Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/51863.2647
Shahanaz Shaik, B. Kumarguru, Ashutosh Ramaswamy, R. Anegundi, P. Janakiraman
Introduction: The ABO blood group antigens are expressed on the erythrocyte membrane and on the surface of other normal and pathological cells. Recently, there has been an increasing research interest in the association between ABO blood group antigens and certain type of human cancers. Aim: To determine the association of ABO blood group and Rh blood type in patients with breast lesions. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective observational study done at a rural tertiary care referral institute, PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (PESIMSR), Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2015 to December 2018. Apparently healthy female voluntary blood donors constituted the control group (n=222). Patients with breast lesions constituted the study group (n=125). The association of the breast lesions with ABO blood group and Rh blood type was analysed. Frequencies, Chi‑square test and crosstabs were the statistical tools used for data analysis. All the statistical calculations were performed through Statistical Software for Data Science (STATA) version 14.1. Results: Total 125 cases of breast lesions were analysed. Neoplastic lesions 113 (90.4%) were more common than the non neoplastic lesions 12 (9.6%). Blood group “O” was the most common blood group in malignant neoplasms and was statistically significant (p=0.045). Blood group B was the most common blood group in grade II invasive breast carcinoma and was statistically just significant (p=0.05). Conclusion: A definite change in the pattern of distribution of ABO blood group was observed in grade II malignant neoplasms. It may be hypothesised that knowing the blood group of breast cancer patients may be beneficial in order to triage the patients for the purpose of efficient management.
{"title":"Association of ABO Blood Group Status in Patients with Breast Lesions and Emphasis on Invasive Breast Carcinoma","authors":"Shahanaz Shaik, B. Kumarguru, Ashutosh Ramaswamy, R. Anegundi, P. Janakiraman","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51863.2647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51863.2647","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The ABO blood group antigens are expressed on the erythrocyte membrane and on the surface of other normal and pathological cells. Recently, there has been an increasing research interest in the association between ABO blood group antigens and certain type of human cancers. Aim: To determine the association of ABO blood group and Rh blood type in patients with breast lesions. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective observational study done at a rural tertiary care referral institute, PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (PESIMSR), Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2015 to December 2018. Apparently healthy female voluntary blood donors constituted the control group (n=222). Patients with breast lesions constituted the study group (n=125). The association of the breast lesions with ABO blood group and Rh blood type was analysed. Frequencies, Chi‑square test and crosstabs were the statistical tools used for data analysis. All the statistical calculations were performed through Statistical Software for Data Science (STATA) version 14.1. Results: Total 125 cases of breast lesions were analysed. Neoplastic lesions 113 (90.4%) were more common than the non neoplastic lesions 12 (9.6%). Blood group “O” was the most common blood group in malignant neoplasms and was statistically significant (p=0.045). Blood group B was the most common blood group in grade II invasive breast carcinoma and was statistically just significant (p=0.05). Conclusion: A definite change in the pattern of distribution of ABO blood group was observed in grade II malignant neoplasms. It may be hypothesised that knowing the blood group of breast cancer patients may be beneficial in order to triage the patients for the purpose of efficient management.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53594.2611
C. Anushree, S. S. Maharana, Bhavya Nair, Y. Manjunatha
Introduction: Majority of nasal and paranasal sinus lesions clinically present as polypoidal lesions, complicating the diagnosis for the physician which inturn hampers the patient prognosis and in few cases survival of patient, so histopathology is imperative to arrive at the diagnosis. Carcinoma of the paranasal sinus cavity is rare representing 3-4% of head and neck tumours and less than 1% of all malignancies. Aim: To examine the histopathological patterns of neoplastic nasal and paranasal sinus lesions, to categorise neoplastic lesions into benign and malignant types, to find the relation of these lesions with age and sex and also to find the utility of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in differentiating morphologically suspicious lesions. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2020-January 2021. A total of 22 cases were taken for the study, which were received as nasal and paranasal sinus lesions in histopathology. All the lesions received were processed according to standard protocol and diagnosed histopathologically and confirmed by relevant special stains and immunohistochemical analysis (CD99, CD56 etc.). Results: Out of 22 cases, 16 were benign and six were malignant. The lesions were commonly detected between fourth to sixth decades. Male to female ratio was 1.4:1. The ratio of benign to malignant lesion was 2.67:1. The most common benign lesion encountered was capillary haemangioma (seven cases) and malignant lesion seen was squamous cell carcinoma (three cases), comparable to other similar studies. The IHC was done in malignant lesions for accurate diagnosis. Conclusion: In the present study, the cases are divided into benign and malignant lesions with the help of histopathological examination. Cases showing features of malignancy were further subjected to immunohistochemical examination as to diagnose the cases precisely and thus help in patient treatment and prognosis.
