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A Study on Equity and Distribution of National Income and Poverty Method 国民收入公平分配与贫困方法研究
Pub Date : 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101023
Lucas Bottcher
The study offers an analysis of two important indicators: the equity of the distribution of national income and poverty, using the Gini coefficient, as it gives a numerical measure of the equity of the distribution. The last decades in Iraq and Egypt have witnessed widening the gap between different income groups due to several economic, political, and social factors. Therefore, the research focused on analyzing and measuring the phenomenon of poverty and its relation to the equity of income distribution for a sample of developing countries based on the annual statistical bulletins of the World Bank. Research has increased the phenomenon of poverty. In Iraq, based on national income per capita and total household consumption data using the Gini coefficient, the research concluded with a set of conclusions. The most important is the widening of the gap between per capita consumption and total family consumption increase in national income in Iraq. About the analysis of the phenomenon of Poverty in Egypt, the great disparity is also evident. In the poverty gap between national income per capita and total household consumption, despite the increase in national income in both countries, indicating low national income equity in both countries, and this is the result of the high cost of living and low real incomes, as well as the depreciation of the local currency. Therefore, the research problem boils down to whether the increase in the national income rate reflects positively in reducing inequality in the income distribution of the two countries and reduces the phenomenon of poverty.
该研究使用基尼系数对两个重要指标进行了分析:国民收入分配的公平性和贫困程度,因为基尼系数给出了分配公平性的数字衡量标准。在过去的几十年里,由于一些经济、政治和社会因素,伊拉克和埃及的不同收入群体之间的差距不断扩大。因此,研究的重点是根据世界银行的年度统计公报,分析和衡量发展中国家的贫困现象及其与收入分配公平的关系。研究加剧了贫困现象。在伊拉克,根据人均国民收入和使用基尼系数的家庭总消费数据,研究得出了一系列结论。最重要的是伊拉克的人均消费和家庭消费总额之间的差距在扩大,国民收入也在增加。关于埃及贫困现象的分析,其巨大的差距也是显而易见的。在人均国民收入和家庭总消费之间的贫困差距中,尽管两国的国民收入都有所增加,但这表明两国的国民收入公平程度较低,这是生活成本高、实际收入低以及当地货币贬值的结果。因此,研究的问题归结为国民收入率的提高是否积极地反映了两国收入分配的不平等,减少了贫困现象。
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引用次数: 2
A Study on Financial Literacy and Need for Financial Education 金融素养与金融教育必要性研究
Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101015
María Emma, Sofia Anya
Fillecya (Financial Literacy) Boards adopts the idea of financial literacy education for the community, where the need for people to have better knowledge, confidence, and skills in financial management, where experts believe that financial literacy knowledge is significantly related to individual financial behavior of consumers. The important point in this research is how to teach financial literacy early on to children as the pillars of national development. One reliable alternative strategy in teaching children is through games, where children learn while playing and education will enter naturally. This research emphasizes the Fillecya Board as a medium for early financial literacy education. Scientifically, the Fillecya Board will have a positive contribution to scientific development in the field of financial literacy which is in line with the times. On the other hand, Fillecya also acts as a place for learning while playing for children and a means to train decision making. From the social aspect, fillecya will be able to increase solidarity between children and train healthy competition. By using the Research and Development research approach by using the Four-D model, namely define, design, develop and disseminate. For the first year, the results of this study show that all teachers which is this research respondent felt the need to develop financial literacy learning media. This is considered necessary because so far, the direct instruction method has not been able to make students understand about the material and need more time to achieve this learning goal. The results of this study indicate that more interactive media are needed in this study, one of which is fillecya.
