Recognising the paramount importance of lipids in cell physiology and function, there is an analytical need to measure the composition of lipids within the cell and how different lipid species interact. In this review, we will explore the role NMR spectroscopy can have in this. We will show how the technique can be used to measure lipid concentrations, but we will also provide evidences of its importance to characterise lipid interactions with other molecules, such as proteins, and to measure lipoproteins, the transporters of triglycerides and cholesterol, discussing advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we will highlight its potential for quality control analysis, particularly in food science and industry, if further development of benchtop instruments continues. Complementary to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is able to measure numerous lipids in a complex mixture, NMR is an invaluable tool for fulfilling this need of better characterising lipids.
{"title":"Lipids and NMR: More Than Mere Acquaintances","authors":"Cecilia Castro, J. Griffin","doi":"10.32527/2020/101452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2020/101452","url":null,"abstract":"Recognising the paramount importance of lipids in cell physiology and function, there is an analytical need to measure the composition of lipids within the cell and how different lipid species interact. In this review, we will explore the role NMR spectroscopy can have in this. We will show how the technique can be used to measure lipid concentrations, but we will also provide evidences of its importance to characterise lipid interactions with other molecules, such as proteins, and to measure lipoproteins, the transporters of triglycerides and cholesterol, discussing advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we will highlight its potential for quality control analysis, particularly in food science and industry, if further development of benchtop instruments continues. Complementary to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is able to measure numerous lipids in a complex mixture, NMR is an invaluable tool for fulfilling this need of better characterising lipids.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45195085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carboxylesterases (CESs, E.C.3.1.1.1) constitute a large class of enzymes that determine the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of ester/amide drugs. Without exceptions, all mammalian species studied express multiple forms of carboxylesterases. Two human carboxylesterases, CES1 and CES2, are major contributors to hydrolytic biotransformation. Recent studies have identified therapeutic agents that potently inhibit carboxylesterases-based catalysis. Some of them are reversible whereas others irreversible. The adrenergic antagonist carvedilol, for example, reversibly inhibits CES2 but this carboxylesterase is irreversibly inhibited by orlistat, a popular anti-obesity medicine. Kinetically, the inhibition occurs competitively, non-competitively or in combination, depending on a carboxylesterase. For example, the calcium channel blocker diltiazem competitively inhibits CES1 but non-competitively inhibits CES2. In addition to inhibited catalysis, several therapeutic agents or disease mediators have been shown to regulate the expression of carboxylesterases. For example, the antiepileptic drug phenobarbital induces both human and rodent carboxylesterases, whereas the antibiotic rifampicin induces human carboxylesterases only. Conversely, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppresses the expression of carboxylesterases across species, but depending on the concentrations of glucose in the culture medium. Transactivation, transrepression and altered mRNA stability contribute to the regulated expression. Several nuclear receptors are established to support the regulation including constitutive androstane receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor. In addition, non-ligand transcription factors are also involved in the regulation and exemplified by differentiated embryo chondrocyte-1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and tumor protein p53. These transcription factors coordinate the regulated expression of carboxylesterases, constituting a regulatory network for the hydrolytic biotransformation.
