Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558739
Bertrand Charmaison
We consider a vertical industry where a dominant upstream producer (or a cartel of producers) sells an homogenous good to retailers who serve the final market. Using an industrial organisation approach, we show that if at an initial stage the final market is supplied by a single incumbent firm holding long-term contracts with the dominant upstream producer, then an excessive entry of competitors on the retail market leads to an increase of the price paid by final consumers. Our model illustrates the existence of a trade-off between alleviating the double marginalisation issue thanks to additional competition at the retail level and limiting the market power of upstream producers on the wholesale market through long-term contracts. Our results still hold if the dominant upstream firm faces a competitive fringe, provided firms of the fringe face substantially higher costs of production. The counter-intuitive outcome of our model could be of particular relevance for the European natural gas industry, in case the recently settled organisation grouping the largest gas exporters was to turn into a cartel of producers.
{"title":"Will more competition at the retail level of the European natural gas industry necessarily drive down prices for final consumers?","authors":"Bertrand Charmaison","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558739","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a vertical industry where a dominant upstream producer (or a cartel of producers) sells an homogenous good to retailers who serve the final market. Using an industrial organisation approach, we show that if at an initial stage the final market is supplied by a single incumbent firm holding long-term contracts with the dominant upstream producer, then an excessive entry of competitors on the retail market leads to an increase of the price paid by final consumers. Our model illustrates the existence of a trade-off between alleviating the double marginalisation issue thanks to additional competition at the retail level and limiting the market power of upstream producers on the wholesale market through long-term contracts. Our results still hold if the dominant upstream firm faces a competitive fringe, provided firms of the fringe face substantially higher costs of production. The counter-intuitive outcome of our model could be of particular relevance for the European natural gas industry, in case the recently settled organisation grouping the largest gas exporters was to turn into a cartel of producers.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132326078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558715
Miguel Casanovas
There has been an increasing interest on pricing power plants. The main reasons are making power investment decisions, related to the risks derived from managing or investing in combined cycle power plants. A stochastic model for the electricity futures curve has been applied for studying, using the option pricing theory framework, the pricing and hedging of a combined cycle power plant. The solution is obtained by means of solving a stochastic control problem over any feasible future load strategy. We discuss the practical case of hedging against market futures the plant risks. Finally we test against market historical values, the validity of the hedging strategy.
{"title":"On the pricing and hedging of combined cycle power plants using option pricing theory","authors":"Miguel Casanovas","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558715","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an increasing interest on pricing power plants. The main reasons are making power investment decisions, related to the risks derived from managing or investing in combined cycle power plants. A stochastic model for the electricity futures curve has been applied for studying, using the option pricing theory framework, the pricing and hedging of a combined cycle power plant. The solution is obtained by means of solving a stochastic control problem over any feasible future load strategy. We discuss the practical case of hedging against market futures the plant risks. Finally we test against market historical values, the validity of the hedging strategy.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130785466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558772
Ricardo Rios-Zalapa, Manuel E. Ruiz Casillas, J. Wan, K. Cheung
To deal with the pricing aspects of transmission constraint management, Independent System Operators (ISOs) use heuristic tuning of parameters in the “primal” space of the economic dispatch problem, in order to get indirectly “good” “dual” variables, i.e. prices. A method that works directly in the dual space of the economic dispatch to get prices ($/MWh), guided by the primal solution (MW) obtained from a primal formulation, is explored. Additionally, economic sensitivities are proposed, from which indicators are derived to give a complementary view of transmission constraints, to that provided by physical line flow sensitivities. Small networks are used to demonstrate the proposals.
