There are (at least) two opposing concepts of biological information, or bioinformation, discussed in the modern philosophy of biology: genocentric (genebased) and holistic. As a main proponent of the former I consider British evolutionist John Maynard Smith and his teleosemantic theory of bioinformation. The latter was proposed by American philosopher Susan Oyama in the form of so-called Developmental Systems Theory (DST). In Maynard Smith proposal bioinformation is strictly gene-based and any non-genetic element of a living organism cannot be considered as a vehicle of informational content. Such information is transmitted from parents to offspring inside the germ cells and every time serves as a blueprint for building the whole organisms. DST claims the opposite: bioinformation cannot be reduced to genetic elements only and is scattered throughout the whole living system. What is more, biological information is not simply transmitted between generations but every time rebuilt from available developmental resources: bioinformation has not only it is phylogeny, but it is ontogeny as well. The aim of this paper is twofold. First: to present the foundations of both aforementioned theories to the reader and second: to discuss the different objections raised against them.
{"title":"Genocentryzm versus teoria systemów rozwojowych. Dwa konkurencyjne sposoby rozumienia informacji w biologii współczesnej","authors":"Radosław Siedliński","doi":"10.15633/ss.2485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/ss.2485","url":null,"abstract":"There are (at least) two opposing concepts of biological information, or bioinformation, discussed in the modern philosophy of biology: genocentric (genebased) and holistic. As a main proponent of the former I consider British evolutionist John Maynard Smith and his teleosemantic theory of bioinformation. The latter was proposed by American philosopher Susan Oyama in the form of so-called Developmental Systems Theory (DST). In Maynard Smith proposal bioinformation is strictly gene-based and any non-genetic element of a living organism cannot be considered as a vehicle of informational content. Such information is transmitted from parents to offspring inside the germ cells and every time serves as a blueprint for building the whole organisms. DST claims the opposite: bioinformation cannot be reduced to genetic elements only and is scattered throughout the whole living system. What is more, biological information is not simply transmitted between generations but every time rebuilt from available developmental resources: bioinformation has not only it is phylogeny, but it is ontogeny as well. The aim of this paper is twofold. First: to present the foundations of both aforementioned theories to the reader and second: to discuss the different objections raised against them.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43287030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is devoted to the discussion on ontological status of the computer programs. The most popular conceptions are presented and critically discussed: programs as concrete abstractions, as quasi-particular objects (similar to mu sical pieces), as mathematical objects (of different kinds), and finally – pro gram as digital pattern. Advantages and disadvantages of those approaches are pointed out and some possible solutions are proposed.
{"title":"Dualna natura programów komputerowych","authors":"I. Bondecka-Krzykowska","doi":"10.15633/ss.2483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/ss.2483","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to the discussion on ontological status of the computer programs. The most popular conceptions are presented and critically discussed: programs as concrete abstractions, as quasi-particular objects (similar to mu sical pieces), as mathematical objects (of different kinds), and finally – pro gram as digital pattern. Advantages and disadvantages of those approaches are pointed out and some possible solutions are proposed.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48980050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first traces the production of numerous stone tools from the period of the Plio-Pleistocene represent a deep antiquity technical processes in the context of human evolution. Determining cognitive ability needed to convey the first hominids manufacture of stone tools is a challenge for the cognitive archaeology. Currently, thanks to archaeological discoveries and the development of cognitive science we can try to restore all the necessary treatments aimed at the production and use of stone tools along with a broad understanding of their underlying cognitive processes. Analyses based on empirical data derived from Lokalalei – one of the oldest archaeological sites – indicate that the hominids comprehensive understanding of the principles of producing stone tools already at their very beginning.
