Concrete samples during concreting works according to different standards in different countries. On the other hand, it is known that different shapes and sizes of concrete samples can cause variations in results of compressive strength or splitting tensile strength, consequently on the relationship between the two mentioned stresses. This study concentrated on the effect of specimen sizes on concrete's compressive and splitting tensile strength. For this purpose, three different mixes are designed for four different grades of high-strength concretes 60, 70, 80, and 90. Each mixture has different percentages of silica fume 8%, 10.5 and 12%. Moreover, 2% is added for all of the four mixes. Hence, 48 cylinders of different sizes were cast. The specimens are tested for both compressive and splitting strength at 28 days. At the end of the experimental study, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were performed, and some analyses were performed to obtain conversion factors and relations among these factors and results. The results of analyses indicate that for all testing conditions, there is a strong influence of variation in the size of the specimens, which is evident from the test results. Hence, the small size of the cylinders, which is 70 mm, recorded a higher compressive strength of 8% more than the cylinders of 150 mm diameters. This was concluded also for the case of splitting tensile strengths. However, this difference was different with increasing the grade of concrete, i.e., with an increase in the percentage of SF. The distinction of the ratio of split strength of 100m diameter to the tensile of 150 mm dia. and between the split strength of 70 mm dia. to the strength of 150 mm dia. was only 4%.
{"title":"The Effect of Sample Size on the Strength of High-Strength Concrete Containing Silica Fume","authors":"Dunyazad Assi","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10175","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete samples during concreting works according to different standards in different countries. On the other hand, it is known that different shapes and sizes of concrete samples can cause variations in results of compressive strength or splitting tensile strength, consequently on the relationship between the two mentioned stresses. This study concentrated on the effect of specimen sizes on concrete's compressive and splitting tensile strength. For this purpose, three different mixes are designed for four different grades of high-strength concretes 60, 70, 80, and 90. Each mixture has different percentages of silica fume 8%, 10.5 and 12%. Moreover, 2% is added for all of the four mixes. Hence, 48 cylinders of different sizes were cast. The specimens are tested for both compressive and splitting strength at 28 days. At the end of the experimental study, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were performed, and some analyses were performed to obtain conversion factors and relations among these factors and results. The results of analyses indicate that for all testing conditions, there is a strong influence of variation in the size of the specimens, which is evident from the test results. Hence, the small size of the cylinders, which is 70 mm, recorded a higher compressive strength of 8% more than the cylinders of 150 mm diameters. This was concluded also for the case of splitting tensile strengths. However, this difference was different with increasing the grade of concrete, i.e., with an increase in the percentage of SF. The distinction of the ratio of split strength of 100m diameter to the tensile of 150 mm dia. and between the split strength of 70 mm dia. to the strength of 150 mm dia. was only 4%.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driver behavior factors, including road rage factor, are often responsible for increasing traffic accidents that result in deaths, physical injuries, psychological problems, and financial losses. In order to improve traffic safety problems in our country, road rage issues related to anger-provoking situations were explored. To collect data, two questionnaire survey forms related to road rage level, traffic characteristics, and demographics of the drivers were prepared. The road rage questionnaire form included 12 questions related to popular anger-provoking situations. Six Likert scales were scored starting from 0% to 100%. Out of 600 spread forms, 463 valid forms were accepted to be analyzed. Different participants having different gender, age, education level, driving experience, vehicle type, daily travel time, vehicles’ price, traffic accidents, and the road rage history were contributed. A statistical software program (SPSS 26) was utilized to analyze the data. It was obtained that there are significant correlations among road rage-provoking anger questions and the total overall rate of the road rage. On the other hand, the results showed that male drivers are angrier than female drivers during driving. The older the drivers, the less overall road rage values were obtained. The overall road rage value decreased as the education level of the drivers raised to higher level. Driver skills had significant effects on the results of the overall road rage value of the drivers in which the drivers having 4 to 6 years of driving license were angrier than the other drivers, while drivers having driving license more than 6 years had the less feeling of anger during driving. Regarding types of vehicles, the bus, taxi, and then truck drivers had more overall road rage values than PC and SUV drivers. As the drivers traveled more distances, the obtained results of the overall road rage values became greater. The drivers who have high-price vehicles were angrier than those have low-price vehicles. The Drivers’ accident history did not significantly relate to overall road rage values. In addition, the drivers who did not have any road rage history in their real life had the smallest overall road rage values; while those drivers faced physical fighting and engaged police stations due to road rage problems had the greatest overall road rage value.
