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Comparative Study of Computer Vision Based Line Followers Using Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano 基于计算机视觉的Raspberry Pi和Jetson Nano直线跟随器的比较研究
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i4.21324
Gunawan Dewantoro, Jamil Mansuri, Fransiscus Dalu Setiaji
The line follower robot is a mobile robot which can navigate and traverse to another place by following a trajectory which is generally in the form of black or white lines. This robot can also assist human in carrying out transportation and industrial automation. However, this robot also has several challenges with regard to the calibration issue, incompatibility on wavy surfaces, and also the light sensor placement due to the line width variation. Robot vision utilizes image processing and computer vision technology for recognizing objects and controlling the robot motion. This study discusses the implementation of vision based line follower robot using a camera as the only sensor used to capture objects. A comparison of robot performance employing different CPU controllers, namely Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano, is made. The image processing uses an edge detection method which detect the border to discriminate two image areas and mark different parts. This method aims to enable the robot to control its motion based on the object captured by the webcam. The results show that the accuracies of the robot employing the Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano are 96% and 98%, respectively.
直线跟随机器人是一种移动机器人,它可以通过遵循通常呈黑线或白线形式的轨迹来导航和遍历到另一个地方。该机器人还可以帮助人类进行运输和工业自动化。然而,该机器人在校准问题、波状表面上的不兼容性以及由于线宽变化而导致的光传感器放置方面也存在一些挑战。机器人视觉利用图像处理和计算机视觉技术来识别物体并控制机器人的运动。本研究讨论了基于视觉的线跟随机器人的实现,该机器人使用相机作为唯一用于捕捉物体的传感器。比较了使用不同CPU控制器(即Raspberry Pi和Jetson Nano)的机器人性能。图像处理使用检测边界的边缘检测方法来区分两个图像区域并标记不同的部分。这种方法旨在使机器人能够根据网络摄像头捕捉到的物体来控制其运动。结果表明,采用树莓派和Jetson Nano的机器人的准确率分别为96%和98%。
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引用次数: 2
Sistem Peringatan Dini Untuk Pengendalian Pembatasan Jarak Fisik Dengan Metode RSSI Menggunakan Modul Wemos D1 Mini 使用D1微文模块,使用RSSI方法进行物理距离控制的早期预警系统
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i4.21650
Noni Mastiana, Ardian Ulvan, Melvi Ulvan
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引用次数: 0
IoT-Based Tracking System of Transceiver Location 基于物联网的收发器位置跟踪系统
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i4.22347
Siti Aisyah, Ahmad Fauzy Daulay, Heru Wijanarko, D. Pamungkas, K. Kamarudin
Object mapping based on location tracking methods has been widely used in various types of applications.     Most tracking systems recently use existing technology and infrastructure such as satellite, cellular and wireless (RF) technology. These existing technologies are high-cost technology that needs authorized permission to be integrated to the novel technology. This research proposed a cheap point to point device technology to track a location of a transceiver using GPS in a portable infrastructure using Line of sight radio communication. The tracking system design is connected to the IoT system in order to be more accessible. The proposed system using GPS as an identifier of the transceiver coordinate location and 433MHz radio module as media communication between transmitter and receiver. The use of a 433MHz radio frequency module which is free-license adds value to the system so that it will be easily accessed. The design of portable and internet-based devices also gives a positive value in which the system does not have to depend on existing infrastructure and the system can also be reached even if it is placed in remote areas. The system test results show that the system can be well accessed up to a distance of 6.8 km.
基于位置跟踪方法的对象映射已被广泛应用于各种类型的应用中。最近,大多数跟踪系统使用现有的技术和基础设施,如卫星、蜂窝和无线(RF)技术。这些现有技术是高成本技术,需要授权许可才能集成到新技术中。这项研究提出了一种廉价的点对点设备技术,用于在使用视线无线电通信的便携式基础设施中使用GPS跟踪收发器的位置。跟踪系统设计与物联网系统相连,以便更容易访问。所提出的系统使用GPS作为收发器坐标位置的标识符,使用433MHz无线电模块作为发射器和接收器之间的媒体通信。使用免费许可的433MHz射频模块为系统增加了价值,使其易于访问。便携式和基于互联网的设备的设计也带来了积极的价值,即系统不必依赖现有的基础设施,即使放置在偏远地区,也可以访问该系统。系统测试结果表明,该系统可以很好地访问6.8公里的距离。
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引用次数: 2
Sistem Kendali dan Monitoring Cairan Infus pada Proses Tatalaksana Dehidrasi Berbasis IoT 控制系统和监测液液的进程是基于脱水的
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.21636
Marta Diana, Kemalasari Kemalasari, Eru Puspita, Aji Sasongko Jati
Diarrhea is an endemic disease with Potential Extraordinary Events (PEE), often accompanied by death in Indonesia. Globally, at least diarrheal disease has caused 525,000 deaths in children each year, with the most severe threat being dehydration. It takes a system that can determine the degree of dehydration and manage dehydration quickly and appropriately to reduce the mortality rate. This study created a system to assess the degree of dehydration and perform the dehydration management process automatically. The method of determining the degree of dehydration using heart rate parameters and the process of justification is measured physical condition. In the process of dehydration management, intravenous fluid administration is carried out automatically using servo motors. To improve safety in infusion users, infusion volume, flow obstruction, air bubble, and rising blood detection are also carried out. All results will be processed on the microcontroller and will be sent to the ESP32 via serial communication. The data processing results will be connected using the Internet of Things so medical personnel can monitor via the website. The results showed that the average error of heart rate measurement using the moving average method of 0.41%, and the accuracy value in the infusion control system reached 90%.