{"title":"Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Features of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Neoplastic Lesions- A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"C. Anushree, S. S. Maharana, Bhavya Nair, Y. Manjunatha","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53594.2611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53594.2611","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Majority of nasal and paranasal sinus lesions clinically present as polypoidal lesions, complicating the diagnosis for the physician which inturn hampers the patient prognosis and in few cases survival of patient, so histopathology is imperative to arrive at the diagnosis. Carcinoma of the paranasal sinus cavity is rare representing 3-4% of head and neck tumours and less than 1% of all malignancies. Aim: To examine the histopathological patterns of neoplastic nasal and paranasal sinus lesions, to categorise neoplastic lesions into benign and malignant types, to find the relation of these lesions with age and sex and also to find the utility of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in differentiating morphologically suspicious lesions. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2020-January 2021. A total of 22 cases were taken for the study, which were received as nasal and paranasal sinus lesions in histopathology. All the lesions received were processed according to standard protocol and diagnosed histopathologically and confirmed by relevant special stains and immunohistochemical analysis (CD99, CD56 etc.). Results: Out of 22 cases, 16 were benign and six were malignant. The lesions were commonly detected between fourth to sixth decades. Male to female ratio was 1.4:1. The ratio of benign to malignant lesion was 2.67:1. The most common benign lesion encountered was capillary haemangioma (seven cases) and malignant lesion seen was squamous cell carcinoma (three cases), comparable to other similar studies. The IHC was done in malignant lesions for accurate diagnosis. Conclusion: In the present study, the cases are divided into benign and malignant lesions with the help of histopathological examination. Cases showing features of malignancy were further subjected to immunohistochemical examination as to diagnose the cases precisely and thus help in patient treatment and prognosis.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53060.2658
K. M. Mathi, M. Chowdary
Introduction: In Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) like India, either Fasting Plasma Glucose or Postprandial Plasma Glucose (FPG/PPG) estimations were adopted as surrogate alternative to Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, the reliability of this correlation remains ambiguous due to lack of consensus among the previous studies. Aim: To determine the correlation of FPG and PPG as well as their calculated mean with HbA1c in T2DM subjects for monitoring glycaemic status. Materials and Methods: A single centre, retrospective, cross- sectional data survey was carried out for a sampling frame of 13 months (August 2017 to August 2018) encompassing 1268 T2DM subjects. The data was collected during September 2018 to March 2019 and subsequently analysed during April 2019 to August 2019. The analysis was carried out in two approaches. In the first approach: the data was segregated into two major groups and six subgroups to understand relative concordance and discordance percentage; sensitivity, specificity and accuracy; and absolute and percentage difference recruiting relevant statistical tools. In the second approach, Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to understand changes in FPG/PPG/calculated mean with increasing severity of T2DM. Results: With increasing severity of T2DM (HbA1c), not only gradual exacerbation of underestimation in FPG and overestimation in PPG but also declination of sensitivity in either of them was apparent. Though calculated mean of FPG and PPG measurements appended with intermittent features yet mimics PPG. AUC of ROC analysis revealed relatively high PPG levels at lower HbA1c levels and its replacement with FPG with increasing HbA1c levels. Conclusion: An integrated utility of both FPG and PPG as tuning tools of treatment modalities to achieve desired HbA1c levels in T2DM could be a promising approach.