{"title":"Road Rage and Anger-Provoking Situations in Sulaimani City- Iraq","authors":"Hardy Karim, Burhan Sharif","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10174","url":null,"abstract":"Driver behavior factors, including road rage factor, are often responsible for increasing traffic accidents that result in deaths, physical injuries, psychological problems, and financial losses. In order to improve traffic safety problems in our country, road rage issues related to anger-provoking situations were explored. To collect data, two questionnaire survey forms related to road rage level, traffic characteristics, and demographics of the drivers were prepared. The road rage questionnaire form included 12 questions related to popular anger-provoking situations. Six Likert scales were scored starting from 0% to 100%. Out of 600 spread forms, 463 valid forms were accepted to be analyzed. Different participants having different gender, age, education level, driving experience, vehicle type, daily travel time, vehicles’ price, traffic accidents, and the road rage history were contributed. A statistical software program (SPSS 26) was utilized to analyze the data. It was obtained that there are significant correlations among road rage-provoking anger questions and the total overall rate of the road rage. On the other hand, the results showed that male drivers are angrier than female drivers during driving. The older the drivers, the less overall road rage values were obtained. The overall road rage value decreased as the education level of the drivers raised to higher level. Driver skills had significant effects on the results of the overall road rage value of the drivers in which the drivers having 4 to 6 years of driving license were angrier than the other drivers, while drivers having driving license more than 6 years had the less feeling of anger during driving. Regarding types of vehicles, the bus, taxi, and then truck drivers had more overall road rage values than PC and SUV drivers. As the drivers traveled more distances, the obtained results of the overall road rage values became greater. The drivers who have high-price vehicles were angrier than those have low-price vehicles. The Drivers’ accident history did not significantly relate to overall road rage values. In addition, the drivers who did not have any road rage history in their real life had the smallest overall road rage values; while those drivers faced physical fighting and engaged police stations due to road rage problems had the greatest overall road rage value.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"3 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to clarify a subject related to historical events' tangible and intangible effects on public space and how we comprehend the other side of the non-physical component. This research compares a particular example of the public forum of the Jewish holocaust memorial with Sulaymaniya City and Halabja City, Jewish holocaust memorial has an exceptional character with a specific local spirit as it results from dramatic historical occurrences. Preserving this public area and its value is indispensable to show this unfortunate event by which the Jewish holocaust memorial was shaped. Every public space keeps its identity and a specific meaning which is impacted by historical events concerning the place and time. It so is comprehending what is intended to show transparently. Unlike regular public plazas and places, influenced public place has own message to convey, which can tell the story of any event that had happened at that time. However, interpreting hidden occurrences can be shown throughout an ancient public space, allowing further generations to understand what happened before them. Consequently, not only will the historical event be considered a cultural value that clarifies its identification, but the local community also confer a particular meaning to a building since the building or the place may have a meaning to them. Nevertheless, the lack of sense of the soul in a particular place shows that this public place could not fulfil to convey or interpret the historical background (event) to the individuals in order to be more interacted with and preserved by the society who has a significant influence on conserving those building which has comprehensive meaningful. In order to understand why a historical event would leave its fingerprint on a specific place, clarifying the tangible and intangible components of the event is imperative to understand the social and cultural value allocated by the mentioned event. Eventually, tangible and intangible factors of a historic event acquire a public space with determined interpretation or comprehension, by which a significant integration between people and the public will likely be established.