在印度尼西亚,腹泻是一种具有潜在异常事件(PEE)的地方病,常伴有死亡。在全球范围内,每年至少有52.5万儿童死于腹泻病,其中最严重的威胁是脱水。它需要一个系统,可以确定脱水的程度,并迅速和适当地处理脱水,以降低死亡率。本研究创建了一个系统来评估脱水程度,并自动执行脱水管理过程。利用心率参数确定脱水程度的方法和过程证明是测量身体状况。在脱水处理过程中,采用伺服电机自动进行静脉输液。为了提高输液使用者的安全性,还进行了输液量、血流阻塞、气泡、升血检测。所有结果将在微控制器上进行处理,并通过串行通信发送到ESP32。数据处理结果将通过物联网连接,以便医务人员可以通过网站进行监控。结果表明,采用移动平均法测量心率的平均误差为0.41%,在输液控制系统中的准确度值达到90%。
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引用次数: 0
Sistem Keseimbangan Robot ERISA Pada Bidang Miring Menggunakan Kontrol PD dan Sensor Fusion ERISA机器人平衡系统在倾斜场使用PD控制和聚变传感器
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.18762
Novi Satria, Ali Husein Alasiry, B. Sumantri, Risma Dian Alamri
The world of robotics is currently developing; many robots are created to help humans work in carrying out daily activities. Various types of robots have been created, one of which is a type of robot that resembles a human body (humanoid). Humanoid robots are developing in many countries, including Indonesia. In its development, the walking technique is a major factor in making humanoid robots. Humanoid robots have the ability to walk like humans by balancing their body positions while walking, so they don’t fall. In maintaining this balance, a tilt detection system for the robot’s position and a balancing system is needed when the robot is about to fall. So, to overcome this problem, implementation is carried out using the sensor fusion method at the output of the sensors that are used to minimize noise or interference with the sensor output value. The accuracy of the sensor output value on the position angle tilt detector can help the robot provide a balancing act. By implementing a PD control system and sensor fusion consisting of a Kalman filter and a complementary filter, the robot was successfully carried up and down the plane to a maximum slope of 12 °.
机器人世界目前正在发展;许多机器人是为了帮助人类完成日常活动而设计的。各种类型的机器人已经被创造出来,其中一种是一种类似于人类身体的机器人(人形)。包括印度尼西亚在内的许多国家都在开发人形机器人。在其发展过程中,行走技术是制造人形机器人的主要因素。人形机器人有能力像人类一样走路,在走路时平衡身体位置,这样他们就不会摔倒。为了保持这种平衡,需要一个机器人位置的倾斜检测系统和一个机器人即将坠落时的平衡系统。因此,为了克服这个问题,在传感器的输出端使用传感器融合方法来实现,该方法用于最小化噪声或对传感器输出值的干扰。传感器输出值对位置角倾斜检测器的精度可以帮助机器人提供平衡行为。通过实现PD控制系统和卡尔曼滤波和互补滤波组成的传感器融合,机器人成功地在平面上上下移动,最大坡度为12°。
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引用次数: 1
Parallel Balancing Battery using Adaptive Power Sharing and ANN SOC Estimator 基于自适应功率共享和ANN SOC估计器的并联平衡电池
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.20671
Mokhamad Zuhal Muflih, Gilang Andaru Trinandana, Eka Prasetyono, D. O. Anggriawan
The battery balancing method is commonly used in cell circuits and battery circuits to maintain the power continuity on the DC Bus. The power continuity on the DC Bus is guaranteed if the load continues to get a power source, even if either the battery or power supply malfunctions. Besides, the battery balancing method is also used to protect the battery from excessive charging current pliers flowing into the battery. Therefore, the State-of-Charge (SoC) should be concern in balancing the maintained battery condition on both systems and avoiding overcharging. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used in this paper to determine the value of battery SoC. Based on simulations using MATLAB 2018, SoC values with ANN showed accurate results with error values below 0.1%. Based on the simulation results, the two batteries, which are arranged to have a difference of SoC value of 0.3%, will achieve a balanced SoC value for 28.45 seconds from the simulation.