{"title":"Evaluation of Plasma Glucose Estimations as Reliable Economical Surrogate for HbA1c in Monitoring Glycaemic Status of T2DM Patients: A Retrospective Study","authors":"K. M. Mathi, M. Chowdary","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53060.2658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53060.2658","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) like India, either Fasting Plasma Glucose or Postprandial Plasma Glucose (FPG/PPG) estimations were adopted as surrogate alternative to Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, the reliability of this correlation remains ambiguous due to lack of consensus among the previous studies. Aim: To determine the correlation of FPG and PPG as well as their calculated mean with HbA1c in T2DM subjects for monitoring glycaemic status. Materials and Methods: A single centre, retrospective, cross- sectional data survey was carried out for a sampling frame of 13 months (August 2017 to August 2018) encompassing 1268 T2DM subjects. The data was collected during September 2018 to March 2019 and subsequently analysed during April 2019 to August 2019. The analysis was carried out in two approaches. In the first approach: the data was segregated into two major groups and six subgroups to understand relative concordance and discordance percentage; sensitivity, specificity and accuracy; and absolute and percentage difference recruiting relevant statistical tools. In the second approach, Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to understand changes in FPG/PPG/calculated mean with increasing severity of T2DM. Results: With increasing severity of T2DM (HbA1c), not only gradual exacerbation of underestimation in FPG and overestimation in PPG but also declination of sensitivity in either of them was apparent. Though calculated mean of FPG and PPG measurements appended with intermittent features yet mimics PPG. AUC of ROC analysis revealed relatively high PPG levels at lower HbA1c levels and its replacement with FPG with increasing HbA1c levels. Conclusion: An integrated utility of both FPG and PPG as tuning tools of treatment modalities to achieve desired HbA1c levels in T2DM could be a promising approach.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/52303.2636
M. Shankar, Anjali Sharma, Mumta Singh, .. Sugandha
{"title":"Unusual Analytic Error Which Can Mimic as a Preanalytical Error","authors":"M. Shankar, Anjali Sharma, Mumta Singh, .. Sugandha","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/52303.2636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/52303.2636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53686.2621
H. Sharma, Meghana Bansal, Ritu Sharma, Nikhilesh Kumar, Deepak Munjal
Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pose a threat to life as with every unit of blood there is 1% chance of transfusion associated problems which include the transfusion of transmitted diseases as well. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of India) under The Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1945 (amended from time to time) mandates the screening of blood donations against five major infections- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective five year study from February 2016 to January 2021. The study was undertaken at TS Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample size included 5420 blood donors. The data concerning type of donors, gender and results of screening tests were obtained from blood bank register/records. Donor selection was based on history of present and past illness and also included a pre-donation questionnaire. Serum samples were screened for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HIV Type 1 and 2 and antibodies to HCV using Microwell Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Test. For syphilis and malaria detection, membrane based immunoassay and sandwich immunoassay techniques were used respectively. Results: Out of a total of 5420 blood donations over a period of five years, there were 5298 male donors and 122 female donors. There were 5368 replacement donors and 52 voluntary donors. The prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, syphilis and malaria was 0.16%, 0.77%, 0.11%, 0.53% and 0%, respectively. Conclusion: Voluntary blood donations, stringent screening measures, advanced screening techniques, strict donor selection are essential features for decreasing the prevalence further and also would ensure blood safety.