{"title":"The impact of historical event on the memory of public place","authors":"Zamwa Mohammed, Raz S. Faraj","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10170","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to clarify a subject related to historical events' tangible and intangible effects on public space and how we comprehend the other side of the non-physical component. This research compares a particular example of the public forum of the Jewish holocaust memorial with Sulaymaniya City and Halabja City, Jewish holocaust memorial has an exceptional character with a specific local spirit as it results from dramatic historical occurrences. Preserving this public area and its value is indispensable to show this unfortunate event by which the Jewish holocaust memorial was shaped. Every public space keeps its identity and a specific meaning which is impacted by historical events concerning the place and time. It so is comprehending what is intended to show transparently. Unlike regular public plazas and places, influenced public place has own message to convey, which can tell the story of any event that had happened at that time. However, interpreting hidden occurrences can be shown throughout an ancient public space, allowing further generations to understand what happened before them. Consequently, not only will the historical event be considered a cultural value that clarifies its identification, but the local community also confer a particular meaning to a building since the building or the place may have a meaning to them. Nevertheless, the lack of sense of the soul in a particular place shows that this public place could not fulfil to convey or interpret the historical background (event) to the individuals in order to be more interacted with and preserved by the society who has a significant influence on conserving those building which has comprehensive meaningful. In order to understand why a historical event would leave its fingerprint on a specific place, clarifying the tangible and intangible components of the event is imperative to understand the social and cultural value allocated by the mentioned event. Eventually, tangible and intangible factors of a historic event acquire a public space with determined interpretation or comprehension, by which a significant integration between people and the public will likely be established.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":" 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water quality assessment is crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of communities. In this study, Fuzzy Logic Water Quality Index (FWQI) utilized as a tool to assess the water quality in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq. FWQI combines the flexibility and interpretability of fuzzy logic with the ability to handle imprecise and uncertain data, making it suitable for assessing complex systems such as water quality. Daily data of eleven water parameters from 14-water tanks location across Sulaimani city were evaluated for the duration of 2011 to 2021. The identified parameters includes pH, TDS, EC, TA, TH, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, K, and SO4 . Fuzzy logic membership functions used to represent the linguistic variables associated with each parameter, allowing for the conversion of numerical data into fuzzy sets. A set of fuzzy rules established to map the fuzzy sets of the input parameters to an overall water quality index. The formulated rules were based on expert knowledge and existing water quality guidelines. The Fuzzy Logic Inference Index (FLII) outcomes were validated by comparing them with conventional water quality indices and expert judgments, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. The FWQI values of the study area showed that the drinking water quality of all selected tanks are suitable for drinking. The quality classes of water ranges between acceptable to desirable.
{"title":"Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Using Fuzzy Logic in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq","authors":"Z. Ghafour","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10171","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality assessment is crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of communities. In this study, Fuzzy Logic Water Quality Index (FWQI) utilized as a tool to assess the water quality in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq. FWQI combines the flexibility and interpretability of fuzzy logic with the ability to handle imprecise and uncertain data, making it suitable for assessing complex systems such as water quality. Daily data of eleven water parameters from 14-water tanks location across Sulaimani city were evaluated for the duration of 2011 to 2021. The identified parameters includes pH, TDS, EC, TA, TH, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, K, and SO4 . Fuzzy logic membership functions used to represent the linguistic variables associated with each parameter, allowing for the conversion of numerical data into fuzzy sets. A set of fuzzy rules established to map the fuzzy sets of the input parameters to an overall water quality index. The formulated rules were based on expert knowledge and existing water quality guidelines. The Fuzzy Logic Inference Index (FLII) outcomes were validated by comparing them with conventional water quality indices and expert judgments, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. The FWQI values of the study area showed that the drinking water quality of all selected tanks are suitable for drinking. The quality classes of water ranges between acceptable to desirable.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":" 570","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
City planners and related professionals use various tools to control the built environment and its development. This goal couldn’t be achieved without considering housing typology because housing takes up the largest portion of most cities. Land subdivision is one of these planning tools used to regulate the ownership and size of properties. This paper aims to clarify the role of subdivision regulations that are used in Sulaimany City in forming and changing housing typologies. Malkandi district in Sulaimani City was selected as a case study. Descriptive analysis is used to identify the indications of variables. Graphical and statistical analyses have been used to determine the role of subdivision regulations on changing housing typology. According to the findings, the study area has seen two different subdivision systems: Traditional and modern subdivision regulations. The study discovered that changing subdivision regulations play a significant role in changing housing typologies. The Traditional subdivision system encourages organic, irregular blocks with various shapes and sizes. Modern subdivision system leads to raw houses with similar dimensions.
