Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) can be affected by several types of Lethal Yellowing (LY) diseases worldwide. Some of the syndromes are caused by phytoplasmas, small bacteria that are impossible to detect by light microscopy. Amplification of a given gene of the phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most convenient diagnosis method. The problem is that there are at least 28 “groups” of phytoplasmas and only one pair of primers -P1/P7- commonly used for PCR. As these primers belong to a very conserved gene, false positives are frequent. Consequently, alternative primers specific to one “strain” (or subgroup) have to be used, such as LY-F/LY-R for the Caribbean LY, Rohde primers for LD Tanzania. Such specific primers are sometimes restrictive. Indeed, there is variability within each strain and the sequence of the primers has to be adapted to that variability. There are at least five LY subgroups. The subgroups can only be identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing. In Africa, two subgroups of LY phytoplasmas have been identified so far.
在世界范围内，椰子树(Cocos nucifera L.)可受到几种致命黄化(LY)疾病的影响。有些综合征是由植物原体引起的，植物原体是一种不可能通过光学显微镜检测到的小细菌。用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增植物原体的特定基因是最方便的诊断方法。问题是至少有28个植物原体“群”，而通常用于PCR的引物只有一对——p1 /P7。由于这些引物属于非常保守的基因，因此经常出现假阳性。因此，必须使用针对一个“菌株”(或亚群)的替代引物，例如针对加勒比LY的LY- f /LY- r引物，针对坦桑尼亚LD的Rohde引物。这种特定的引物有时是限制性的。事实上，每个菌株都有变异，引物序列必须适应这种变异。至少有五个LY子组。亚群只能通过限制性片段长度多态性或测序来识别。在非洲，迄今已确定了LY植物原体的两个亚群。
{"title":"Review of Coconut “Lethal Yellowing” type diseases Diversity, variability and diagnosis","authors":"M. Dollet, R. Quaicoe, F. Pilet","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2009.0246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2009.0246","url":null,"abstract":"Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) can be affected by several types of Lethal Yellowing (LY) diseases worldwide. Some of the syndromes are caused by phytoplasmas, small bacteria that are impossible to detect by light microscopy. Amplification of a given gene of the phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most convenient diagnosis method. The problem is that there are at least 28 “groups” of phytoplasmas and only one pair of primers -P1/P7- commonly used for PCR. As these primers belong to a very conserved gene, false positives are frequent. Consequently, alternative primers specific to one “strain” (or subgroup) have to be used, such as LY-F/LY-R for the Caribbean LY, Rohde primers for LD Tanzania. Such specific primers are sometimes restrictive. Indeed, there is variability within each strain and the sequence of the primers has to be adapted to that variability. There are at least five LY subgroups. The subgroups can only be identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing. In Africa, two subgroups of LY phytoplasmas have been identified so far.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"47 1","pages":"97-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80039162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world food problem becomes more and more a problem of: - Economic and social equity on a global scale. - Environmental policy because the future of the biosphere through the future land is at stake; - Trade policy: it is hard to imagine that structural adjustment policies adverse to agriculture and trade regime of WTO can persist in this context, including the acceptance of an environmental dumping and social dumping on the part of Agriculture Latin American issues that will come on the agenda of WTO negotiations. - Agricultural policy because it is not clear how great productive effort that is necessary may be possible without an accompanying agricultural policy. - Technological invention because it must combine productivity and ecology. - Education on the one hand to get a large portion of farmers in this poor world to new technologies, and secondly to ensure there is anywhere in the world a true education to food.