{"title":"A dual-space approach for pricing congestion in electricity markets","authors":"Ricardo Rios-Zalapa, Manuel E. Ruiz Casillas, J. Wan, K. Cheung","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558772","url":null,"abstract":"To deal with the pricing aspects of transmission constraint management, Independent System Operators (ISOs) use heuristic tuning of parameters in the “primal” space of the economic dispatch problem, in order to get indirectly “good” “dual” variables, i.e. prices. A method that works directly in the dual space of the economic dispatch to get prices ($/MWh), guided by the primal solution (MW) obtained from a primal formulation, is explored. Additionally, economic sensitivities are proposed, from which indicators are derived to give a complementary view of transmission constraints, to that provided by physical line flow sensitivities. Small networks are used to demonstrate the proposals.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127051639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558706
J. Pérez-Díaz, A. Perea, J. R. Wilhelmi
In this paper the short-term optimal operation of an electric system comprising several thermal power plants and one pumped storage plant is studied in several scenarios of power demand and wind penetration in order to draw conclusions about the contribution of the pumped storage plant to system operation costs. A mixed integer linear programming model is used to obtain the optimal hourly thermal, hydro and pumping powers so that the production cost of the entire system is minimized. An aggregated piecewise linear hourly production cost curve is used to represent the thermal generation; the marginal production cost varying as a function of the power generated according to the slope of each piecewise linear segment. Main design parameters of the pumped storage plant are not considered fixed in the model but rather they are obtained in the solution with the purpose of drawing conclusions about the plant optimal sizing.
{"title":"Optimal short-term operation and sizing of pumped-storage power plants in systems with high penetration of wind energy","authors":"J. Pérez-Díaz, A. Perea, J. R. Wilhelmi","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558706","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the short-term optimal operation of an electric system comprising several thermal power plants and one pumped storage plant is studied in several scenarios of power demand and wind penetration in order to draw conclusions about the contribution of the pumped storage plant to system operation costs. A mixed integer linear programming model is used to obtain the optimal hourly thermal, hydro and pumping powers so that the production cost of the entire system is minimized. An aggregated piecewise linear hourly production cost curve is used to represent the thermal generation; the marginal production cost varying as a function of the power generated according to the slope of each piecewise linear segment. Main design parameters of the pumped storage plant are not considered fixed in the model but rather they are obtained in the solution with the purpose of drawing conclusions about the plant optimal sizing.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126538637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558669
R. Cossent, L. Olmos, T. Gómez, C. Mateo, P. Frías
Nowadays, the presence of distributed generation (DG) is steadily growing. This growth can produce significant effects on the costs incurred by distribution system operators (DSOs). This impact can be particularly negative if DG keeps playing a passive role, not reacting to network conditions. However, the implementation of advanced response options or active network management (ANM) may mitigate the adverse effects of large DG penetration levels. This paper considers the adoption of ANM planning strategies and provides an estimate of the distribution network costs reduction that can be achieved through the implementation of advanced response options. Two large-scale distribution planning models, called reference network models (RNMs), have been used to calculate these cost estimates. Three actual distribution areas are studied, taking into account different scenarios of load and DG for each one of them. These areas are located in The Netherlands, Germany and Spain and were chosen to reflect a wide range of different types of consumers, load concentration and DG technologies.
{"title":"Mitigating the impact of distributed generation on distribution network costs through advanced response options","authors":"R. Cossent, L. Olmos, T. Gómez, C. Mateo, P. Frías","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558669","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the presence of distributed generation (DG) is steadily growing. This growth can produce significant effects on the costs incurred by distribution system operators (DSOs). This impact can be particularly negative if DG keeps playing a passive role, not reacting to network conditions. However, the implementation of advanced response options or active network management (ANM) may mitigate the adverse effects of large DG penetration levels. This paper considers the adoption of ANM planning strategies and provides an estimate of the distribution network costs reduction that can be achieved through the implementation of advanced response options. Two large-scale distribution planning models, called reference network models (RNMs), have been used to calculate these cost estimates. Three actual distribution areas are studied, taking into account different scenarios of load and DG for each one of them. These areas are located in The Netherlands, Germany and Spain and were chosen to reflect a wide range of different types of consumers, load concentration and DG technologies.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115638089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558684
Gudbrand Lien, Erik Haugom, Sjur Westgaard, P. Solibakke
Volatility and correlation modelling is important in order to calculate hedge ratios, value at risk estimates, CAPM betas, derivate pricing and for risk management in general. Historically, these measures have usually been obtained by analyzing daily data. Recently access to intra-daily high-frequency data for two of the most liquid contracts at the Nord Pool exchange (quarterly and yearly forward contracts), makes it possible to apply new and promising methods for analyzing volatility and correlation. We apply the concept of realized volatility and realized correlation, and as the first study statistically describe the distribution (both distributional properties and temporal dependencies) of electricity forward data from 2005 to 2009. The overall main findings show that the logarithmic realized volatility are approximately normal distributed, while realized correlation seems not. Further, realized volatility and realized correlation has a long memory feature, and there seem to be a high correlation between realized correlation and volatilities. These results are to a large extent consistent with earlier stylized facts studies of other financial and commodity markets.