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India: A Five Year Retrospective Study","authors":"H. Sharma, Meghana Bansal, Ritu Sharma, Nikhilesh Kumar, Deepak Munjal","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53686.2621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53686.2621","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pose a threat to life as with every unit of blood there is 1% chance of transfusion associated problems which include the transfusion of transmitted diseases as well. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of India) under The Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1945 (amended from time to time) mandates the screening of blood donations against five major infections- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective five year study from February 2016 to January 2021. The study was undertaken at TS Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample size included 5420 blood donors. The data concerning type of donors, gender and results of screening tests were obtained from blood bank register/records. Donor selection was based on history of present and past illness and also included a pre-donation questionnaire. Serum samples were screened for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HIV Type 1 and 2 and antibodies to HCV using Microwell Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Test. For syphilis and malaria detection, membrane based immunoassay and sandwich immunoassay techniques were used respectively. Results: Out of a total of 5420 blood donations over a period of five years, there were 5298 male donors and 122 female donors. There were 5368 replacement donors and 52 voluntary donors. The prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, syphilis and malaria was 0.16%, 0.77%, 0.11%, 0.53% and 0%, respectively. Conclusion: Voluntary blood donations, stringent screening measures, advanced screening techniques, strict donor selection are essential features for decreasing the prevalence further and also would ensure blood safety.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/54808.2619
Priya P Kartha, Aysha Ali, K. Jayasree, B. Sreeram
Introduction: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis otherwise called as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and one of the most common thyroid lesions in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Diagnosis depends on clinical findings, ultrasonographic findings, thyroid profile and antithyroid antibody levels along with the FNAC findings. Not much studies are there which have assessed the association of the clinical and biochemical parameters with the cytological findings. Aim: To grade the cytological features of lymphocytic thyroiditis and to study the association of the grades with Thyroid Function Test (TFT) and antithyroid antibody levels. Materials and Methods: A prospective time bound analytical observational study of one year was carried out in the Department of Pathology at Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala, India after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). Out of the total of 462 cases of thyroid lesions who underwent Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA), 147 cases were lymphocytic thyroiditis as per cytology. Of these, 40 cases had Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Antithyroglobulin Antibody (ATG) and Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody (ATPO) levels known which were included in the study. Cytological grading of those were done and the association of the same with the above mentioned parameters was studied. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics were calculated and presented as percentages, mean and Standard Deviation (SD). Chi-square test was used to find the association between the categorical variables. The p-value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Cytomorphology was diagnostic of thyroiditis in all the cases. Out of the 40 cases, 32 were females.The most common age group affected was 31-40 years, though it ranged from 18-68 years. Most common clinical presentation was diffusely enlarged thyroid, though a few presented as nodular disease. Most of the patients had grade 1 thyroiditis (23 cases) followed by grade 2 (13 cases). Elevated antithyroid antibody levels - ATPO elevated in 32 cases and ATG in 20 cases. TSH was seen elevated in 28 cases of thyroiditis. No association was observed with the antithyroid antibody levels and the cytological grade. Conclusion: Lymphocytic infiltration into the follicles is the diagnostic cytological feature of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. TSH elevation and positive ATPO levels strongly suggest Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. No association was found between the cytological grade and TSH and antibody levels.