{"title":"Carboxylesterases: Pharmacological Inhibition Regulated Expression and Transcriptional Involvement of Nuclear Receptors and other Transcription Factors","authors":"Yuanjun Shen, Zhanquan Shi, B. Yan","doi":"10.32527/2019/101435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101435","url":null,"abstract":"Carboxylesterases (CESs, E.C.3.1.1.1) constitute a large class of enzymes that determine the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of ester/amide drugs. Without exceptions, all mammalian species studied express multiple forms of carboxylesterases. Two human carboxylesterases, CES1 and CES2, are major contributors to hydrolytic biotransformation. Recent studies have identified therapeutic agents that potently inhibit carboxylesterases-based catalysis. Some of them are reversible whereas others irreversible. The adrenergic antagonist carvedilol, for example, reversibly inhibits CES2 but this carboxylesterase is irreversibly inhibited by orlistat, a popular anti-obesity medicine. Kinetically, the inhibition occurs competitively, non-competitively or in combination, depending on a carboxylesterase. For example, the calcium channel blocker diltiazem competitively inhibits CES1 but non-competitively inhibits CES2. In addition to inhibited catalysis, several therapeutic agents or disease mediators have been shown to regulate the expression of carboxylesterases. For example, the antiepileptic drug phenobarbital induces both human and rodent carboxylesterases, whereas the antibiotic rifampicin induces human carboxylesterases only. Conversely, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppresses the expression of carboxylesterases across species, but depending on the concentrations of glucose in the culture medium. Transactivation, transrepression and altered mRNA stability contribute to the regulated expression. Several nuclear receptors are established to support the regulation including constitutive androstane receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor. In addition, non-ligand transcription factors are also involved in the regulation and exemplified by differentiated embryo chondrocyte-1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and tumor protein p53. These transcription factors coordinate the regulated expression of carboxylesterases, constituting a regulatory network for the hydrolytic biotransformation.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42038167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease wich variable symptoms affecting numerous organs and insidious onset of an unpredictable course, with episodes of activity and remission. The development of the disease is evaluated by a combination of clinical history, physical and laboratory tests to identify risk factors related to the stage or complications of the disease. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR 97) was the first to establish criteria for SLE classification. In 2012, The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC 12) published a new set of criteria aimed at optimizing the classification of SLE. Objectives: Compare the criteria proposed by ACR 97 and SLICC 12 for the diagnosis of SLE and to gather information on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Methodology: Literature review, using the PubMed-NCBI database. The inclusion criteria were: articles published in the last five years; study in humans and selection by the direct relation with the selected theme. Results: SLICC 12 demonstrated a higher sensitivity diagnosed in reports compared with as ACR 97. Conclusion: We found that SLICC 12 is the classification criterion for SLE presenting the most excellent variety of laboratory, cutaneous, immunological and neuropsychiatric findings, allowing a better performance of the classification of patients with SLE and thus the early diagnosis of the disease.
{"title":"SLICC 12 Criteria Are More Effectiveness than ACR 97 Score about Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis","authors":"Fabiana Almeida, G. Barros, A. Destefani","doi":"10.32527/2019/101440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101440","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease wich variable symptoms affecting numerous organs and insidious onset of an unpredictable course, with episodes of activity and remission. The development of the disease is evaluated by a combination of clinical history, physical and laboratory tests to identify risk factors related to the stage or complications of the disease. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR 97) was the first to establish criteria for SLE classification. In 2012, The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC 12) published a new set of criteria aimed at optimizing the classification of SLE. Objectives: Compare the criteria proposed by ACR 97 and SLICC 12 for the diagnosis of SLE and to gather information on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Methodology: Literature review, using the PubMed-NCBI database. The inclusion criteria were: articles published in the last five years; study in humans and selection by the direct relation with the selected theme. Results: SLICC 12 demonstrated a higher sensitivity diagnosed in reports compared with as ACR 97. Conclusion: We found that SLICC 12 is the classification criterion for SLE presenting the most excellent variety of laboratory, cutaneous, immunological and neuropsychiatric findings, allowing a better performance of the classification of patients with SLE and thus the early diagnosis of the disease.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43376340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epidermal keratinocytes form an effective renewable barrier to surface assaults and desiccation of underlying tissues through a tightly controlled program of regeneration and terminal differentiation which is significantly impacted by the activity of several members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. As such, there is significant interest in physiological and pharmacological control of select NRs. NRs are usually considered quintessential examples of constrained structure-function relationships among protein families because of amino acid identity and sequence subserving physical requirements inherent to a relatively centrally-located DNA-binding domain and carboxyl-terminal ligand-recognition domain which together lead to agonist-activated gene expression. Nevertheless, across the superfamily the amino terminus of many NR is an often-critical contributor in degree of receptor-dependent transcriptional activity despite little in apparent sequence similarity that might be instructive in understanding this ability. By looking beyond shared strict amino acid sequence identity, a number of investigations are revealing the “unstructured"-function consequences of this disparity. Significant correlations between in silico and in vitro biophysical assessments are highlighting the shared trait of the unstructured nature or intrinsic disorder (ID) of NR amino termini and related functional consequences. Rather than the limited protein sequence variation-on-a-theme seen for zinc fingers (DNA binding) or a hydrophobic pocket (ligand binding), these amino-termini show sequence order diversity but often strikingly shared amino acid composition profiles not supporting a one-sequence–one-structure conformation. In this review, we look to integrate amino-termini ID reported in the literature, or predicted here, for select keratinocyte-expressed NR. As evidenced by success in drug targeting the amino-terminus of the androgen receptor, increased appreciation of amino-termini structure - or unstructure - might provide better understanding of NR function in general and possible future investigations on pharmacologic control over keratinocyte regeneration and/or differentiation.