{"title":"Covariance estimation using high-frequency data: Analysis of Nord Pool electricity forward data","authors":"Gudbrand Lien, Erik Haugom, Sjur Westgaard, P. Solibakke","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558684","url":null,"abstract":"Volatility and correlation modelling is important in order to calculate hedge ratios, value at risk estimates, CAPM betas, derivate pricing and for risk management in general. Historically, these measures have usually been obtained by analyzing daily data. Recently access to intra-daily high-frequency data for two of the most liquid contracts at the Nord Pool exchange (quarterly and yearly forward contracts), makes it possible to apply new and promising methods for analyzing volatility and correlation. We apply the concept of realized volatility and realized correlation, and as the first study statistically describe the distribution (both distributional properties and temporal dependencies) of electricity forward data from 2005 to 2009. The overall main findings show that the logarithmic realized volatility are approximately normal distributed, while realized correlation seems not. Further, realized volatility and realized correlation has a long memory feature, and there seem to be a high correlation between realized correlation and volatilities. These results are to a large extent consistent with earlier stylized facts studies of other financial and commodity markets.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558743
F. Suard, S. Goutier, David Mercier
This paper proposes to explain the variations of energy price, namely the electricity on the German market. Such price variations are described by a set of characteristics which are not totally relevant to explain the variations. We first propose to find explanations by using visual tools in order to draw some preliminary conclusions. Analysing such kind of data is usually done thanks to visual comparison by plotting the curves chronologically. In a second time, we propose to build a statistical model from data. The aim of such approach is to detail the characteristic that get involved in the solution, so that we can automatically extract the most pertinent characteristics. We apply this approach on a set of historical data (2007–2010). Obtained results show that methodology is very interesting, since the conclusion from the statistical modelling enforce the visual analysis and also add details about the explanation.
{"title":"Extracting relevant features to explain electricity price variations","authors":"F. Suard, S. Goutier, David Mercier","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558743","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes to explain the variations of energy price, namely the electricity on the German market. Such price variations are described by a set of characteristics which are not totally relevant to explain the variations. We first propose to find explanations by using visual tools in order to draw some preliminary conclusions. Analysing such kind of data is usually done thanks to visual comparison by plotting the curves chronologically. In a second time, we propose to build a statistical model from data. The aim of such approach is to detail the characteristic that get involved in the solution, so that we can automatically extract the most pertinent characteristics. We apply this approach on a set of historical data (2007–2010). Obtained results show that methodology is very interesting, since the conclusion from the statistical modelling enforce the visual analysis and also add details about the explanation.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123945536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558690
Almudena Huerta Miranda, C. Villar
Impacts of large penetration of wind are analyzed in depth in this paper. The analysis proposed is strengthened using a simulation model. The probabilistic model is based on a case scenario that currently is present on the Spanish market taking several hypotheses. According to the model, the growth of RES capacity will substantially reduce the residual demand left to conventional thermal generation. The load factor reduction of thermal technologies, together with episodes of zero or negative prices (where implemented), compromises their operation in the mid term and the system adequacy in the long term. The paper also advocates for a burden sharing of costs involved in order to compliance with the ambitious targets set by RES Directive, since even though not all the different sectors have the same possibilities to make use of renewable sources of energy, are part of the gross final consumption
{"title":"Impacts of large penetration of wind in electricity systems. Probabilistic analysis on Spanish market","authors":"Almudena Huerta Miranda, C. Villar","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558690","url":null,"abstract":"Impacts of large penetration of wind are analyzed in depth in this paper. The analysis proposed is strengthened using a simulation model. The probabilistic model is based on a case scenario that currently is present on the Spanish market taking several hypotheses. According to the model, the growth of RES capacity will substantially reduce the residual demand left to conventional thermal generation. The load factor reduction of thermal technologies, together with episodes of zero or negative prices (where implemented), compromises their operation in the mid term and the system adequacy in the long term. The paper also advocates for a burden sharing of costs involved in order to compliance with the ambitious targets set by RES Directive, since even though not all the different sectors have the same possibilities to make use of renewable sources of energy, are part of the gross final consumption","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116943341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558782
A. Karnama, V. Knazkins
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) with larger battery size in comparison with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are designed to run alternatively on electric mode by means of grid electricity. They are mainly introduced in order to decrease the emissions and reduce the fossil fuel dependency in the transportation sector. These vehicles are considered as a new type of additional load for the power system which are introduced while smart grid concept is being developed rapidly. The effects of different number of conventional vehicles changed to PHEVs on the 11 kV substations in Stockholm are investigated in this paper. This is done by planning scenarios for penetration of the PHEVs in the city. The output results of the scenario are implemented in the simulated power system in PSS/E by using the Python as the automation tool. The results showed that the existing grid infrastructures in 11kV substations in Stockholm can handle 100 percent of the existing conventional cars converted to PHEVs in case regulated charging pattern is implemented. However, more residential areas are subject to more problems from grid infrastructures capacity perspective in case one-phase charging facility is the only available one. In addition, by the same amount of energy consumption, the losses are lower (by 0.48 percent) if the energy consumption for the PHEVs is regulated.
