Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0011
S. Woolley, P. Howard
Political communication around the world has evolved significantly through social media. Changes are apparent both in terms of social practices and core technological tools: these include the infrastructure upon which political communication occurs, the salience of its effects, and the habits of its practitioners. Several of these advancements have benefited global democracy. Platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook have been at the heart of communication and organization during pivotal moments of popular activism since 2010: the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, and the Umbrella Protests in Hong Kong among them (Howard, 2010; Bennett & Segerberg, 2013; Woolley, 2016). These same sites have been, increasingly over the last five years, normalized for political control by the powerful. Each of the chapters in this collection highlight the ways that digital media have been co-opted in efforts to manipulate public opinion for various means from the usage of bot armies.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"S. Woolley, P. Howard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Political communication around the world has evolved significantly through social media. Changes are apparent both in terms of social practices and core technological tools: these include the infrastructure upon which political communication occurs, the salience of its effects, and the habits of its practitioners. Several of these advancements have benefited global democracy. Platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook have been at the heart of communication and organization during pivotal moments of popular activism since 2010: the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, and the Umbrella Protests in Hong Kong among them (Howard, 2010; Bennett & Segerberg, 2013; Woolley, 2016). These same sites have been, increasingly over the last five years, normalized for political control by the powerful. Each of the chapters in this collection highlight the ways that digital media have been co-opted in efforts to manipulate public opinion for various means from the usage of bot armies.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130566228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0014
W. Schabas
In late June 1919, as preparations were underway for the signing ceremony of the Treaty of Versailles, rumours reached Paris that the German Crown Prince, who had also found asylum in the Netherlands, was returning home, where he would lead a monarchist revival. The Council of Four sent a message to the Dutch warning them of their concerns and insisting that the Kaiser be safely interned. The Allies were embarrassed when the rumour proved to be false. At the same time, the Council of Four received a strange letter from the former German Chancellor, Theobald van Bethmann-Hollweg, offering to stand in for the Kaiser and take the blame for acts attributed to him. The Council of Four also drafted a letter addressed to the Dutch demanding the Kaiser’s surrender, but agreed to wait before sending it until the Treaty of Versailles entered into force.
{"title":"Implementing Article 227","authors":"W. Schabas","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198833857.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"In late June 1919, as preparations were underway for the signing ceremony of the Treaty of Versailles, rumours reached Paris that the German Crown Prince, who had also found asylum in the Netherlands, was returning home, where he would lead a monarchist revival. The Council of Four sent a message to the Dutch warning them of their concerns and insisting that the Kaiser be safely interned. The Allies were embarrassed when the rumour proved to be false. At the same time, the Council of Four received a strange letter from the former German Chancellor, Theobald van Bethmann-Hollweg, offering to stand in for the Kaiser and take the blame for acts attributed to him. The Council of Four also drafted a letter addressed to the Dutch demanding the Kaiser’s surrender, but agreed to wait before sending it until the Treaty of Versailles entered into force.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123916306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0012
F. Rezende
Among the lessons that can be drawn from the global financial crisis is that private financial institutions have failed to promote the capital development of the affected economies, and to dampen financial fragility. This chapter analyses the macroeconomic role that development banks can play in this context, not only providing long-term funding necessary to promote economic development, but also fostering financial stability. The chapter discusses, in particular, the need for public financial institutions to provide support for infrastructure and sustainable development projects. It concludes that development banks play a strategic role by funding infrastructure projects in particular, and outlines the lessons for enhancing their role as catalysts for mitigating risks associated with such projects.
{"title":"Financial Sustainability and Infrastructure Finance","authors":"F. Rezende","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Among the lessons that can be drawn from the global financial crisis is that private financial institutions have failed to promote the capital development of the affected economies, and to dampen financial fragility. This chapter analyses the macroeconomic role that development banks can play in this context, not only providing long-term funding necessary to promote economic development, but also fostering financial stability. The chapter discusses, in particular, the need for public financial institutions to provide support for infrastructure and sustainable development projects. It concludes that development banks play a strategic role by funding infrastructure projects in particular, and outlines the lessons for enhancing their role as catalysts for mitigating risks associated with such projects.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123991694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0017
Rafaela Granja
This chapter focuses on prisoners and relatives’ narratives to analyse how they negotiate relationships in the shadow of prison and to explore their views on the relational, familial, social, and economic implications of imprisonment. The analysis is based in the Portuguese context, as it is a country that has been witnessing a substantial increase in the prison population. Among the information publicly available about the socio-demographic characterization of the Portuguese prison population, there is no data on family-related dimensions. The absence of a method that collects, analyses, and disseminates information about the familial situation of prisoners is representative of the invisibility of the theme on the public debate. Moreover, this chapter is the first in-depth and comprehensive Portuguese research that jointly takes into consideration prisoners and relatives views’ on the social and familial implications of imprisonment.