{"title":"The Effect of subdivision regulations on housing typologies","authors":"Luqman Ali, Amjad Ali","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10173","url":null,"abstract":"City planners and related professionals use various tools to control the built environment and its development. This goal couldn’t be achieved without considering housing typology because housing takes up the largest portion of most cities. Land subdivision is one of these planning tools used to regulate the ownership and size of properties. This paper aims to clarify the role of subdivision regulations that are used in Sulaimany City in forming and changing housing typologies. Malkandi district in Sulaimani City was selected as a case study. Descriptive analysis is used to identify the indications of variables. Graphical and statistical analyses have been used to determine the role of subdivision regulations on changing housing typology. According to the findings, the study area has seen two different subdivision systems: Traditional and modern subdivision regulations. The study discovered that changing subdivision regulations play a significant role in changing housing typologies. The Traditional subdivision system encourages organic, irregular blocks with various shapes and sizes. Modern subdivision system leads to raw houses with similar dimensions.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water quality index (WQI) is an important technique used for the evaluating and classifying water quality of supplied water, by summarizing large number of parameters from the result of variety tests of water into less number and terms Water quality index (WQI) value can be determined. Management of water quality is not so easy and simple, it needs to work with a lot of data. In this study evaluating of water quality of (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq) is presented by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The study conducted by monitoring long term water quality data over past eleven years, collected from 17 sampling points, tanks from which potable water supplied to all of the city residents, located in the (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq). To obtain the CCME WQI value twelve parameters used : PH, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Chloride (Cl-1), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity, Chloride (Cl2), Electric conductivity (EC), Sulphate (SO4-2).The obtained patterns present different water quality situations, WQI values ranged from good to excellent, based on the result obtained and analyzed using the from of WQI, it is revealed that the value of WQI ranged from (82) to (94) over the past 11 years, it means the main source of water supplied to the city which is Dokan lake is relatively high and clean as it is over a mountain watershed area.
{"title":"Assessment of the supplied water quality for Sulaimani, Iraq as a case study using CCME method","authors":"Akber Muhammed, A. Hama","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10157","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality index (WQI) is an important technique used for the evaluating and classifying water quality of supplied water, by summarizing large number of parameters from the result of variety tests of water into less number and terms Water quality index (WQI) value can be determined. Management of water quality is not so easy and simple, it needs to work with a lot of data. In this study evaluating of water quality of (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq) is presented by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The study conducted by monitoring long term water quality data over past eleven years, collected from 17 sampling points, tanks from which potable water supplied to all of the city residents, located in the (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq). To obtain the CCME WQI value twelve parameters used : PH, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Chloride (Cl-1), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity, Chloride (Cl2), Electric conductivity (EC), Sulphate (SO4-2).The obtained patterns present different water quality situations, WQI values ranged from good to excellent, based on the result obtained and analyzed using the from of WQI, it is revealed that the value of WQI ranged from (82) to (94) over the past 11 years, it means the main source of water supplied to the city which is Dokan lake is relatively high and clean as it is over a mountain watershed area.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125774791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land suitableness evaluation should be essential before implementing any specific land use, particularly within the agricultural sector. The aim of this study was to determine suitable lands for agricultural use in the Sharazoor and Sharbazher districts. The Analytical Hierarchy Process method, commonly used in land-use suitability analysis, was used in this study. According to Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques, to generate a land suitability graph various main criteria such as climate (rain, temperature, humidity), soil (texture, colour, PH ), land (elevation, slope, area, distance), and Agriculture services (Crop rotation, pesticide type, planting scheduling date, Seed variety, farm management, education level, number of personal work in the farm, equipment, production rate, planting rate, planting days, harvesting) factors were used. The questionary form is created. The form was distributed to academic people and ideal farmer for determine the importance of each criterion. In the result, the weight value is 0.465, 0.242, 0.209, and 0.084 for the Climate, Soil, Land, and Agriculture service respectively. Climate criteria are most important, and Agriculture has the least influence over decision-making procedures. According to AHP techniques, the ranking value ranges between 6.48-5.06 for producing wheat in the study area. The suitable land for producing wheat is in Kanispika village. Kelakawa Village's land is best suited for producing barely, when ranking values ranging from 6.08 to 5.15.
