Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0022
Rafael Nieto-Navia
This Introductory Note refers to the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2016. During this period the Tribunal delivered three judgements, two by the Trial Chambers and one by the Appeals Chamber. The judgements of the two Trial Chambers have been appealed. The Šešelj case, in which the Chamber acquitted the accused, was appealed by the prosecutor. The appeals judgements are under the jurisdiction of the Mechanism and will be delivered in 2017 or 2018. There are still pending the Prlić case on appeal and the Mladić case in trial, both under the jurisdiction of the ICTY.
{"title":"Introductory Note","authors":"Rafael Nieto-Navia","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This Introductory Note refers to the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2016. During this period the Tribunal delivered three judgements, two by the Trial Chambers and one by the Appeals Chamber. The judgements of the two Trial Chambers have been appealed. The Šešelj case, in which the Chamber acquitted the accused, was appealed by the prosecutor. The appeals judgements are under the jurisdiction of the Mechanism and will be delivered in 2017 or 2018. There are still pending the Prlić case on appeal and the Mladić case in trial, both under the jurisdiction of the ICTY.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122950868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0001
V. Nagarajan
Before dawn each day, millions of Hindu women in Tamil Nadu, India, create a kōlam, a sacred ritual art form, on the thresholds of homes, temples, and businesses. It is usually made of rice flour and therefore is ephemeral. Drawing on her extensive ethnographic research, the author seeks to understand the wide range of meanings attributed to the kōlam, such as beauty; auspiciousness; the god Ganesha; the goddesses Lakshmi, Mūdevi, and Bhūdevi; the evil eye; competition; designs; mathematics; ecology; and the idea of “feeding a thousand souls.” This chapter (along with Chapters 2 and 3) lays the foundation for the book. The author describes how her research was influenced by Ivan Illich, A. K. Ramanujan, and Chandralekha. She braids together the diasporic with the home culture, integrating philosophical underpinnings of women’s knowledge systems and oral traditions.
每天黎明前，印度泰米尔纳德邦数以百万计的印度教妇女都会在家庭、寺庙和企业的门槛上制作一种神圣的仪式艺术形式kōlam。它通常由米粉制成，因此是短暂的。根据她广泛的民族志研究，作者试图理解kōlam的广泛含义，如美;吉祥;甘尼萨神;女神拉克希米，Mūdevi和Bhūdevi;邪恶的眼睛;竞争;设计;数学;生态学;以及"喂养一千个灵魂"的理念这一章(连同第二章和第三章)为本书奠定了基础。作者描述了她的研究如何受到Ivan Illich, A. K. Ramanujan和Chandralekha的影响。她将流散与本土文化结合在一起，整合了女性知识体系和口头传统的哲学基础。
{"title":"Beginnings","authors":"V. Nagarajan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Before dawn each day, millions of Hindu women in Tamil Nadu, India, create a kōlam, a sacred ritual art form, on the thresholds of homes, temples, and businesses. It is usually made of rice flour and therefore is ephemeral. Drawing on her extensive ethnographic research, the author seeks to understand the wide range of meanings attributed to the kōlam, such as beauty; auspiciousness; the god Ganesha; the goddesses Lakshmi, Mūdevi, and Bhūdevi; the evil eye; competition; designs; mathematics; ecology; and the idea of “feeding a thousand souls.” This chapter (along with Chapters 2 and 3) lays the foundation for the book. The author describes how her research was influenced by Ivan Illich, A. K. Ramanujan, and Chandralekha. She braids together the diasporic with the home culture, integrating philosophical underpinnings of women’s knowledge systems and oral traditions.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"434 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114440613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199381265.003.0003
Jeffrey Lane
Chapter 3 explores the primary challenge of the digital street: managing its visibility. This chapter reveals how teenagers in Harlem use online spaces to live out varied and contradictory identities. The author discusses the code-switching strategies teens developed to answer to the street code, but also to obligations of family, school, and work. The chapter indicates that teenagers first partitioned street life on Twitter to keep it from the adult world on Facebook before eventually opening up to the possibility of help from their elders. The author discusses Sarah’s fight video, Tiana’s attempts to “retire” from fighting, and Andre’s tenuous transition to college. The author finds that the teenagers in his study publicly supported each other’s scholastic and work-related achievements and did not count themselves out from mainstream life as others have argued of black teenagers in street-corner groups.