Fillecya (Financial Literacy) Boards采用社区金融素养教育的理念,在社区中,人们需要有更好的理财知识、信心和技能,专家认为,金融素养知识与消费者的个人理财行为显著相关。这项研究的重点是如何尽早向孩子们传授金融知识,使其成为国家发展的支柱。教育孩子的另一种可靠的策略是通过游戏,孩子在游戏中学习,教育自然进入。本研究强调Fillecya Board作为早期金融知识教育的媒介。从科学的角度看,菲莱雅董事会将为与时俱进的金融素养领域的科学发展做出积极贡献。另一方面,Fillecya也是孩子们一边玩耍一边学习的地方,也是训练决策能力的一种手段。从社会方面来看,fillecya将能够增加儿童之间的团结,培养健康的竞争。通过采用研发的研究方法,采用四维模型,即定义、设计、开发和传播。第一年,本研究的结果显示,作为调查对象的所有教师都认为有必要开发金融素养学习媒体。这被认为是必要的,因为到目前为止,直接教学的方法还不能让学生理解材料,需要更多的时间来实现这一学习目标。本研究结果表明,本研究需要更多的互动媒体,其中之一是fillecya。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on Profit System in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises 中小企业利润制度研究
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101007
Olexiy Bakhanov Bogdan
Profit is the main objective upon which most economic units are based and the criterion on which companies depend on their survival and sustainability in the labor market, and there are many parties that depend on it in drawing up their policy to deal with them in light of the profits they achieve, such as owners, investors, creditors, and all users Internal and external according to the degree of interest of each user in the profits. Despite the importance of that element, there are many factors that affect the achievement of profits and their fluctuation from year to year, which requires identification and study of them, and the adaptation of accounting information systems in a manner that reduces their effects and their implications, for the purpose of assisting top management in making rational decisions on it. The research highlights those factors, and many conclusions and recommendations have been reached.
利润是大多数经济单位赖以生存的主要目标,是企业在劳动力市场上赖以生存和可持续发展的标准,根据企业所获得的利润来制定政策来处理利润的各方有很多,如业主、投资者、债权人,以及根据每个用户对利润的兴趣程度来制定内部和外部的所有用户。尽管这一因素很重要,但有许多因素影响利润的实现及其每年的波动,这需要识别和研究这些因素,并适应会计信息系统,以减少它们的影响和影响,以帮助最高管理层做出合理的决策。这项研究强调了这些因素,并得出了许多结论和建议。
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引用次数: 0
Employee Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation in The Context of Public Sector Organization 公共部门组织背景下员工工作满意度与工作动机
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101012
Aldona A Somava
The purpose of this research was to measure the effect of work motivation on employee job satisfaction in Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), Batticaloa district. A Self-administered questionnaire consisting of several measures was employed to gather data from the technical and supporting employees who work in different sections of the CEB like the Distribution Maintenance Office, Area Chief Engineer Office, Distribution Construction Engineer Office and Sub Stores of Batticaloa district. A simple random sampling method was applied to get 285 responses from the respondents. The gathered data were utilized to test the model using the PLS-SEM approach with Smart PLS. The results showed that the essential features of work motivation are manager’s leadership styles, motivation practices, employee job expectations, reward management system and working environment, whereas the identified consequence was employee job satisfaction. All five variables had a positive effect on job satisfaction and among them, employee job expectations and manager’s leadership style had the highest influence and the reward management system had the least influence on job satisfaction. Further, this study offers thoughts for managers by pinpointing the critical factors influencing that motivate employees in CEB.