桥本甲状腺炎又称慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎，是甲状腺功能减退最常见的病因，也是细针穿刺细胞学检查中最常见的甲状腺病变之一。诊断取决于临床表现、超声检查结果、甲状腺特征和抗甲状腺抗体水平以及FNAC检查结果。很少有研究评估临床和生化参数与细胞学结果的关系。目的:对淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的细胞学特征进行分级，并探讨分级与甲状腺功能试验(TFT)及抗甲状腺抗体水平的关系。材料和方法:获得机构伦理委员会(IEC)的批准后，在印度喀拉拉邦Palakkad政府医学院病理学系进行了一项为期一年的前瞻性时间限制分析性观察研究。在462例甲状腺病变中，经细针穿刺(FNA)治疗的147例为淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎。其中，40例患者的促甲状腺激素(TSH)、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(ATG)和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(ATPO)水平已被纳入研究。对这些细胞进行了细胞学分级，并研究了其与上述参数的关系。数据采用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)软件进行分析。计算描述性统计数据，并以百分比、平均值和标准差(SD)表示。使用卡方检验来发现分类变量之间的相关性。p值<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:所有病例均可通过细胞形态学诊断甲状腺炎。在40例病例中，32例为女性。最常见的受影响年龄组是31-40岁，但范围从18-68岁不等。最常见的临床表现是弥漫性甲状腺肿大，尽管少数表现为结节性疾病。甲状腺炎以1级为主(23例)，其次为2级(13例)。抗甲状腺抗体水平升高- ATPO 32例，ATG 20例。28例甲状腺炎患者TSH升高。抗甲状腺抗体水平与细胞学分级无相关性。结论:淋巴细胞向卵泡浸润是慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的诊断细胞学特征。TSH升高和ATPO阳性提示桥本甲状腺炎。未发现细胞学分级、TSH和抗体水平之间存在关联。
{"title":"Lymphocytic Thyroiditis- Association between Cytology and Biochemical Findings","authors":"Priya P Kartha, Aysha Ali, K. Jayasree, B. Sreeram","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/54808.2619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/54808.2619","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis otherwise called as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and one of the most common thyroid lesions in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Diagnosis depends on clinical findings, ultrasonographic findings, thyroid profile and antithyroid antibody levels along with the FNAC findings. Not much studies are there which have assessed the association of the clinical and biochemical parameters with the cytological findings. Aim: To grade the cytological features of lymphocytic thyroiditis and to study the association of the grades with Thyroid Function Test (TFT) and antithyroid antibody levels. Materials and Methods: A prospective time bound analytical observational study of one year was carried out in the Department of Pathology at Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala, India after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). Out of the total of 462 cases of thyroid lesions who underwent Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA), 147 cases were lymphocytic thyroiditis as per cytology. Of these, 40 cases had Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Antithyroglobulin Antibody (ATG) and Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody (ATPO) levels known which were included in the study. Cytological grading of those were done and the association of the same with the above mentioned parameters was studied. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics were calculated and presented as percentages, mean and Standard Deviation (SD). Chi-square test was used to find the association between the categorical variables. The p-value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Cytomorphology was diagnostic of thyroiditis in all the cases. Out of the 40 cases, 32 were females.The most common age group affected was 31-40 years, though it ranged from 18-68 years. Most common clinical presentation was diffusely enlarged thyroid, though a few presented as nodular disease. Most of the patients had grade 1 thyroiditis (23 cases) followed by grade 2 (13 cases). Elevated antithyroid antibody levels - ATPO elevated in 32 cases and ATG in 20 cases. TSH was seen elevated in 28 cases of thyroiditis. No association was observed with the antithyroid antibody levels and the cytological grade. Conclusion: Lymphocytic infiltration into the follicles is the diagnostic cytological feature of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. TSH elevation and positive ATPO levels strongly suggest Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. No association was found between the cytological grade and TSH and antibody levels.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53673.2626
Subhashini Ramamoorthy, S. Sinhasan, Basavanandaswami C Harthimath
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females. There is increasing awareness and the associated anxiety and stress among women, who perceive every symptom in breast as carcinoma, compels the patients to seek medical advice. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a relatively simple, reliable, atraumatic, economical and complication free technique for the evaluation of mass lesions. Aim: To study the varied spectrum of breast tumours and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cytological findings by comparing it with histopathological findings in breast tumours. Materials and Methods: The present study was a hospital- based cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India, from November 2017-October 2019. All cases of breast tumours, sent by surgeon, as out-patient or in- patient, who underwent FNAC followed by surgical biopsy, were included in this study. A total of 150 cases were studied. FNAC smears were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou (Pap) stains and air-dried smears were stained using May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain. The excised specimen after surgery was subjected to detailed histopathological examination. Representative bits were taken from appropriate sites and stained using H&E stains, special stains and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were carried out wherever necessary. Results: Majority of cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. There were 149 cases of female patients and only one case of male patient with breast carcinoma during the study period. Cytology showed 117 cases of benign tumours and 33 cases were malignant. Histopathology revealed 116 cases of benign tumours and 34 cases of malignant. One case was given as Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) in cytology, found to be malignant Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) on histopathological examination. Five cases on cytology which were given as suspicious of carcinoma (C4 category) were found to be IDC on excision biopsy. Benign lesions were common in right breast, whereas malignant lesions were common in left breast. The diagnostic value of FNAC was assessed and showed sensitivity: 97.06%, specificity: 100%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV): 100%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV): 99.15% Accuracy of 99.33%. Conclusion: The present study was an attempt to compare cytological and histomorphological findings in breast tumours to know the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC and also studying the spectrum of breast lesions. The high specificity and negative predictive value showed high accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing the malignancy. It is an established method to determine the nature of breast lesions. In the present study, fibroadenoma was the commonest benign tumour and IDC- Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) type was the commonest malignant tumour.