{"title":"Multi-criteria Assessment Using AHP Techniques for Agricultural Land Suitability Sharazoor and Sharbazher, Sulaimani as a Case study","authors":"Sivan Ahmed, A. Hama, A. Ziboon","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10161","url":null,"abstract":"Land suitableness evaluation should be essential before implementing any specific land use, particularly within the agricultural sector. The aim of this study was to determine suitable lands for agricultural use in the Sharazoor and Sharbazher districts. The Analytical Hierarchy Process method, commonly used in land-use suitability analysis, was used in this study. According to Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques, to generate a land suitability graph various main criteria such as climate (rain, temperature, humidity), soil (texture, colour, PH ), land (elevation, slope, area, distance), and Agriculture services (Crop rotation, pesticide type, planting scheduling date, Seed variety, farm management, education level, number of personal work in the farm, equipment, production rate, planting rate, planting days, harvesting) factors were used. The questionary form is created. The form was distributed to academic people and ideal farmer for determine the importance of each criterion. In the result, the weight value is 0.465, 0.242, 0.209, and 0.084 for the Climate, Soil, Land, and Agriculture service respectively. Climate criteria are most important, and Agriculture has the least influence over decision-making procedures. According to AHP techniques, the ranking value ranges between 6.48-5.06 for producing wheat in the study area. The suitable land for producing wheat is in Kanispika village. Kelakawa Village's land is best suited for producing barely, when ranking values ranging from 6.08 to 5.15.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127820312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generally, residential building standards cover numerous aspects or phases of the building process. Instances are planning standards, design standards, space standards, and technical building standards. This study concentrates on space standards and their effect on the functionality of low-income family housing interior spaces in low-rise residential complexes in Sulaimani. This addresses the minimum area standards of living-dining spaces as one of the most significant indicators of architectural space standards and its consideration for achieving the spatial functionality of interior spaces in low-income residential complexes in Sulaimani. This research seeks to determine how spatial standards affect the functionality of living-dining areas. The first hypothesis is that architectural area standards consideration has a significant impact on the achievement of primary functions in the living-dining rooms of low-rise apartments designed for low-income families in Sulaimani city. The second hypothesis is that architectural area standards achievement has a significant impact on the achievement of secondary functions in the living-dining room of low-rise apartments designed for low-income families in Sulaimani city. Appearance of practically inefficient living-dining areas in the low-rise apartments of Sulaimani's residential complexes is a prominent problem. The particular problem is the lack of some of these primary and secondary functions in the Living-dining room 's inner spaces of low-rise apartments in Sulaimani. This research realized that there are the significant effect of spatial standards considerations and functionality achievements. Also addressed the positive relationship between architectural spatial standards consideration and primary-secondary functionality achievements.
{"title":"The Effect of Architectural Area Standards on Living Room’s Spatial Functional efficiency for Low- Prize Residential Complexes in Sulaymaniyah City","authors":"Chinaz Qaradaghi, Amjad Ali","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10154","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, residential building standards cover numerous aspects or phases of the building process. Instances are planning standards, design standards, space standards, and technical building standards. This study concentrates on space standards and their effect on the functionality of low-income family housing interior spaces in low-rise residential complexes in Sulaimani. This addresses the minimum area standards of living-dining spaces as one of the most significant indicators of architectural space standards and its consideration for achieving the spatial functionality of interior spaces in low-income residential complexes in Sulaimani. This research seeks to determine how spatial standards affect the functionality of living-dining areas. The first hypothesis is that architectural area standards consideration has a significant impact on the achievement of primary functions in the living-dining rooms of low-rise apartments designed for low-income families in Sulaimani city. The second hypothesis is that architectural area standards achievement has a significant impact on the achievement of secondary functions in the living-dining room of low-rise apartments designed for low-income families in Sulaimani city. Appearance of practically inefficient living-dining areas in the low-rise apartments of Sulaimani's residential complexes is a prominent problem. The particular problem is the lack of some of these primary and secondary functions in the Living-dining room 's inner spaces of low-rise apartments in Sulaimani. This research realized that there are the significant effect of spatial standards considerations and functionality achievements. Also addressed the positive relationship between architectural spatial standards consideration and primary-secondary functionality achievements.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steel rebar’s are widely used as main flexural reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. It’s quite attractive to explore the use of another type of material for this purpose. This study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using steel checker plates instead of traditional steel rebar’s. In this study fourteen simply supported beams where cast and tested under two-point loads. All the beams had the same steel reinforcement and the dimensions of 2000 mm in length, 250 mm in height and 200mm in width, twelve specimens of these beams were reinforced by horizontal and vertical checker steel plates having total thickness (12mm) with different arrangements and end anchorages. Two of these specimen beams were control beams reinforced with rebar’s. The main variables of the research arrangement, number and anchorage of steel checker plates. Based on the experimental results it found that there is a reduction in crack load and ultimate load of composite steel checker plate beams as compared to reinforced beams. In contrast there was observed increment in ductility of checker steel plate beams compared with beam reinforced with normal rebar’s, while in different arrangements (vertical and horizontal) of steel plates, with same cross sectional area when the number of checker plates increased the load also increased by 14% 12% and 8% also 11%, 23% and 27% for both cracking and ultimate loads respectively. Also the deflection of steel checker plate beams after failure was more than steel bars.