{"title":"Sécurité alimentaire et mondialisation","authors":"M. Griffon","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2008.0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2008.0179","url":null,"abstract":"The world food problem becomes more and more a problem of: - Economic and social equity on a global scale. - Environmental policy because the future of the biosphere through the future land is at stake; - Trade policy: it is hard to imagine that structural adjustment policies adverse to agriculture and trade regime of WTO can persist in this context, including the acceptance of an environmental dumping and social dumping on the part of Agriculture Latin American issues that will come on the agenda of WTO negotiations. - Agricultural policy because it is not clear how great productive effort that is necessary may be possible without an accompanying agricultural policy. - Technological invention because it must combine productivity and ecology. - Education on the one hand to get a large portion of farmers in this poor world to new technologies, and secondly to ensure there is anywhere in the world a true education to food.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"16 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74698192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Labour cost gaps between developed and emerging countries justify in political discourses in France the implementation of policy measures such as tariff barriers, social VAT, and/or the inclusion of Social Clause in the WTO to protect developed economies against allegedly "dumped" imports from developing countries. We examine each of these policy measures to show that their contribution to tackling the wage gap issue between rich and poor countries would be marginal and much below politicians claims and opinion expectations. (Resume d'auteur)
{"title":"L’inclusion des normes sociales à l’OMC : vrai leurre, fausse panacée ?","authors":"T. Voituriez","doi":"10.1051/ocl.2007.0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2007.0138","url":null,"abstract":"Labour cost gaps between developed and emerging countries justify in political discourses in France the implementation of policy measures such as tariff barriers, social VAT, and/or the inclusion of Social Clause in the WTO to protect developed economies against allegedly \"dumped\" imports from developing countries. We examine each of these policy measures to show that their contribution to tackling the wage gap issue between rich and poor countries would be marginal and much below politicians claims and opinion expectations. (Resume d'auteur)","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"279 1","pages":"247-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77478666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Clavel, P. Baradat, J. Khalfaoui, N. Drame, N. Diop, O. Diouf, Y. Zuily-Fodil
Drought is a multiform constraint whose impact on the vegetal metabolism is very variable according to its duration, intensity and phenological stage of the vegetal development where it occurs. Thus, the plant resistance is expressed at different plant organisation levels. The present study was aimed at integrating knowledge generated by experiments carried out in Senegal on groundnut within the framework of a breeding programme geared towards improving groundnut yield under drought conditions. Three studies involved in the breeding work, are presented. The first chapter analyses an incomplete half-diallel cross performed on an original population under recurrent selection for drought adaptation. The study confirmed the weak heritability of yields but concludes that the best predictor of pod-yield was the pod-yield itself. By contrast, the study of the genetic correlations showed that a selection for high haulm-yield could lead to poor pod-maturity under drought constraint. The selection indices were performed and used to estimate genetic gains relative to the main agronomic characters according to selection pressure. The second chapter covers the genetic variability of phenological, agronomic and physiological characters studied in two series of quasi-isogenic early lines. It has indicated that genetic variability was expressed in these lines despite its closeness. Some correlations between yield and physiological parameters, i.e. mainly fluorescence parameters, were significant but not stable across lines and environments showing that groundnut have different drought adaptation strategies according to genetic background and drought pattern. This work was pursued at the molecular level with three reference cvs involving the both recurrent parents of the precedent study. The gene transcript kinetics under drought, obtained using RT-PCR, showed that Phospolipase D and Cysteine protease gene expressions were stimulated by stress in the most susceptible cultivars, whereas their was higher LEA gene expression in the resistant one. These interconnected experiments conducted at different plant organisation levels led to the development of a general methodological model and of new improved genotypes to meet the social demand.