{"title":"Próby modelowania dynamiki narzędziowej wczesnych hominidów w świetle archeologii kognitywnej","authors":"Rafał Kupczak","doi":"10.15633/SS.2490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/SS.2490","url":null,"abstract":"The first traces the production of numerous stone tools from the period of the Plio-Pleistocene represent a deep antiquity technical processes in the context of human evolution. Determining cognitive ability needed to convey the first hominids manufacture of stone tools is a challenge for the cognitive archaeology. Currently, thanks to archaeological discoveries and the development of cognitive science we can try to restore all the necessary treatments aimed at the production and use of stone tools along with a broad understanding of their underlying cognitive processes. Analyses based on empirical data derived from Lokalalei – one of the oldest archaeological sites – indicate that the hominids comprehensive understanding of the principles of producing stone tools already at their very beginning.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48799224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zgodnie z koncepcją Niklasa Luhmanna1 nauka stanowi jeden z autopojetycznych subsystemów społeczeństwa, w obrębie którego przebiega życie jednostki. Ważnym aspektem tego rodzaju struktur, do których należą również m.in. prawo, religia, rodzina czy sztuka, jest posługiwanie się autonomicznymi kodami, nieprzekładalnymi na język pozostałych subsystemów. Oznacza to, że rzeczy uważane za istotne, pożądane lub prawdziwe w jednym z nich mogą w obrębie innych mieć marginalne znaczenie bądź też być uznawane za naganne czy fałszywe. Przykładowo czyny mające status grzechu w ramach systemu religijnego nie muszą być uznawane za przestępstwa w świetle prawa (i odwrotnie). We współczesnym świecie wyraźnie wzrasta jednak znaczenie nauki, czego przejawy dają się zauważyć m.in. na płaszczyźnie popkulturowej. Jak pokazują m.in. Michael Hanlon2, Łukasz Jach3
{"title":"Prognozy naukowych wizjonerów a powszechne poglądy o roli nauki we współczesnym świecie","authors":"Łukasz Jach","doi":"10.15633/SS.2488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/SS.2488","url":null,"abstract":"Zgodnie z koncepcją Niklasa Luhmanna1 nauka stanowi jeden z autopojetycznych subsystemów społeczeństwa, w obrębie którego przebiega życie jednostki. Ważnym aspektem tego rodzaju struktur, do których należą również m.in. prawo, religia, rodzina czy sztuka, jest posługiwanie się autonomicznymi kodami, nieprzekładalnymi na język pozostałych subsystemów. Oznacza to, że rzeczy uważane za istotne, pożądane lub prawdziwe w jednym z nich mogą w obrębie innych mieć marginalne znaczenie bądź też być uznawane za naganne czy fałszywe. Przykładowo czyny mające status grzechu w ramach systemu religijnego nie muszą być uznawane za przestępstwa w świetle prawa (i odwrotnie). We współczesnym świecie wyraźnie wzrasta jednak znaczenie nauki, czego przejawy dają się zauważyć m.in. na płaszczyźnie popkulturowej. Jak pokazują m.in. Michael Hanlon2, Łukasz Jach3","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48360458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achievements of Hans Driesch (1867–1941), German embryologist and philoso -pher, are contemporarily viewed almost exclusively from their later metaphys ical phase of development, while his earlier scientific experimental researches are not appreciated sufficiently enough. They consisted in highlighting the specifically totipotential character of biological, and especially of embryolog ical, processes what is still methodologically inspiring in many dimensions of contemporary biological investigations. The author postulates thus a deeper analysis of Driesch’s scientific accomplishments and broader assessment of their actual significance in contemporary biology.
{"title":"O współczesnych badaniach obejmujących zakres stanowiska neowitalistycznego Hansa Driescha. Ogólne uwagi krytyczne","authors":"D. Szkutnik","doi":"10.15633/SS.2494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/SS.2494","url":null,"abstract":"Achievements of Hans Driesch (1867–1941), German embryologist and philoso -pher, are contemporarily viewed almost exclusively from their later metaphys ical phase of development, while his earlier scientific experimental researches are not appreciated sufficiently enough. They consisted in highlighting the specifically totipotential character of biological, and especially of embryolog ical, processes what is still methodologically inspiring in many dimensions of contemporary biological investigations. The author postulates thus a deeper analysis of Driesch’s scientific accomplishments and broader assessment of their actual significance in contemporary biology.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49107552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Szeroko pojęte zagadnienia relacji między rozumem a wiarą stanowią temat o niezwykle bogatej historii1. Niemniej współcześnie przeżywa on okres rozkwitu, głównie za sprawą nowych odkryć w dziedzinie filozofii nauki. Odkrycia te, na czele z przezwyciężeniem neopozytywizmu2, rezonują zwłaszcza w obszarze zmatematyzowanych nauk empirycznych (science)3, które stanowią dziś w powszechnej opinii paradygmat naukowości czy racjonalności4. Pod wpływem ich silnego rozwoju w XVIII wieku zanegowana została nie tylko racjonalność wiary, ale przede wszystkim sensowność teologii. Tryumfujący w XIX wieku pozytywizm wyparł tę ostatnią z kręgu naukowej refleksji, roszcząc sobie prawo do wyjaśnienia świata, czy też raczej spychając pytania o przyczyny jego istnienia poza nawias zainteresowania nauki. Jednak w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku filozofia
{"title":"Od konfliktu do integracji. Historia i teologiczne uzasadnienie metodologicznej odrębności poznania wiary i rozumu","authors":"Bartłomiej Chyłka","doi":"10.15633/ss.2487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/ss.2487","url":null,"abstract":"Szeroko pojęte zagadnienia relacji między rozumem a wiarą stanowią temat o niezwykle bogatej historii1. Niemniej współcześnie przeżywa on okres rozkwitu, głównie za sprawą nowych odkryć w dziedzinie filozofii nauki. Odkrycia te, na czele z przezwyciężeniem neopozytywizmu2, rezonują zwłaszcza w obszarze zmatematyzowanych nauk empirycznych (science)3, które stanowią dziś w powszechnej opinii paradygmat naukowości czy racjonalności4. Pod wpływem ich silnego rozwoju w XVIII wieku zanegowana została nie tylko racjonalność wiary, ale przede wszystkim sensowność teologii. Tryumfujący w XIX wieku pozytywizm wyparł tę ostatnią z kręgu naukowej refleksji, roszcząc sobie prawo do wyjaśnienia świata, czy też raczej spychając pytania o przyczyny jego istnienia poza nawias zainteresowania nauki. Jednak w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku filozofia","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46107198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper argues that methods used in informal logic (sometimes called Critical Thinking) could be helpful in examining the arguments in discussions between theists and atheists. Application of the techniques of informal logic could reveal the substantive value of many commonly shared views about theism (and theists) and atheism (and atheists). The utility of applying informal logic methods has illustrated by several examples.