{"title":"Flexural Strength and Behavior of Flat Steel Plate-Concrete Composite Beams","authors":"Kawan Hassan, J. Saeed","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10163","url":null,"abstract":"Steel rebar’s are widely used as main flexural reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. It’s quite attractive to explore the use of another type of material for this purpose. This study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using steel checker plates instead of traditional steel rebar’s. In this study fourteen simply supported beams where cast and tested under two-point loads. All the beams had the same steel reinforcement and the dimensions of 2000 mm in length, 250 mm in height and 200mm in width, twelve specimens of these beams were reinforced by horizontal and vertical checker steel plates having total thickness (12mm) with different arrangements and end anchorages. Two of these specimen beams were control beams reinforced with rebar’s. The main variables of the research arrangement, number and anchorage of steel checker plates. Based on the experimental results it found that there is a reduction in crack load and ultimate load of composite steel checker plate beams as compared to reinforced beams. In contrast there was observed increment in ductility of checker steel plate beams compared with beam reinforced with normal rebar’s, while in different arrangements (vertical and horizontal) of steel plates, with same cross sectional area when the number of checker plates increased the load also increased by 14% 12% and 8% also 11%, 23% and 27% for both cracking and ultimate loads respectively. Also the deflection of steel checker plate beams after failure was more than steel bars.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122079183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
4G and beyond cellular systems intend to use a frequency reuse factor of one with three sectors per BS site. This configuration leads to an increase in inter-cell interference (ICI). Thus, ICI modeling is very necessary to design and analyze any cellular system. The impact of ICI is modeled analytically in this paper. The effect of six interfering BS sites surrounding the serving BS is examined. The ICI is first mathematically modeled as a function of BS-UE distance for several environments based on pathloss exponent and then validated using an explicit simulation model. Secondly, the results obtained from the proposed model and the explicit simulation model are compared. The comparisons showed good agreement between the results of the proposed model and the simulation model. The mathematical model is convenient to the standardized ITU-R model and has the flexibility to apply any antenna patterns that is compatible with these international models. Furthermore, this model enables ICI estimation by deploying the serving BS cell only without the need to deploy the surrounding nine interfering cell. This has positive impact on reducing the time required for system level simulation.
{"title":"A Proposed Analytical Inter-Cell Interference Model for Mobile Cellular Systems with Isotropic Antenna","authors":"Raz Abdalqadir, A. Ameen","doi":"10.17656/sjes.10158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10158","url":null,"abstract":"4G and beyond cellular systems intend to use a frequency reuse factor of one with three sectors per BS site. This configuration leads to an increase in inter-cell interference (ICI). Thus, ICI modeling is very necessary to design and analyze any cellular system. The impact of ICI is modeled analytically in this paper. The effect of six interfering BS sites surrounding the serving BS is examined. The ICI is first mathematically modeled as a function of BS-UE distance for several environments based on pathloss exponent and then validated using an explicit simulation model. Secondly, the results obtained from the proposed model and the explicit simulation model are compared. The comparisons showed good agreement between the results of the proposed model and the simulation model. The mathematical model is convenient to the standardized ITU-R model and has the flexibility to apply any antenna patterns that is compatible with these international models. Furthermore, this model enables ICI estimation by deploying the serving BS cell only without the need to deploy the surrounding nine interfering cell. This has positive impact on reducing the time required for system level simulation.","PeriodicalId":307862,"journal":{"name":"Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115264715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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