{"title":"Adaptation à la sécheresse et création variétale : le cas de l’arachide en zone sahélienne - Deuxième partie : une approche pluridisciplinaire pour la création variétale","authors":"D. Clavel, P. Baradat, J. Khalfaoui, N. Drame, N. Diop, O. Diouf, Y. Zuily-Fodil","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2007.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2007.0141","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is a multiform constraint whose impact on the vegetal metabolism is very variable according to its duration, intensity and phenological stage of the vegetal development where it occurs. Thus, the plant resistance is expressed at different plant organisation levels. The present study was aimed at integrating knowledge generated by experiments carried out in Senegal on groundnut within the framework of a breeding programme geared towards improving groundnut yield under drought conditions. Three studies involved in the breeding work, are presented. The first chapter analyses an incomplete half-diallel cross performed on an original population under recurrent selection for drought adaptation. The study confirmed the weak heritability of yields but concludes that the best predictor of pod-yield was the pod-yield itself. By contrast, the study of the genetic correlations showed that a selection for high haulm-yield could lead to poor pod-maturity under drought constraint. The selection indices were performed and used to estimate genetic gains relative to the main agronomic characters according to selection pressure. The second chapter covers the genetic variability of phenological, agronomic and physiological characters studied in two series of quasi-isogenic early lines. It has indicated that genetic variability was expressed in these lines despite its closeness. Some correlations between yield and physiological parameters, i.e. mainly fluorescence parameters, were significant but not stable across lines and environments showing that groundnut have different drought adaptation strategies according to genetic background and drought pattern. This work was pursued at the molecular level with three reference cvs involving the both recurrent parents of the precedent study. The gene transcript kinetics under drought, obtained using RT-PCR, showed that Phospolipase D and Cysteine protease gene expressions were stimulated by stress in the most susceptible cultivars, whereas their was higher LEA gene expression in the resistant one. These interconnected experiments conducted at different plant organisation levels led to the development of a general methodological model and of new improved genotypes to meet the social demand.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"798 1","pages":"293-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85444729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current trade negotiations' round has been called the development round in order to emphasize ambitious objectives in terms of poverty alleviation: halving the number of poor by 2015. However estimates from world economic models show little improvement for the Less Developed Countries. Moreover several models assumptions may overestimate gains and underestimate losses, especially in the poorest countries where numerous markets imperfections hold. It seems then necessary to avoid that poverty reduction be restricted to emerging countries that development policies and their funding in LDC be discussed simultaneously to trade negotiations. (Resume d'auteur)
{"title":"Cycle du développement et PMA : les pays les plus pauvres bénéficieront-ils de la libéralisation des échanges ?","authors":"F. Gérard","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2006.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2006.0039","url":null,"abstract":"The current trade negotiations' round has been called the development round in order to emphasize ambitious objectives in terms of poverty alleviation: halving the number of poor by 2015. However estimates from world economic models show little improvement for the Less Developed Countries. Moreover several models assumptions may overestimate gains and underestimate losses, especially in the poorest countries where numerous markets imperfections hold. It seems then necessary to avoid that poverty reduction be restricted to emerging countries that development policies and their funding in LDC be discussed simultaneously to trade negotiations. (Resume d'auteur)","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"54 1","pages":"261-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84110686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Commission issued its first “Communication on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels” in November 2001 [1]. As from its beginnings the EU biofuels strategy was conceived as a visionary policy, based on the assumption that biofuels promotion was needed at least for three main reasons: contribute to the security and independence of energy supply, reduce GHG (Greenhouse emissions Gaz) and CO2 emissions from the transport sector, create an additional outlet for EU agricultural production thus encouraging rural development. Since then facts have confirmed that the EU biofuels strategy was indeed a visionary policy, conceived at an early stage to tackle problems whose solution has become more and more urgent across the last years.
{"title":"Towards the revision of the EU biofuels directive what future for european biodiesel markets","authors":"Raffaelo Garofalo","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2006.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2006.0032","url":null,"abstract":"The European Commission issued its first “Communication on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels” in November 2001 [1]. As from its beginnings the EU biofuels strategy was conceived as a visionary policy, based on the assumption that biofuels promotion was needed at least for three main reasons: contribute to the security and independence of energy supply, reduce GHG (Greenhouse emissions Gaz) and CO2 emissions from the transport sector, create an additional outlet for EU agricultural production thus encouraging rural development. Since then facts have confirmed that the EU biofuels strategy was indeed a visionary policy, conceived at an early stage to tackle problems whose solution has become more and more urgent across the last years.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"74 1","pages":"121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79512601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought is a multiform constraint expressing at different plant organisation levels. It is recognised as the first factor limiting the agriculture production in the world. The Sahel subtropical regions were the most exposed to the devasting effects of the recent climate change. A state of knowledge referring to the plant responses to drought is a fundamental initial step to any program of selection. This review concerns more particularly groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which is a very common legume in the Sahel areas. Critical evaluations of traits as relevant selection criteria for a breeding program aiming at improving yield and yield stability under drought constraint were made. The genetic specificities of the species are exposed in the first part. Then a detailed description of the grain-legume traits related to drought adaptation is presented. The review was widened to other plants for the molecular responses to water deficit, supposed to be more general. Finally, the last part supplied an updated synthesis of the recent advances in biotechnology on groundnut with special focus on drought tolerance.
