mm)进行了仿真。结果表明,矩形横截面爆破控制板是抑制翼型失速的有效装置。对于0.7 mm和1 mm高度的bcp,所有位置的失速角延迟2°,而对于0.3 mm和1.5 mm高度的bcp,可以观察到升力突然下降的减少,但代价是最大升力系数的降低。在各种配置中,位于0.2c位置的1mm高度BCP对抑制失速最有效。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Labor Productivity of Brick Masonry Work in Building Construction in Kathmandu Valley 加德满都谷地建筑施工中砖砌体劳动生产率分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38356
Nirmal Lawaju, Nabin Parajuli, S. Shrestha
Construction labor productivity is the most determinant of success of any construction project. Labor is considered as more variable and unpredictable cost component for the successful accomplishment of construction projects. The main aim of this research is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the production rate for brick masonry work by assessing the various factor affecting labor productivity. Out of forty-four factors selected from a literature review, the top thirteen factors were selected for model development after the questionnaire survey and ranking them based on Relative Importance Index (RII). The model was developed in Neurosolution version 7.1.1.1 using the various input data set collected from active construction site of brick masonry. 65% of data set were used for training, 20 % of data set were used for cross-validation and remaining 15 % of data set were used for testing. The error between actual productivity and estimated productivity was computed using Mean Square Error (MSE) which was 0.019 which verified that the estimated production rate was within an acceptable range. After the successful testing of model, a sensitivity analysis was performed to analyze the order of most influencing factors affecting labor productivity. The developed ANN model can be used for estimating the labor productivity of brick masonry work for any building construction project by incorporating the influence of selected parameters or factors.
建筑劳动生产率是决定建筑工程成败的最重要因素。劳动力被认为是建筑项目成功完成的可变和不可预测的成本组成部分。本研究的主要目的是建立人工神经网络(ANN)模型,通过评估影响劳动生产率的各种因素来预测砖砌体工程的生产率。从文献综述中选取的44个因素中,通过问卷调查后选取前13个因素进行模型开发,并根据相对重要性指数(Relative Importance Index, RII)对其进行排序。该模型在Neurosolution版本7.1.1.1中使用从砖砌体施工现场收集的各种输入数据集开发。65%的数据集用于训练,20%的数据集用于交叉验证,其余15%的数据集用于测试。实际生产率与估计生产率之间的误差使用均方误差(MSE)计算,该误差为0.019,验证了估计生产率在可接受的范围内。模型检验成功后,进行敏感性分析,分析影响劳动生产率的主要因素的排序。所建立的人工神经网络模型可以通过纳入所选参数或因素的影响,用于估算任何建筑施工项目的砖砌体劳动生产率。
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引用次数: 0
Riesz Potential and Fractional Maximal Function Riesz势和分数极大函数
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38347
Santosh Ghimire
In this article, we begin with Riesz potential. We then discuss some properties of the Riesz potential. Finally we discuss a relation of  Riesz Potential with fractional maximal function in the sense that fractional maximal function can be controlled by Riesz potential and the fractional  maximal function maps  the space Lp to Lq whenever the Riesz potential does.
在本文中,我们从Riesz潜力开始。然后我们讨论了Riesz势的一些性质。最后讨论了Riesz势与分数极大函数的关系,即分数极大函数可以由Riesz势控制,分数极大函数在Riesz势的作用下将空间Lp映射到Lq。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management
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