{"title":"Intrinsic Disorder in Nuclear Receptor Amino Termini: From Investigational Challenge to Therapeutic Opportunity","authors":"R. Shamilov, B. Aneskievich","doi":"10.32527/2019/101417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101417","url":null,"abstract":"Epidermal keratinocytes form an effective renewable barrier to surface assaults and \u0000desiccation of underlying tissues through a tightly controlled program of regeneration and \u0000terminal differentiation which is significantly impacted by the activity of several members of the \u0000nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. As such, there is significant interest in physiological and \u0000pharmacological control of select NRs. NRs are usually considered quintessential examples of \u0000constrained structure-function relationships among protein families because of amino acid \u0000identity and sequence subserving physical requirements inherent to a relatively centrally-located \u0000DNA-binding domain and carboxyl-terminal ligand-recognition domain which together lead to \u0000agonist-activated gene expression. Nevertheless, across the superfamily the amino terminus of \u0000many NR is an often-critical contributor in degree of receptor-dependent transcriptional activity \u0000despite little in apparent sequence similarity that might be instructive in understanding this \u0000ability. By looking beyond shared strict amino acid sequence identity, a number of \u0000investigations are revealing the “unstructured\"-function consequences of this disparity. \u0000Significant correlations between in silico and in vitro biophysical assessments are highlighting \u0000the shared trait of the unstructured nature or intrinsic disorder (ID) of NR amino termini and \u0000related functional consequences. Rather than the limited protein sequence variation-on-a-theme \u0000seen for zinc fingers (DNA binding) or a hydrophobic pocket (ligand binding), these \u0000amino-termini show sequence order diversity but often strikingly shared amino acid composition \u0000profiles not supporting a one-sequence–one-structure conformation. In this review, we look to \u0000integrate amino-termini ID reported in the literature, or predicted here, for select keratinocyte-expressed \u0000NR. As evidenced by success in drug targeting the amino-terminus of the androgen \u0000receptor, increased appreciation of amino-termini structure - or unstructure - might provide \u0000better understanding of NR function in general and possible future investigations on \u0000pharmacologic control over keratinocyte regeneration and/or differentiation.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43478806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steroid receptors (SRs) are a class of ligand-regulated transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to the binding of steroid hormones. Ligand binding drives conformational changes within the SR ligand binding domain that alters the receptors' affinity for coregulator proteins that in turn modulate chromatin state and either promote or block the recruitment of transcriptional machinery to a gene. Structural characterizations of SRs have provided insight into how these conformational rearrangements modulate receptor function, including signaling between the ligand binding pocket and the site of coregulator binding. Here, we review some of the proposed structural mechanisms put forward to explain the ability of ligands to modulate SR function. We also provide a discussion on computational methods that have contributed to the elucidation of SR allosteric regulation. Finally, we consider broader discussions of allostery within the SR family, such as receptor-induced reverse allostery and allosteric binding sites located outside of the canonical ligand interaction site.