电池平衡方法通常用于电池电路和电池电路,以保持直流母线上的电源连续性。如果负载继续获得电源,即使电池或电源出现故障,直流母线上的电源连续性也会得到保证。此外,电池平衡方法还用于保护电池免受过大的充电电流钳子流入电池的影响。因此,在平衡两个系统上保持的电池状态并避免过度充电时,应考虑充电状态(SoC)。本文使用人工神经网络(ANN)来确定电池SoC的值。基于MATLAB 2018的仿真,使用ANN的SoC值显示出准确的结果,误差值低于0.1%。根据仿真结果,SoC值相差0.3%的两个电池将在28.45秒内实现SoC值的平衡。
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引用次数: 0
A prototype of parking space information system based on Image Processing 基于图像处理的车位信息系统原型
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.21556
Aaron Abel, S. Aulia, Dadan Nur Ramadhan, S. Hadiyoso
An automatic parking system has been proposed to make the car parking process more efficient in terms of time and cost. The absence of information on the position of the parking lot makes the car driver take longer to find it. In multi-story parking lots, officers cannot constantly monitor the available parking conditions directly, so prospective parking users do not know the position of the open parking space. In addition, many parking lots use automatic door latch, but no parking space information display. Parking system automation can be based on hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. To the best of our knowledge, no software-based framework is entirely used on this system. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic parking system based on camera sensors and software, which is combined into an information system. The proposed method uses simple morphological operations. Based on the test results, the detection accuracy achieved is 100% with a light intensity of 3 lux, 15 lux, 30 lux, 60 lux, 120 lux, and 250 lux. The average processing time is 1.59 seconds. From this study, it is hoped that this prototype can be tested on relevant environmental conditions so that the prototype can be implemented in parking lots.
已经提出了一种自动停车系统,以使停车过程在时间和成本方面更加高效。由于缺乏停车场位置的信息,汽车司机需要更长的时间才能找到。在多层停车场中,官员无法持续直接监控可用的停车条件,因此潜在的停车用户不知道开放停车位的位置。此外,许多停车场使用自动门锁,但没有停车位信息显示。停车系统自动化可以基于硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合。据我们所知,这个系统没有完全使用基于软件的框架。因此,本研究提出了一种基于摄像头传感器和软件的自动停车系统,并将其整合为一个信息系统。所提出的方法使用简单的形态学运算。基于测试结果,在3勒克斯、15勒克斯、30勒克斯、60勒克斯、120勒克斯和250勒克斯的光强度下实现的检测精度为100%。平均处理时间为1.59秒。通过这项研究,希望该原型能够在相关的环境条件下进行测试,以便在停车场中实现。
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引用次数: 1
Abnormal ECG Classification using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Entropy 基于经验模式分解和熵的心电图异常分类
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.22070
S. Aulia, S. Hadiyoso
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Early detection followed by therapy is one of the efforts to reduce the mortality rate of this disease. One of the leading medical instruments for diagnosing heart disorders is the electrocardiogram (ECG). The shape of the ECG signal represents normal or abnormal heart conditions. Some of the most common heart defects are atrial fibrillation and left bundle branch block. Detection or classification can be difficult if performed visually. Therefore in this study, we propose a method for the automatic classification of ECG signals. This method generally consists of feature extraction and classification. The feature extraction used is based on information theory, namely Fuzzy entropy and Shannon entropy, which is calculated on the decomposed signal. The simulated ECG signals are of three types: normal sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, and left bundle branch block. Support vector machine and k-Nearest Neighbor algorithms were employed for the validation performance of the proposed method. From the test results obtained, the highest accuracy is 81.1%. With specificity and sensitivity of 79.4% and 89.8%, respectively. It is hoped that this proposed method can be further developed to assist clinical diagnosis.