{"title":"Użyteczność metod logiki nieformalnej w badaniu argumentów w dyskusjach między teistami a ateistami","authors":"Kamil Trombik","doi":"10.15633/SS.2495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/SS.2495","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that methods used in informal logic (sometimes called Critical Thinking) could be helpful in examining the arguments in discussions between theists and atheists. Application of the techniques of informal logic could reveal the substantive value of many commonly shared views about theism (and theists) and atheism (and atheists). The utility of applying informal logic methods has illustrated by several examples.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47327047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relations between theory and empirical knowledge belong to basic problems in philosophy of science and have been undergone detailed philosophical reflection, including epistemological aspects. During last several dozen years, due to development of computer technology, numerical simulations became a common tool in natural sciences. Their epistemological aspects, however, have not worked out yet. A specific role of computer simulations manifests in subcellular biology, where possibilities of performing experiments and observations are limited. Computer simulation is complementary to observation and experiment and comes into complex relations with them. It allows us to come to a conclusion if experiment or observations are impossible to perform. In particular, simulations allow researchers to estimate the parameters that cannot be measured.
{"title":"Epistemologiczne problemy w biologii subkomórkowej: obserwacje, modele matematyczne i symulacje komputerowe","authors":"A. Bielecki","doi":"10.15633/SS.2482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/SS.2482","url":null,"abstract":"Relations between theory and empirical knowledge belong to basic problems in philosophy of science and have been undergone detailed philosophical reflection, including epistemological aspects. During last several dozen years, due to development of computer technology, numerical simulations became a common tool in natural sciences. Their epistemological aspects, however, have not worked out yet. A specific role of computer simulations manifests in subcellular biology, where possibilities of performing experiments and observations are limited. Computer simulation is complementary to observation and experiment and comes into complex relations with them. It allows us to come to a conclusion if experiment or observations are impossible to perform. In particular, simulations allow researchers to estimate the parameters that cannot be measured.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49477603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie podstawowych ścieżek rozwojowych badań metodologiczno-eksperymentalnych Wilhelma Roux (1850–1924)1, zwolennika redukcjonizmu fizyko-chemicznego w poznaniu biologicznym. Ukazanie błędnych założeń metodologicznych w toku stosowania samego podejścia eksperymentalnego Roux rzuca światło na historię badań embriologicznych oraz na ich metodologię, szczególnie na ich adekwatny rozwój w stosunku do zjawisk i procesów biologicznych, w formułowaniu i opisie podstawowych praw rządzących procesami embriogenezy. Poza tym jest rzeczą pouczającą śledzić zmienne losy teorii naukowych, gdyż są one ciekawsze od zmiennych losów ludzi. Każda z nich zawiera bowiem w sobie coś nieśmiertelnego, choćby cząstkę wiecznej prawdy2.
{"title":"O błędnych założeniach metodologicznych oraz nieudanej próbie eksperymentalnej Wilhelma Roux w toku wyjaśniania osobliwości organicznych procesów rozwojowych","authors":"D. Szkutnik","doi":"10.15633/ss.2493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/ss.2493","url":null,"abstract":"Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie podstawowych ścieżek rozwojowych badań metodologiczno-eksperymentalnych Wilhelma Roux (1850–1924)1, zwolennika redukcjonizmu fizyko-chemicznego w poznaniu biologicznym. Ukazanie błędnych założeń metodologicznych w toku stosowania samego podejścia eksperymentalnego Roux rzuca światło na historię badań embriologicznych oraz na ich metodologię, szczególnie na ich adekwatny rozwój w stosunku do zjawisk i procesów biologicznych, w formułowaniu i opisie podstawowych praw rządzących procesami embriogenezy. Poza tym jest rzeczą pouczającą śledzić zmienne losy teorii naukowych, gdyż są one ciekawsze od zmiennych losów ludzi. Każda z nich zawiera bowiem w sobie coś nieśmiertelnego, choćby cząstkę wiecznej prawdy2.","PeriodicalId":30875,"journal":{"name":"Semina Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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