{"title":"Ligand-Induced Allosteric Effects Governing SR Signaling","authors":"C. Okafor, J. K. Colucci, E. Ortlund","doi":"10.32527/2019/101382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101382","url":null,"abstract":"Steroid receptors (SRs) are a class of ligand-regulated transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to the binding of steroid hormones. Ligand binding drives conformational changes within the SR ligand binding domain that alters the receptors' affinity for coregulator proteins that in turn modulate chromatin state and either promote or block the recruitment of transcriptional machinery to a gene. Structural characterizations of SRs have provided insight into how these conformational rearrangements modulate receptor function, including signaling between the ligand binding pocket and the site of coregulator binding. Here, we review some of the proposed structural mechanisms put forward to explain the ability of ligands to modulate SR function. We also provide a discussion on computational methods that have contributed to the elucidation of SR allosteric regulation. Finally, we consider broader discussions of allostery within the SR family, such as receptor-induced reverse allostery and allosteric binding sites located outside of the canonical ligand interaction site.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47062327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One might imagine nuclear hormone receptor signaling systems as internal machines that continuously monitor every aspect of our lives. They intelligently adapt to our environments in ways we have yet to fully understand. When things go awry we describe it as maladaptive or dysregulated; and if persistent then over time we invoke a disease, disorder or simply aging. For centuries, humans have strived for health by using traditional aides like diet, exercise, sleep, temperature and drugs. In today’s medicine, we are creating external machines to intelligently monitor, interpret and sometimes mimic our internal biology.We want to understandwhatmakes us tick, sowe aim formachines that will consume personal and big data.
{"title":"Well. From Artificial Intelligence to Empathy?","authors":"P. Devchand","doi":"10.32527/2019/101436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101436","url":null,"abstract":"One might imagine nuclear hormone receptor signaling systems as internal machines that continuously monitor every aspect of our lives. They intelligently adapt to our environments in ways we have yet to fully understand. When things go awry we describe it as maladaptive or dysregulated; and if persistent then over time we invoke a disease, disorder or simply aging. For centuries, humans have strived for health by using traditional aides like diet, exercise, sleep, temperature and drugs. In today’s medicine, we are creating external machines to intelligently monitor, interpret and sometimes mimic our internal biology.We want to understandwhatmakes us tick, sowe aim formachines that will consume personal and big data.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47487395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A steroid hormone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is well known to play a critical role in maintaining normal homeostasis in the body primarily via regulating ionic and water transports. Indeed, MR antagonists have been prescribed to the patients as diuretic drugs. Meanwhile, emerging evidence has indicated that MR signaling, with or without functional interplay with glucocorticoid receptor or androgen receptor, contributes to modulating the development and progression of several types of neoplasms including genitourinary malignancies. This review summarizes the available data suggesting the involvement of MR signaling in renal cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and other malignancies, and highlights potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
{"title":"The Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Genitourinary Cancers","authors":"Y. Nagata, T. Goto, H. Miyamoto","doi":"10.32527/2019/101410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2019/101410","url":null,"abstract":"A steroid hormone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is well known to play a critical role in maintaining normal homeostasis in the body primarily via regulating ionic and water transports. Indeed, MR antagonists have been prescribed to the patients as diuretic drugs. Meanwhile, emerging evidence has indicated that MR signaling, with or without functional interplay with glucocorticoid receptor or androgen receptor, contributes to modulating the development and progression of several types of neoplasms including genitourinary malignancies. This review summarizes the available data suggesting the involvement of MR signaling in renal cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and other malignancies, and highlights potential underlying molecular mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42879194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01Epub Date: 2019-11-20DOI: 10.32527/2019/101447
William S Baldwin
This mini-review examines the crucial importance of transcription factors as a first line of defense in the detoxication of xenobiotics. Key transcription factors that recognize xenobiotics or xenobiotic-induced stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), include AhR, PXR, CAR, MTF, Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. These transcription factors constitute a significant portion of the pathways induced by toxicants as they regulate phase I-III detoxication enzymes and transporters as well as other protective proteins such as heat shock proteins, chaperones, and anti-oxidants. Because they are often the first line of defense and induce phase I-III metabolism, could these transcription factors be considered the phase 0 of xenobiotic response?