本研究的目的是测量工作动机对锡兰电力公司(CEB)员工工作满意度的影响。采用了一份包含多项措施的自我管理问卷,收集了在CEB不同部门(如配电维护办公室、区域总工程师办公室、配电施工工程师办公室和Batticaloa区分店)工作的技术和支持员工的数据。采用简单随机抽样的方法,从受访者中得到285份回复。研究结果表明,工作动机的基本特征是管理者的领导风格、激励实践、员工的工作期望、奖励管理制度和工作环境,而结果是员工的工作满意度。五个变量对工作满意度均有正向影响,其中员工工作期望和管理者领导风格对工作满意度的影响最大,奖励管理制度对工作满意度的影响最小。此外,本研究还指出了影响中小企业员工激励的关键因素,为管理者提供了一些思路。
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引用次数: 1
The Economy between Fluctuations in Oil Revenues and Diversifying Sources of Income in Arab Countries 阿拉伯国家石油收入波动与收入来源多样化之间的经济关系
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101011
Yun D Starchenko
The Economic Monitor offers an overview of key economic trends and policies over the preceding six months and discusses conclusions from recent World Bank work on Iraq, putting them in a longer-term and global sense and evaluating the impact of these developments and other policy adjustments Iraq's outlook. The macroeconomy, capital markets, and indices of human health and growth are all included. It is aimed at a broad range of people, like policymakers, industry executives, stock market players, and Iraq's analysts and practitioners. The research problem was represented by the fact that the Iraqi economy is single-source due to its dependence on the crude oil sector, which constitutes more than (60%) of the gross domestic product. Crude oil revenues constitute more than (90%) and neglect other economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, and tourism, whose percentage did not exceed (30%) of the gross domestic product. The weakness of non-oil exports in the foreign trade sector is the failure of macroeconomic policies to diversify the Iraqi economy. The research aims to achieve many goals, the most important of which are: identifying the concept and indicators of diversification. As well as an analysis of the Iraqi economic structure during the period (2008-2019). A forward-looking vision for economic diversification in Iraq.
《经济监测》概述了过去六个月的主要经济趋势和政策,讨论了世界银行最近在伊拉克工作的结论,从长期和全球的角度看待这些结论,并评估了这些发展和其他政策调整对伊拉克前景的影响。宏观经济、资本市场以及人类健康和增长指数都包括在内。这本书的读者范围很广,包括政策制定者、行业高管、股票市场参与者以及伊拉克的分析师和从业人员。研究问题体现在伊拉克经济是单一来源的事实,因为它依赖原油部门,占国内生产总值(gdp)的60%以上。原油收入占国内生产总值的90%以上,忽略了其他经济部门,如农业、工业和旅游业,其比例不超过国内生产总值的30%。外贸部门非石油出口的疲软是宏观经济政策未能使伊拉克经济多样化的结果。本研究旨在达到许多目标,其中最重要的是:确定多元化的概念和指标。以及对2008-2019年期间伊拉克经济结构的分析。对伊拉克经济多样化的前瞻性展望。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability Reporting and Accounting in Measuring the Costs of Flared Dry Gas Industry 燃烧干气行业成本计量中的可持续报告与会计
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101008
Sandoval Ross, E. Thompson
The sector oil and gas are very importance in the Iraqi economy, and natural gas cause less pollution to the environment. Due to the conditions that the country went through, the existing infrastructure is unable to process the quantities of natural gas associated with the extraction of crude oil, therefore it is treated by burning. This has harmful effects on the environment and society. In addition, the expenditure on treating is very large and the country suffer a large loss of revenue in the atmosphere. Therefore, the responsible authorities should decide to limit these burning processes through the information on economy, environment and society that sustainability accounting provides. Also, the company being studied shows that there are a lot of costs incurred by burning dry gas for two reasons: compressors stop working and network pressure. This is a waste of the natural resource and of large sums that could have been revenues for the country. Although there are also disadvantages on the environment and society, the company’s expenditure on the environment and society is small compared to the costs spent on producing dry gas. This does not support sustainable development, and the study concludes with some conclusions and recommendations.