简介:乳腺癌是最常见的癌症，也是女性癌症死亡的主要原因。妇女越来越意识到这一点，并感到焦虑和压力，她们认为乳腺癌的每一种症状都是癌症，迫使患者寻求医疗建议。细针穿刺细胞学(FNAC)是一种相对简单、可靠、无创伤、经济、无并发症的肿块评估技术。目的:研究乳腺肿瘤的不同谱，并通过比较乳腺肿瘤的细胞学表现和组织病理学表现来评价其诊断价值。材料和方法:本研究是一项基于医院的横断面研究，于2017年11月至2019年10月在印度本地治里英迪拉甘地医学院和研究所病理学系进行。所有由外科医生送出的门诊或住院的乳腺肿瘤患者，均接受了FNAC和手术活检，纳入本研究。共研究了150例病例。FNAC涂片采用苏木精和伊红(H&E)和巴氏染色(Pap)染色，风干涂片采用May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG)染色。术后切除标本进行详细的组织病理学检查。从适当部位取代表性位，用H&E染色，特殊染色和免疫组化(IHC)进行染色。结果:以21 ~ 30岁年龄组居多。研究期间女性乳腺癌患者149例，男性乳腺癌患者1例。细胞学检查显示良性肿瘤117例，恶性肿瘤33例。组织病理学检查显示良性肿瘤116例，恶性肿瘤34例。1例细胞学检查为不典型导管增生(ADH)，组织病理学检查为恶性浸润性导管癌(IDC)。5例细胞学检查怀疑为癌(C4型)，切除活检发现为IDC。良性病变多见于右乳，恶性病变多见于左乳。评估FNAC的诊断价值，敏感性为97.06%，特异性为100%，阳性预测值(PPV)为100%，阴性预测值(NPV)为99.15%，准确率为99.33%。结论:本研究旨在比较乳腺肿瘤的细胞学和组织形态学表现，以了解FNAC诊断的准确性，并研究乳腺病变的谱。FNAC具有较高的特异性和阴性预测值，对恶性肿瘤的诊断具有较高的准确性。这是一种确定乳腺病变性质的既定方法。在本研究中，纤维腺瘤是最常见的良性肿瘤，而IDC- Not otherspecified (NOS)型是最常见的恶性肿瘤。
{"title":"Comparison of Cytological and Histomorphological Findings in Breast Tumours- A Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India","authors":"Subhashini Ramamoorthy, S. Sinhasan, Basavanandaswami C Harthimath","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53673.2626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53673.2626","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females. There is increasing awareness and the associated anxiety and stress among women, who perceive every symptom in breast as carcinoma, compels the patients to seek medical advice. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a relatively simple, reliable, atraumatic, economical and complication free technique for the evaluation of mass lesions. Aim: To study the varied spectrum of breast tumours and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cytological findings by comparing it with histopathological findings in breast tumours. Materials and Methods: The present study was a hospital- based cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India, from November 2017-October 2019. All cases of breast tumours, sent by surgeon, as out-patient or in- patient, who underwent FNAC followed by surgical biopsy, were included in this study. A total of 150 cases were studied. FNAC smears were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou (Pap) stains and air-dried smears were stained using May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain. The excised specimen after surgery was subjected to detailed histopathological examination. Representative bits were taken from appropriate sites and stained using H&E stains, special stains and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were carried out wherever necessary. Results: Majority of cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. There were 149 cases of female patients and only one case of male patient with breast carcinoma during the study period. Cytology showed 117 cases of benign tumours and 33 cases were malignant. Histopathology revealed 116 cases of benign tumours and 34 cases of malignant. One case was given as Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) in cytology, found to be malignant Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) on histopathological examination. Five cases on cytology which were given as suspicious of carcinoma (C4 category) were found to be IDC on excision biopsy. Benign lesions were common in right breast, whereas malignant lesions were common in left