{"title":"Phase 0 of the Xenobiotic Response: Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors as a First Step in Protection from Xenobiotics.","authors":"William S Baldwin","doi":"10.32527/2019/101447","DOIUrl":"10.32527/2019/101447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This mini-review examines the crucial importance of transcription factors as a first line of defense in the detoxication of xenobiotics. Key transcription factors that recognize xenobiotics or xenobiotic-induced stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), include AhR, PXR, CAR, MTF, Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. These transcription factors constitute a significant portion of the pathways induced by toxicants as they regulate phase I-III detoxication enzymes and transporters as well as other protective proteins such as heat shock proteins, chaperones, and anti-oxidants. Because they are often the first line of defense and induce phase I-III metabolism, could these transcription factors be considered the phase 0 of xenobiotic response?</p>","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6897393/pdf/nihms-1061035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49683035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Prantner, Y. Cinnamon, Jenni Küblbeck, Ferdinand Molnár, P. Honkakoski
The nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) controls the inducible expression of many enzymes and transporters involved in drug metabolism and transport, energy metabolism and toxicity. Single nucleotide variants of CAR are quite rare and usually associated with changes in pharmacokinetics of therapeutic drugs. Recently, a non-synonymous variant (F243S in the wild-type CAR) has been linked to the Kleefstra syndrome (MIM 610253) affecting neurological development. We identified another, previously unknown CAR variant (I281T) in a patient suffering from Kleefstra-like symptoms. Detailed reporter gene assays and molecular modelling indicated that the I281T mutation decreases the ability of CAR to recruit co-activators, likely by interfering with the assembly of functional CAR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. Although the I281T variant does not seem to cause the features of the patient, the present study adds to our knowledge about CAR function.
{"title":"Functional Characterization of a Novel Variant of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, NR1I3)","authors":"V. Prantner, Y. Cinnamon, Jenni Küblbeck, Ferdinand Molnár, P. Honkakoski","doi":"10.32527/2018/101386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32527/2018/101386","url":null,"abstract":"The nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) controls the inducible expression of many enzymes and transporters involved in drug metabolism and transport, energy metabolism and toxicity. Single nucleotide variants of CAR are quite rare and usually associated with changes in pharmacokinetics of therapeutic drugs. Recently, a non-synonymous variant (F243S in the wild-type CAR) has been linked to the Kleefstra syndrome (MIM 610253) affecting neurological development. We identified another, previously unknown CAR variant (I281T) in a patient suffering from Kleefstra-like symptoms. Detailed reporter gene assays and molecular modelling indicated that the I281T mutation decreases the ability of CAR to recruit co-activators, likely by interfering with the assembly of functional CAR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. Although the I281T variant does not seem to cause the features of the patient, the present study adds to our knowledge about CAR function.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47357120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Castelli, M. d’Angelo, A. Antonosante, M. Catanesi, E. Benedetti, G. Desideri, A. Cimini
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that exert significant roles in the control of multiple physiological processes. The last decade has shown an increasing interest in the role played by the agonists of PPARs in anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic effects and in modulating oxidative stress response in different organs. Since the pathologic mechanisms of the majority of the blinding diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and optic neuropathy (ON), often involve neo-angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated cell death, evidences are accumulating on the potential benefits of PPAR modulation to prevent or ameliorate eye pathologies. In this review, we focused on the description of what is known about the role of PPARs in the ocular pathophysiological processes and on PPARs agonists as innovative adjuvants in the treatment of ocular diseases.
{"title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of PPARs in the Eye","authors":"V. Castelli, M. d’Angelo, A. Antonosante, M. Catanesi, E. Benedetti, G. Desideri, A. Cimini","doi":"10.11131/2018/101370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2018/101370","url":null,"abstract":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that exert significant roles in the control of multiple physiological processes. The last decade has shown an increasing interest in the role played by the agonists of PPARs in anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic effects and in modulating oxidative stress response in different organs. Since the pathologic mechanisms of the majority of the blinding diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and optic neuropathy (ON), often involve neo-angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated cell death, evidences are accumulating on the potential benefits of PPAR modulation to prevent or ameliorate eye pathologies. In this review, we focused on the description of what is known about the role of PPARs in the ocular pathophysiological processes and on PPARs agonists as innovative adjuvants in the treatment of ocular diseases.","PeriodicalId":30720,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Receptor Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42280503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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