{"title":"Adaptation à la sécheresse et création variétale : le cas de l'arachide en zone sahélienne Première partie : revue bibliographique","authors":"D. Clavel, N. Drame, N. Diop, Y. Zuily-Fodil","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2005.0248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2005.0248","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is a multiform constraint expressing at different plant organisation levels. It is recognised as the first factor limiting the agriculture production in the world. The Sahel subtropical regions were the most exposed to the devasting effects of the recent climate change. A state of knowledge referring to the plant responses to drought is a fundamental initial step to any program of selection. This review concerns more particularly groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which is a very common legume in the Sahel areas. Critical evaluations of traits as relevant selection criteria for a breeding program aiming at improving yield and yield stability under drought constraint were made. The genetic specificities of the species are exposed in the first part. Then a detailed description of the grain-legume traits related to drought adaptation is presented. The review was widened to other plants for the molecular responses to water deficit, supposed to be more general. Finally, the last part supplied an updated synthesis of the recent advances in biotechnology on groundnut with special focus on drought tolerance.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"144 1","pages":"248-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86192860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a context of discord between producers and environmental conservationists, RSPO is an initiative by stakeholders in the “Oil Palm” commodity chain to promote sustainable palm oil production. RSPO, using a multiple-stakeholder process, based its approach on drawing up a set of credible criteria that define the sustainability of palm oil production and which are acceptable to the different categories of stakeholders. The purpose of the second meeting (RT2) was to: i) propose a platform for exchanging views and experience between stakeholders from industrialized and emergent countries, to seek a clear definition of the “sustainable palm oil” concept; ii) identify practical projects for facilitating the implementation of good practices and for proceeding with their introduction; and: iii) strengthen cooperation and mutual assistance between stakeholders and international agencies to promote the production and use of “sustainable palm oil”.
{"title":"Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - RSPO. The second RSPO meeting in Jakarta in October 2004.","authors":"H. Omont","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2005.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2005.0125","url":null,"abstract":"In a context of discord between producers and environmental conservationists, RSPO is an initiative by stakeholders in the “Oil Palm” commodity chain to promote sustainable palm oil production. RSPO, using a multiple-stakeholder process, based its approach on drawing up a set of credible criteria that define the sustainability of palm oil production and which are acceptable to the different categories of stakeholders. The purpose of the second meeting (RT2) was to: i) propose a platform for exchanging views and experience between stakeholders from industrialized and emergent countries, to seek a clear definition of the “sustainable palm oil” concept; ii) identify practical projects for facilitating the implementation of good practices and for proceeding with their introduction; and: iii) strengthen cooperation and mutual assistance between stakeholders and international agencies to promote the production and use of “sustainable palm oil”.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"8 1","pages":"125-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82545084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of global change, potential estimations of carbon storage by the oil palm ecosystem in different ecologies have been calculated for the major productive countries in Africa, Asian and American continents. Comparisons were done with other types of planted ecosystems as eucalyptus and coconut as well as different types of natural forests. Carbon budget components as NPP, autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration, litter and fine litter contributions were discussed in regards to the very high rate of carbon sequestration by oil palm ecosystem : from 250 to 940 C m–2 yr –1 (estimations including harvested bunches).