石油和天然气行业在伊拉克经济中非常重要,而且天然气对环境的污染较少。由于该国所经历的条件,现有的基础设施无法处理与原油开采有关的大量天然气,因此通过燃烧来处理。这对环境和社会都有有害的影响。此外,用于治疗的支出非常大,国家在大气中遭受了巨大的收入损失。因此,主管当局应决定通过可持续会计提供的经济、环境和社会信息来限制这些燃烧过程。此外,正在研究的公司表明,燃烧干气的成本很高,原因有两个:压缩机停止工作和网络压力。这是对自然资源的浪费,也是对本可成为国家收入的大笔资金的浪费。虽然在环境和社会方面也存在弊端,但与生产干气的成本相比,公司在环境和社会方面的支出很小。这并不支持可持续发展,研究总结了一些结论和建议。
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引用次数: 0
Study and Analysis of Optimal Portfolio of Investment in Banks 银行最优投资组合研究与分析
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101009
Shibu Thomas Refai, Fathy Al Gamel
The current research aims to study and analyze the investment portfolio in banks and how to manage, study and analysis on the Iraqi banks period 2010-2018 to show the impact of the efficiency of the management of investment portfolio on the profitability of commercial banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The study was conducted on all Iraqi commercial banks listed in the Iraqi financial market, where the researcher first calculated the 2012 index and the risk of the investment portfolio and the return of the investment portfolio, the banks, which represent the independent variable, return on investment and return on equity, and the risk-free return as control and subsidiary variables. A financial analysis aimed at identifying the effect of the efficiency of the management of the investment portfolio on the profitability of commercial banks. The results of the analysis were identical with the results of the statistical analysis, which was performed using the simple regression equation and multiple regression to identify the effect and correlation coefficient Pearson to identify the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The main results of the study were the absence of statistically significant impact on the level of risk-free return on The return on investment and the return on equity and the absence of statistically significant impact at the same level of return on the investment portfolio on both the return on investment and the return on equity and the exi
本研究旨在研究和分析银行的投资组合以及如何管理,研究和分析伊拉克银行2010-2018年期间的投资组合管理效率,以显示投资组合管理效率对伊拉克证券交易所上市商业银行盈利能力的影响。本研究以在伊拉克金融市场上市的所有伊拉克商业银行为研究对象,首先计算2012年指数和投资组合的风险以及投资组合的收益,以银行为自变量,以投资收益率和股本收益率为控制变量和附属变量,以无风险收益为控制变量。一种财务分析,旨在确定投资组合管理效率对商业银行盈利能力的影响。分析结果与统计分析结果一致,统计分析采用简单回归方程和多元回归识别效果,相关系数Pearson识别自变量与因变量之间的关系。研究的主要结果是无风险收益水平对投资收益和股权收益没有统计学意义上的显著影响,在相同收益水平下的投资组合对投资收益和股权收益以及退出均没有统计学意义上的显著影响
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引用次数: 0
Quality of Work Life and Its Effect Upon Entrepreneurial Management 工作生活质量及其对创业管理的影响
Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101010
Chandrani Bojar
The study aims to reveal quality of work life and its effect upon entrepreneurial thinking, and it results from a problem that most service organizations suffer from, poor working environment conditions for individuals, which affected the efficiency of their performance when demonstrating their abilities and creative ideas during their work. So, the study community is the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs with a sample of (214) individuals out of the total community of officials in the middle management of the bodies and departments of the ministry with a number (478). The questionnaire was used as a main tool, visits and personal interviews, and the analytical descriptive approach was adopted using the statistical measures Cronbach's Alpha, weighted arithmetic means, standard deviations, (Z-TEST) and (F-TEST), the relative importance and simple and multiple linear regression analysis, stepwise with the help of AMOS25, Excel v.10 and SPSS v.25 programs. The most prominent conclusions are the presence of a top correlation between the quality of work life and entrepreneurial thinking at a significant level, the high correlation with the entrepreneurial thinking is the organization climate , and the lower correlation with the entrepreneurial thinking are fees and bonuses , as well as the presence of a noticeable effect on the quality of life with its six dimensions together in the entrepreneurial thinking of the Ministry with a factor of determining its rate (74.4%) at a moral level. By diagnosing the most influential dimensions in entrepreneurial thinking by analyzing the gradual linear regression to indicate the organizational climate, training and development of employees, health conditions and occupational keep, and opportunities for Upgrading and career advancement, Collectively in entrepreneurial thinking with a factor of determination of (72.4%) at the level of significance less than the level of morale and exclude wages, bonuses and material work environment that is less influenced in the entrepreneurial thinking.