心脏病是世界上主要的死亡原因之一。早期发现后治疗是降低这种疾病死亡率的努力之一。心电图是诊断心脏病的主要医疗仪器之一。ECG信号的形状表示正常或异常的心脏状况。一些最常见的心脏缺陷是心房颤动和左束支传导阻滞。如果以视觉方式进行检测或分类可能会很困难。因此,在本研究中,我们提出了一种对心电信号进行自动分类的方法。该方法通常包括特征提取和分类。所使用的特征提取基于信息理论,即模糊熵和香农熵,它们是在分解的信号上计算的。模拟心电图信号有三种类型:正常窦性心律、心房颤动和左束支传导阻滞。采用支持向量机和k近邻算法对该方法的性能进行了验证。从检测结果来看,最高准确率为81.1%,特异性和敏感性分别为79.4%和89.8%。希望该方法能够进一步发展,以辅助临床诊断。
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引用次数: 2
Analisis Performa Bluetooth pada Sistem Alarm Pengingat Barang yang Tertinggal dengan Smartphone Android
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.20648
Rafiqmia Khairuddin Nur Hammam, Hidayat Nur Isnianto, S. Lestari, Y. Setiyono
Someone sometimes forgets to put their belongings so that they leave them somewhere, it will pose a risk of losing their belongings. To solve this problem, a reminder is needed so that it is expected to minimize the risk of loss. This device implements point-to-point communication from the Bluetooth Low Energy AT-09 transmitter module with Arduino Nano and the receiver module with an Android smartphone. This reminder device will activate an alarm on the Android smartphone application when the two modules are more than 5 meters away. The measured distance is converted from the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value received by the smartphone which is affected by obstructions, packet loss, and delay. Based on the test results, at a distance of 5 meters, the system can be connected and work properly, in unobstructed conditions (Line of Sight) or obstructed conditions (Non-Line of Sight). In the blocked condition, it has a packet loss of 1.1% to 4.4%, the received signal strength (RSSI) has decreased the value to a difference of -8 dBm, and the delay time is 2 seconds.
有些人有时会忘记放他们的东西,所以他们把他们放在某个地方,这将有丢失他们的东西的风险。为了解决这个问题,需要一个提醒,这样可以将损失的风险降到最低。该设备实现了蓝牙低功耗AT-09发送模块与Arduino Nano和接收模块与Android智能手机的点对点通信。当两个模块之间的距离超过5米时,这款提醒设备将在安卓智能手机应用程序上激活警报。测量距离由智能手机接收到的RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)值转换而来,RSSI值受障碍物、丢包和延迟的影响。根据测试结果,在5米的距离内,系统可以在无障碍物(视线)或有障碍物(非视线)的情况下正常连接并工作。在阻塞条件下,丢包率为1.1% ~ 4.4%,接收信号强度(RSSI)降低到- 8dbm,延迟时间为2秒。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Internet of Things System Using Elastic Wireless Local Area Network 基于弹性无线局域网的物联网系统动态带宽分配
Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.17529/jre.v17i3.21087
I. P. Sudharma Yoga, G. Sukadarmika, Linawati .
Rapid technological development, triggering various applications development that are increasingly innovative. One of them is the Internet of Things (IoT) system that makes human works easier and more effective. Along with sensor technology development in monitoring and controlling through IoT systems, a mechanism is needed to manage bandwidth so that IoT system can function optimally, especially in buildings designated as public areas. Smart building supported by various integrated sensors to maintain safety and comfort in the area. This study proposes the application of Elastic WLAN as a model for dynamic bandwidth management in IoT systems. In this model, IoT bandwidth changes automatically according to the number of traffic measurements for each IoT connected to the network As an effort to determine the performance of the elastic WLAN mechanism, this study succeeded in developing a prototype IoT device that implements Elastic WLAN on an Access-Point Raspberry Pi by using two temperature sensors placed in separate locations. The system successfully allocates bandwidth to each IoT according to the amount of data input from each temperature sensor installed. The higher the amount of data captured by the sensor, the system will automatically allocate the higher bandwidth to the sensor system, and vice versa.
技术的快速发展,引发了各种应用程序开发的日益创新。其中之一是物联网(IoT)系统,它使人类的工作更容易、更有效。随着传感器技术在通过物联网系统进行监测和控制方面的发展,需要一种机制来管理带宽,以便物联网系统能够优化运行,特别是在指定为公共区域的建筑中。由各种集成传感器支持的智能建筑,以保持该地区的安全和舒适。本研究提出了弹性WLAN作为物联网系统动态带宽管理模型的应用。在该模型中,物联网带宽会根据连接到网络的每个物联网的流量测量数量自动变化。为了确定弹性WLAN机制的性能,本研究成功地开发了一种原型物联网设备,该设备通过使用放置在不同位置的两个温度传感器在接入点Raspberry Pi上实现弹性WLAN。该系统根据安装的每个温度传感器输入的数据量,成功地为每个物联网分配了带宽。传感器捕获的数据量越高,系统将自动为传感器系统分配更高的带宽,反之亦然。
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引用次数: 2
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Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika
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