breast. The diagnostic value of FNAC was assessed and showed sensitivity: 97.06%, specificity: 100%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV): 100%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV): 99.15% Accuracy of 99.33%. Conclusion: The present study was an attempt to compare cytological and histomorphological findings in breast tumours to know the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC and also studying the spectrum of breast lesions. The high specificity and negative predictive value showed high accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing the malignancy. It is an established method to determine the nature of breast lesions. In the present study, fibroadenoma was the commonest benign tumour and IDC- Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) type was the commonest malignant tumour.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/50353.2562
A. Behera, Swetalina Jena, R. Sethi
Introduction: Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is defined as infection that is acquired after 48 hours of admission in hospital for a reason other than that infection and the infection was neither present nor incubating at the time of admission. Device Associated Hospital Acquired Infections (DAHAIs) mainly Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI), Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) pose significant threat to patients associated with prolonged hospital stays, greater healthcare costs and increased mortality. Surveillance of Device Associated Infections (DAI) can reduce the incidence of Nosocomial Infections (NI) by as much as 32% and lead to reduced healthcare costs. Aim: To determine the microbiological profile of device associated HAI and to find the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated organisms. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based crosssectional study conducted in the Department of Microbiology, from November 2015 to October 2017. The study was targeted at three common DAHAIs: CAUTI, CLABSI and VAP. Patients admitted to clinical wards with 48 hours of indwelling devices like urinary catheter, central line and with endotracheal intubation developing signs and symptoms of DAI were included in the study. Specimen was collected with all aseptic precautions. Samples were processed by standard bacteriological methods. Isolates obtained were characterised by biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by Kirby Bauer discdiffusion method. Total of 425 samples were included in the study of which 152 (35.76%) showed positive growth and in 273 (64.24%) samples culture was sterile. The samples were collected from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and various wards. The results were expressed in terms of mean, percentage and rate. Results: A CAUTI was the most common 53.28%, followed by VAP 37.51% and then CLABSI 9.21%. Escherichia coli was most commonly isolated organism 38 (23.45%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 30 (18.51%). In CAUTI Escherichia coli (38.27%) was most commonly isolated and Acinetobacter baumannii (32.25%) was most commonly seen in VAP and in CLABSI Candida spp. (31.57%) was predominantly isolated. Conclusion: This study gave an insight into the incidence and prevalence of DAHAIs and helps in instituting various interventional strategies to prevent these infections.