{"title":"Code Switching","authors":"Jeffrey Lane","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199381265.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381265.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 explores the primary challenge of the digital street: managing its visibility. This chapter reveals how teenagers in Harlem use online spaces to live out varied and contradictory identities. The author discusses the code-switching strategies teens developed to answer to the street code, but also to obligations of family, school, and work. The chapter indicates that teenagers first partitioned street life on Twitter to keep it from the adult world on Facebook before eventually opening up to the possibility of help from their elders. The author discusses Sarah’s fight video, Tiana’s attempts to “retire” from fighting, and Andre’s tenuous transition to college. The author finds that the teenagers in his study publicly supported each other’s scholastic and work-related achievements and did not count themselves out from mainstream life as others have argued of black teenagers in street-corner groups.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114480179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198814597.003.0004
J. Launay, M. Verdaguer
After a review of fundamental notions such as absorption, emission and the properties of excited states, the chapter introduces excited-state electron transfer. Several examples are given, using molecules to realize photodiodes, light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and even harnessing photochemical energy for water photolysis. The specificities of ultrafast electron transfer are outlined. Energy transfer is then defined, starting from its theoretical description, and showing its involvement in photonic wires or molecular assemblies realizing an antenna effect for light harvesting. Photomagnetic effects; that is, the modification of magnetic properties after a photonic excitation, are then studied. The examples are taken from systems presenting a spin cross-over, with the LIESST effect, and from systems presenting metal–metal charge transfer, in particular in Prussian Blue analogues and their molecular version.
{"title":"The excited electron: photophysical properties","authors":"J. Launay, M. Verdaguer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198814597.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198814597.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"After a review of fundamental notions such as absorption, emission and the properties of excited states, the chapter introduces excited-state electron transfer. Several examples are given, using molecules to realize photodiodes, light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and even harnessing photochemical energy for water photolysis. The specificities of ultrafast electron transfer are outlined. Energy transfer is then defined, starting from its theoretical description, and showing its involvement in photonic wires or molecular assemblies realizing an antenna effect for light harvesting. Photomagnetic effects; that is, the modification of magnetic properties after a photonic excitation, are then studied. The examples are taken from systems presenting a spin cross-over, with the LIESST effect, and from systems presenting metal–metal charge transfer, in particular in Prussian Blue analogues and their molecular version.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121909321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190871536.003.0003
J. O’Shea
This chapter investigates how combat sport establishes itself as play, rather than violence, through its relationship to designated spaces. Opening with competing definitions of magic in martial arts versus in game theory, this section moves on to explore the importance of spaces of practice—boxing rings, cages, dojos, and academies—to martial arts and combat sport training. Spaces are transformed through practices that in turn rely on alterations of movement, time perception, and self-awareness. The chapter concludes with an exploration of edge play, acknowledging both that games often simulate situations that we would otherwise avoid and that the line between game and reality can, in the case of combat sport, be a thin one.
{"title":"The Magic Ring","authors":"J. O’Shea","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190871536.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190871536.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates how combat sport establishes itself as play, rather than violence, through its relationship to designated spaces. Opening with competing definitions of magic in martial arts versus in game theory, this section moves on to explore the importance of spaces of practice—boxing rings, cages, dojos, and academies—to martial arts and combat sport training. Spaces are transformed through practices that in turn rely on alterations of movement, time perception, and self-awareness. The chapter concludes with an exploration of edge play, acknowledging both that games often simulate situations that we would otherwise avoid and that the line between game and reality can, in the case of combat sport, be a thin one.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121993617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0010
W. Schabas
If the Kaiser were to be brought to justice, he had to be charged with war crimes in the strict sense. The Commission on Responsibilities is the first forum in which there is an attempt to define international war crimes. Building upon the Hague Conventions adopted before the outbreak of the war, a list of violations of the laws and customs of war is prepared. When the British and the French insist on adding the phrase ‘the laws of humanity’, the Americans object that this is a matter of morality and not law. The Commission also considers whether to establish an international criminal court where such international crimes might be charged.
{"title":"International Law and War Crimes","authors":"W. Schabas","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"If the Kaiser were to be brought to justice, he had to be charged with war crimes in the strict sense. The Commission on Responsibilities is the first forum in which there is an attempt to define international war crimes. Building upon the Hague Conventions adopted before the outbreak of the war, a list of violations of the laws and customs of war is prepared. When the British and the French insist on adding the phrase ‘the laws of humanity’, the Americans object that this is a matter of morality and not law. The Commission also considers whether to establish an international criminal court where such international crimes might be charged.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116745807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0002
A. Gamberini
This chapter focuses on the political change that took place in the post-Carolingian age, when the collapse of empire encouraged the jurisdictional separation of cities and countryside, until then subject to the same authorities and to the same destiny. Thus, while in the city the community of cives gathered first around their bishop and then around the new communal institutions, the countryside saw the beginning of a proliferation of lords of castles and manorial lords. The result was the development of very different political cultures that were destined to come into conflict with each other as, starting from the 12th century, the citizens of the commune began their political expansion into the surrounding countryside.