{"title":"Sharing Imprisonment","authors":"Rafaela Granja","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on prisoners and relatives’ narratives to analyse how they negotiate relationships in the shadow of prison and to explore their views on the relational, familial, social, and economic implications of imprisonment. The analysis is based in the Portuguese context, as it is a country that has been witnessing a substantial increase in the prison population. Among the information publicly available about the socio-demographic characterization of the Portuguese prison population, there is no data on family-related dimensions. The absence of a method that collects, analyses, and disseminates information about the familial situation of prisoners is representative of the invisibility of the theme on the public debate. Moreover, this chapter is the first in-depth and comprehensive Portuguese research that jointly takes into consideration prisoners and relatives views’ on the social and familial implications of imprisonment.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124002752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0016
A. Milbank
The premises of the book are reprised in the Epilogue to argue for an intensification of religious themes as the Protestant downgrading of spiritual mediating practices leads to a hollowed out secular materialism, requiring a more sympathetic recuperation of Catholic sacramentality, even to establish the spiritual Protestant subject. Recent Gothic fiction by Sarah Perry, Andrew Hurley, and James Robertson illustrates the ongoing importance of Whig, Catholic, and Scottish Calvinist modes of Gothic in contemporary fiction, which questions the limits of the natural.
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"A. Milbank","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The premises of the book are reprised in the Epilogue to argue for an intensification of religious themes as the Protestant downgrading of spiritual mediating practices leads to a hollowed out secular materialism, requiring a more sympathetic recuperation of Catholic sacramentality, even to establish the spiritual Protestant subject. Recent Gothic fiction by Sarah Perry, Andrew Hurley, and James Robertson illustrates the ongoing importance of Whig, Catholic, and Scottish Calvinist modes of Gothic in contemporary fiction, which questions the limits of the natural.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123625394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0023
R. Anjum, S. Mumford
In this chapter we discuss how it is an uncontroversial norm of science that decisions should be based on evidence. There can be debate, however, on what counts as evidence and how we get from evidence to decision. The method of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is now prominent in medical and social science. However, the method also has a number of weaknesses that are inherent to the design. There are some things that RCTs cannot test, while other interventions are well suited for the method. Among other consequences, it can be shown that the method structurally favours certain causal interventions over others.
{"title":"What RCTs Do Not Show","authors":"R. Anjum, S. Mumford","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we discuss how it is an uncontroversial norm of science that decisions should be based on evidence. There can be debate, however, on what counts as evidence and how we get from evidence to decision. The method of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is now prominent in medical and social science. However, the method also has a number of weaknesses that are inherent to the design. There are some things that RCTs cannot test, while other interventions are well suited for the method. Among other consequences, it can be shown that the method structurally favours certain causal interventions over others.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"36 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120909208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0003
V. Nagarajan
This chapter discusses the multiple meanings attributed to the kōlam, a women’s ritual art in Tamil Nadu, India. Marking the transition of the private world to the wider public sphere, the author suggests that the kōlam is a sign of the woman householder’s health and therefore the health of her household. It serves as a form of ritual play, a sacred space, and an invitation to the goddess. The kōlam helps to ward off the evil eye, is a way to communicate with the divine, and is central to festivals and celebrations such as Pongal. The chapter introduces the Hindu notion that householders should “feed a thousand souls every day.” The skills involved in making the kōlam are a part of the common knowledge and are passed down through generations, representing the heart of the gift economy. Kōlams are found not only in Tamil Nadu but also throughout the world.