在全球变化的背景下，对非洲、亚洲和美洲大陆的主要生产国进行了不同生态系统中油棕生态系统碳储量的潜在估算。与桉树和椰子等其他类型的种植生态系统以及不同类型的天然林进行了比较。针对油棕生态系统非常高的碳固存率(从250到940 C m-2 yr -1)，讨论了碳收支组分，如NPP、自养和异养土壤呼吸、凋落物和细凋落物的贡献(包括收获束的估计)。
{"title":"Carbon storage and global change: the role of oil palm","authors":"E. Lamade, J. Bouillet","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2005.0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2005.0154","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of global change, potential estimations of carbon storage by the oil palm ecosystem in different ecologies have been calculated for the major productive countries in Africa, Asian and American continents. Comparisons were done with other types of planted ecosystems as eucalyptus and coconut as well as different types of natural forests. Carbon budget components as NPP, autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration, litter and fine litter contributions were discussed in regards to the very high rate of carbon sequestration by oil palm ecosystem : from 250 to 940 C m–2 yr –1 (estimations including harvested bunches).","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"105 1","pages":"154-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85986320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For a tropical plant, the oil palm commodity chain has the peculiarity of possessing a major seed production sector for reasons that are primarily genetic. This seed sector has numerous original aspects. Breeders are also propagators and usually also distribute their seeds. Oil palm seeds are semi-recalcitrant: they display pseudo-dormancy. Achieving seed germination is difficult and requires lengthy treatments and special installations. This restriction greatly influences seed distribution and the role of the different stakeholders in the commodity chain. It was only once it had been discovered how the "sh" gene functioned, which controls shell thickness, and when it became necessary to produce "tenera" seeds derived from exclusively "dura x pisifera" crosses, that a true seed market developed. In addition it is difficult to organize seed distribution to smallholders. This is partly due to difficulties that the profession, or a State-run organization, has in controlling middlemen networks, and partly to the absence of any protective systems (UPOV, plant breeder certificate, etc.) that generally oblige breeders to preserve and propagate parents in their own installations. In fact there are major inequalities in the access to seeds between agroindustry and smallholders. Another peculiarity of the oil palm seed market is the virtually total absence of guarantees for buyers: the quality of the research conducted by breeders, the seed production strategies necessary for transferring genetic progress, and the technical quality of production. The only guarantee today comes from the relations of confidence established year after year between breeders/distributors and growers. In this fields, research can lead to some proposals: molecular biology offers some interesting prospects for certifying seed quality and social science develop effective communication methods.
{"title":"Oil palm seed distribution","authors":"T. Durand-Gasselin, B. Cochard","doi":"10.1051/OCL.2005.0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/OCL.2005.0148","url":null,"abstract":"For a tropical plant, the oil palm commodity chain has the peculiarity of possessing a major seed production sector for reasons that are primarily genetic. This seed sector has numerous original aspects. Breeders are also propagators and usually also distribute their seeds. Oil palm seeds are semi-recalcitrant: they display pseudo-dormancy. Achieving seed germination is difficult and requires lengthy treatments and special installations. This restriction greatly influences seed distribution and the role of the different stakeholders in the commodity chain. It was only once it had been discovered how the \"sh\" gene functioned, which controls shell thickness, and when it became necessary to produce \"tenera\" seeds derived from exclusively \"dura x pisifera\" crosses, that a true seed market developed. In addition it is difficult to organize seed distribution to smallholders. This is partly due to difficulties that the profession, or a State-run organization, has in controlling middlemen networks, and partly to the absence of any protective systems (UPOV, plant breeder certificate, etc.) that generally oblige breeders to preserve and propagate parents in their own installations. In fact there are major inequalities in the access to seeds between agroindustry and smallholders. Another peculiarity of the oil palm seed market is the virtually total absence of guarantees for buyers: the quality of the research conducted by breeders, the seed production strategies necessary for transferring genetic progress, and the technical quality of production. The only guarantee today comes from the relations of confidence established year after year between breeders/distributors and growers. In this fields, research can lead to some proposals: molecular biology offers some interesting prospects for certifying seed quality and social science develop effective communication methods.","PeriodicalId":30815,"journal":{"name":"Oleagineux Corps gras Lipides","volume":"43 1","pages":"148-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77415713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：