{"title":"Northern Italy in the Central Middle Ages","authors":"A. Gamberini","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the political change that took place in the post-Carolingian age, when the collapse of empire encouraged the jurisdictional separation of cities and countryside, until then subject to the same authorities and to the same destiny. Thus, while in the city the community of cives gathered first around their bishop and then around the new communal institutions, the countryside saw the beginning of a proliferation of lords of castles and manorial lords. The result was the development of very different political cultures that were destined to come into conflict with each other as, starting from the 12th century, the citizens of the commune began their political expansion into the surrounding countryside.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116842352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0002
D. Fallis
According to the traditional philosophical analysis of lying, you lie when you say what you believe to be false and intend your audience to believe what you say. Even though there may be lies that are not intended to deceive, the most epistemologically and ethically problematic lies are those that are intended to deceive. This chapter argues that the traditional analysis fails to capture this concept of deceptive lying. First, it does not count as lies cases where you only intend to deceive your audience about your believing what you say. Second, the traditional analysis handles inconsistently cases where you say something because you know that your audience does not trust you and will likely conclude that you believe something else. The chapter proposes two ways of modifying the traditional analysis of lying so that it handles such cases of doxastic misdirection and double bluffing correctly.
{"title":"What Is Deceptive Lying?","authors":"D. Fallis","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"According to the traditional philosophical analysis of lying, you lie when you say what you believe to be false and intend your audience to believe what you say. Even though there may be lies that are not intended to deceive, the most epistemologically and ethically problematic lies are those that are intended to deceive. This chapter argues that the traditional analysis fails to capture this concept of deceptive lying. First, it does not count as lies cases where you only intend to deceive your audience about your believing what you say. Second, the traditional analysis handles inconsistently cases where you say something because you know that your audience does not trust you and will likely conclude that you believe something else. The chapter proposes two ways of modifying the traditional analysis of lying so that it handles such cases of doxastic misdirection and double bluffing correctly.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129503682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0004
W. Schabas
Two French law professors, Ferdinand Larnaude and Albert de Lapradelle, prepare a report for their government on the legal issues involved in prosecuting the Kaiser, something that they recommend enthusiastically. The British set up a committee of experts that also studies the legal difficulties, recommending prosecution, although not unanimously. The French are mainly interested in atrocities perpetrated in the parts of their country that were occupied. The British focus on such issues as submarine warfare. Both groups of experts concur in dividing the types of charges that might be made against the Kaiser into waging a war of aggression, violating the treaties of neutrality, and unlawful conduct during the conflict, and believe Kaiser Wilhelm II cannot invoke immunity before an international tribunal.
两位法国法学教授Ferdinand Larnaude和Albert de Lapradelle为他们的政府准备了一份关于起诉凯撒所涉及的法律问题的报告，他们热情地推荐了一些东西。英国成立了一个专家委员会，也研究法律上的困难，建议起诉，尽管不是一致的。法国人主要感兴趣的是在他们国家被占领地区犯下的暴行。英国关注的是潜艇战等问题。两组专家都同意将可能对德皇提出的指控分为发动侵略战争、违反中立条约和在冲突期间的非法行为，并认为德皇威廉二世不能在国际法庭上援引豁免权。
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Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198810810.003.0001
S. Braund, Z. Torlone
The introduction describes the broad landscape of translation of Virgil from both the theoretical and the practical perspectives. It then explains the genesis of the volume and indicates how the individual chapters, each one of which is summarized, fit into the complex tapestry of Virgilian translation activity through the centuries and across the world. The volume editors indicate points of connection between the chapters in order to render the whole greater than the sum of its parts. Braund and Torlone emphasize that a project such as this could look like a (rather large) collection of case studies; they therefore consider it important to extrapolate larger phenomena from the specifics presented here
{"title":"Introduction: The Translation History of Virgil","authors":"S. Braund, Z. Torlone","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198810810.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198810810.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction describes the broad landscape of translation of Virgil from both the theoretical and the practical perspectives. It then explains the genesis of the volume and indicates how the individual chapters, each one of which is summarized, fit into the complex tapestry of Virgilian translation activity through the centuries and across the world. The volume editors indicate points of connection between the chapters in order to render the whole greater than the sum of its parts. Braund and Torlone emphasize that a project such as this could look like a (rather large) collection of case studies; they therefore consider it important to extrapolate larger phenomena from the specifics presented here","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128456941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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