本研究旨在揭示工作生活质量及其对创业思维的影响,其原因是大多数服务组织都存在一个问题,即个人的工作环境条件较差,这影响了他们在工作中展示自己的能力和创意的效率。因此,研究对象是劳动社会部,从劳动社会部所属机关和部门的中层干部(478人)中抽取214人作为样本。以问卷调查为主要工具,采用走访和个人访谈相结合的方法,采用统计测度Cronbach’s Alpha、加权算术平均数、标准差、(Z-TEST)和(F-TEST)、相对重要性和简单多元线性回归分析,逐步运用AMOS25、Excel v.10和SPSS v.25程序进行分析描述性分析。最显著的结论是:工作生活质量与创业思维之间存在显著的最高相关,与创业思维高度相关的是组织氛围,与创业思维相关性较低的是费用和奖金。以及对生活质量的显著影响,其六个方面加在一起在该部的创业思维中,这是决定其在道德层面上的比率(74.4%)的一个因素。通过逐步线性回归分析对创业思维影响最大的维度进行诊断,表明组织氛围、员工培训与发展、健康状况与职业保持、晋升机会和职业晋升机会对创业思维的影响在显著性水平上小于士气水平(72.4%),且不包括工资水平;奖金和物质工作环境对创业思维的影响较小。
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引用次数: 0
Federal Controlling and Auditing Activities of Safety Requirements for Tourism Facilities 联邦对旅游设施安全要求的控制和审计活动
Pub Date : 2021-01-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101005
Cren Turner, Arjun Rampal
The research aims to study the role of controlling and auditing bodies represented in the federal board of supreme audit in evaluating safety requirements for accidents in markets, malls, hotels, and tourism facilities, and the research included a case study represented in deciding policies and programs for the federal board of supreme audit, and indicate the strength or weakness of the control and auditing procedures in assessing safety requirements in tourism facilities, And its compatibility with the international requirements of the World Tourism Organization, However, the study recommended several proposals in order to create a design audit program in light of the requirements of the World Tourism Organization, and according to the World Tourism Organization report, which includes four dimensions which are the government dimension, Economic dimension, operational dimension, and the standard of tourism product quality.
本研究旨在探讨以联邦最高审计委员会为代表的控制和审计机构在评估市场、商场、酒店和旅游设施的事故安全要求方面所扮演的角色,并包括一个为联邦最高审计委员会制定政策和计划的案例研究,并指出控制和审计程序在评估旅游设施安全要求方面的优势或弱点。然而,为了创建一个符合世界旅游组织要求的设计审计方案,并根据世界旅游组织的报告,本研究提出了几个建议,包括四个维度,即政府维度、经济维度、运营维度和旅游产品质量标准。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on Change Management and Employees Performance in IMS IMS中变革管理与员工绩效研究
Pub Date : 2021-01-05 DOI: 10.53759/5181/jebi202101006
Yujung Yun
The result or outcome of an entity for its deliberate operational success is the outcome or outcome of an institution with regard to the desired objectives and targets. Operational output the study utilizes the analytical data collection process. For analysis, though, it will use both primary and secondary information. The main statistics is information that the author gathers through surveys or questionnaires and the secondary data is the data collected from prior studies and research. The study examined the effect of change management on the quality of workers, taking into account many factors such as ethics, productivity, morale and interaction among others. The research findings have shown that the greater the integrity of workers and the better the interaction, the higher the productivity and the lower the attrition. The study analyzed the impact of change management on employees’ performance, taking into account many factors such as organizational ethics, recruitment, morale and interaction. The research results demonstrate that the higher the moral and communication standards of employees are at work, the greater the retention and the lower the turnover.
一个实体刻意成功运作的结果或结果是一个机构在实现预期目标和指标方面的结果或结果。操作输出研究利用分析数据收集过程。然而,对于分析,它将同时使用主要和次要信息。主要统计数据是作者通过调查或问卷收集的信息,次要数据是以前的研究和研究收集的数据。这项研究考察了变革管理对员工素质的影响,考虑了许多因素,如道德、生产力、士气和其他因素之间的互动。研究结果表明,员工的诚信程度越高,员工之间的互动越好,员工的生产力就越高,员工的流失率就越低。该研究分析了变革管理对员工绩效的影响,考虑了组织道德、招聘、士气和互动等诸多因素。研究结果表明,员工在工作中的道德和沟通标准越高,保留率越高,流动率越低。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Enterprise and Business Intelligence
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