{"title":"Scenario-based investigation of the effects of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in 11 kV substations in Stockholm","authors":"A. Karnama, V. Knazkins","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558782","url":null,"abstract":"Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) with larger battery size in comparison with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are designed to run alternatively on electric mode by means of grid electricity. They are mainly introduced in order to decrease the emissions and reduce the fossil fuel dependency in the transportation sector. These vehicles are considered as a new type of additional load for the power system which are introduced while smart grid concept is being developed rapidly. The effects of different number of conventional vehicles changed to PHEVs on the 11 kV substations in Stockholm are investigated in this paper. This is done by planning scenarios for penetration of the PHEVs in the city. The output results of the scenario are implemented in the simulated power system in PSS/E by using the Python as the automation tool. The results showed that the existing grid infrastructures in 11kV substations in Stockholm can handle 100 percent of the existing conventional cars converted to PHEVs in case regulated charging pattern is implemented. However, more residential areas are subject to more problems from grid infrastructures capacity perspective in case one-phase charging facility is the only available one. In addition, by the same amount of energy consumption, the losses are lower (by 0.48 percent) if the energy consumption for the PHEVs is regulated.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115049427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-23DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2010.5558696
H. Gerbracht, Dominik Most, W. Fichtner
The expanding market for electric mobility and its associated increasing electricity demand will affect the long term development of the European energy system. This effect depends on various framework conditions, such as the emission trading system, coupling requirements with renewable energy supplies, load shifting potentials, load infrastructure and the European transmission grid. Thus electric mobility will affect the investment strategies of energy utilities. This paper analyses the framework for electric mobility in Germany and introduces a model approach for an impact analysis of electric mobility on the European energy system based on an optimising energy system model. The electricity demand and load curve for electric mobility are derived and first results confirm the necessity for a European model approach in contrast to a national one in order to analyse these effects. Furthermore, results indicate that beside the market penetration, mainly the flexibility of charging intervals influences the impact of electric mobility on the energy system.
{"title":"Impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on Germany's power plant portfolio - A model based approach","authors":"H. Gerbracht, Dominik Most, W. Fichtner","doi":"10.1109/EEM.2010.5558696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2010.5558696","url":null,"abstract":"The expanding market for electric mobility and its associated increasing electricity demand will affect the long term development of the European energy system. This effect depends on various framework conditions, such as the emission trading system, coupling requirements with renewable energy supplies, load shifting potentials, load infrastructure and the European transmission grid. Thus electric mobility will affect the investment strategies of energy utilities. This paper analyses the framework for electric mobility in Germany and introduces a model approach for an impact analysis of electric mobility on the European energy system based on an optimising energy system model. The electricity demand and load curve for electric mobility are derived and first results confirm the necessity for a European model approach in contrast to a national one in order to analyse these effects. Furthermore, results indicate that beside the market penetration, mainly the flexibility of charging intervals influences the impact of electric mobility on the energy system.","PeriodicalId":310310,"journal":{"name":"2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124865901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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