{"title":"Rituals","authors":"V. Nagarajan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170825.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the multiple meanings attributed to the kōlam, a women’s ritual art in Tamil Nadu, India. Marking the transition of the private world to the wider public sphere, the author suggests that the kōlam is a sign of the woman householder’s health and therefore the health of her household. It serves as a form of ritual play, a sacred space, and an invitation to the goddess. The kōlam helps to ward off the evil eye, is a way to communicate with the divine, and is central to festivals and celebrations such as Pongal. The chapter introduces the Hindu notion that householders should “feed a thousand souls every day.” The skills involved in making the kōlam are a part of the common knowledge and are passed down through generations, representing the heart of the gift economy. Kōlams are found not only in Tamil Nadu but also throughout the world.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121289990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190630430.001.0001
Gianni Pirelli, H. Wechsler, R. Cramer
The authors present the most relevant factors and considerations involved in the intersection between behavioral science and firearms. The intent is to provide a comprehensive review of these issues in the context of the professional literatures in these areas and to serve as an informational and educational source for a wide range of readers and as a reference text for practitioners, institutional and law enforcement personnel, legislators, and academicians and students in fields such as psychology, criminal justice, and public health. Concepts are presented using a best-practices model that encourages and promotes empirically supported practice, research, policy, and overall decision-making. This book is distinct from all others published in this area, given its inclusion and integration of the following: (1) a focus on the behavioral science of firearm-related matters; (2) review of the professional literatures and case law/legal statutes, particularly as related to firearm development and use, laws, regulations, violence, suicide, and safety; (3) considerations and information from various relevant areas: psychology, sociology, criminal justice, law, and others specific to the general public (e.g., media); (4) presentation of a framework for the assessment of civilians seeking firearms permits, reinstatement of their firearms subsequent to revocation, and considerations for relevant others, such as military, law enforcement and corrections personnel, and security and armed guards; (5) issues related to treatment and self-care in the context of firearm use and ownership; (6) a focus on how the principles and empirical knowledge within behavioral science can inform and improve firearm-related policy, practice, and research.
{"title":"The Behavioral Science of Firearms","authors":"Gianni Pirelli, H. Wechsler, R. Cramer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190630430.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190630430.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the most relevant factors and considerations involved in the intersection between behavioral science and firearms. The intent is to provide a comprehensive review of these issues in the context of the professional literatures in these areas and to serve as an informational and educational source for a wide range of readers and as a reference text for practitioners, institutional and law enforcement personnel, legislators, and academicians and students in fields such as psychology, criminal justice, and public health. Concepts are presented using a best-practices model that encourages and promotes empirically supported practice, research, policy, and overall decision-making. This book is distinct from all others published in this area, given its inclusion and integration of the following: (1) a focus on the behavioral science of firearm-related matters; (2) review of the professional literatures and case law/legal statutes, particularly as related to firearm development and use, laws, regulations, violence, suicide, and safety; (3) considerations and information from various relevant areas: psychology, sociology, criminal justice, law, and others specific to the general public (e.g., media); (4) presentation of a framework for the assessment of civilians seeking firearms permits, reinstatement of their firearms subsequent to revocation, and considerations for relevant others, such as military, law enforcement and corrections personnel, and security and armed guards; (5) issues related to treatment and self-care in the context of firearm use and ownership; (6) a focus on how the principles and empirical knowledge within behavioral science can inform and improve firearm-related policy, practice, and research.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121294912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0028
Catherine Macdonald
A major challenge for almost all activity of the extractive industries is that benefits accrue predominantly at the national level while disruptions are invariably highly localized close to the resource. Recently, extractives companies have intensified efforts to correct this imbalance. The aim of this chapter is to identify the optimal approach for companies to encourage sustainable local community development. The role that government and civil society actors can play in supporting this process is also addressed. Community participation is central to the discussion, which makes reference to case studies, particularly that of the community development programmes of a gold mine in Tanzania over a period of fifteen years.
{"title":"The Role of Participation in Sustainable Community Development Programmes in the Extractive Industries","authors":"Catherine Macdonald","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"A major challenge for almost all activity of the extractive industries is that benefits accrue predominantly at the national level while disruptions are invariably highly localized close to the resource. Recently, extractives companies have intensified efforts to correct this imbalance. The aim of this chapter is to identify the optimal approach for companies to encourage sustainable local community development. The role that government and civil society actors can play in supporting this process is also addressed. Community participation is central to the discussion, which makes reference to case studies, particularly that of the community development programmes of a gold mine in Tanzania over a period of fifteen years.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121332042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007
J. Gibson, M. J. Nelson
We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.
{"title":"Questions","authors":"J. Gibson, M. J. Nelson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114357934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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