{"title":"Device Associated Hospital Acquired Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Odisha","authors":"A. Behera, Swetalina Jena, R. Sethi","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/50353.2562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/50353.2562","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is defined as infection that is acquired after 48 hours of admission in hospital for a reason other than that infection and the infection was neither present nor incubating at the time of admission. Device Associated Hospital Acquired Infections (DAHAIs) mainly Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI), Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) pose significant threat to patients associated with prolonged hospital stays, greater healthcare costs and increased mortality. Surveillance of Device Associated Infections (DAI) can reduce the incidence of Nosocomial Infections (NI) by as much as 32% and lead to reduced healthcare costs. Aim: To determine the microbiological profile of device associated HAI and to find the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated organisms. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based crosssectional study conducted in the Department of Microbiology, from November 2015 to October 2017. The study was targeted at three common DAHAIs: CAUTI, CLABSI and VAP. Patients admitted to clinical wards with 48 hours of indwelling devices like urinary catheter, central line and with endotracheal intubation developing signs and symptoms of DAI were included in the study. Specimen was collected with all aseptic precautions. Samples were processed by standard bacteriological methods. Isolates obtained were characterised by biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by Kirby Bauer discdiffusion method. Total of 425 samples were included in the study of which 152 (35.76%) showed positive growth and in 273 (64.24%) samples culture was sterile. The samples were collected from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and various wards. The results were expressed in terms of mean, percentage and rate. Results: A CAUTI was the most common 53.28%, followed by VAP 37.51% and then CLABSI 9.21%. Escherichia coli was most commonly isolated organism 38 (23.45%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 30 (18.51%). In CAUTI Escherichia coli (38.27%) was most commonly isolated and Acinetobacter baumannii (32.25%) was most commonly seen in VAP and in CLABSI Candida spp. (31.57%) was predominantly isolated. Conclusion: This study gave an insight into the incidence and prevalence of DAHAIs and helps in instituting various interventional strategies to prevent these infections.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/50619.2608
C. Nwangwu, Nnennaya Susan Osiri, Chidiebere Promise Onwubu, E. Amadi, Imanyikwa Olaedo Eucharia Ijeoma
Introduction: Hepatitis B and C infections are endemic in Nigeria and the major causes of chronic liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the major routes of transmission is by transfusion of infected blood or blood products. Awareness of the disease is important, and this study seeks to compare the knowledge and practice of the disease among the seropositive and seronegative prospective blood donors. Aim: To assess the difference in the level of knowledge and preventive practice of blood borne hepatitis among hepatitis B and hepatitis C seropositive and seronegative prospective blood donors. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive survey carried out between June 2019 to January 2020 in the Blood Donor’s Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. A pretested self/interviewer’s administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practice among 100 hepatitis B and hepatitis C seropositive and 305 seronegative prospective blood donors. The hepatitis B and C seropositive subjects were screened using Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The findings and scores were analysed using IBM Corporation 2019 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Results: Total of 305 respondents were seronegative while 82 and 18 were hepatitis B and C seropositive, respectively. The mean age of the study participants was 27.78±7.17 years, whereas it was 28.09±6.36 years and 27.46±7.968 years among seropositive and seronegative respondents, respectively. In the study, 98 (98%) males and 2 (2%) females were in the seropositive group while, 268 (87.9%) males and 37 (12.1%) females were in seronegative group. The overall knowledge score and practice score were 56.3% and 28.1%, respectively. In the seropositive group, the average knowledge score was 27.3% and the average practice score was 17%. While in the seronegative group, the average knowledge score was 65.7% and the average score on practice score was 31.8%. There was a significant association between seropositive and being a male (p-value=0.001), less educated (p-value=0.002), currently unmarried (p-value=0.029), knowledge above average (p-value=0.001), and practice below average (p=0.002). None of the respondents had hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the present study, it is evident that the level of knowledge and practice among the seropositive respondent is significantly low when compared with the seronegative groups. There is a need for a serious awareness campaign on the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B and C, and the possibility of extending hepatitis B immunisation coverage in the country owing to the increasing burden of the disease.
{"title":"Knowledge and Practice of Hepatitis B and C Prevention among Seropositive and Seronegative Prospective Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Nwangwu, Nnennaya Susan Osiri, Chidiebere Promise Onwubu, E. Amadi, Imanyikwa Olaedo Eucharia Ijeoma","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/50619.2608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/50619.2608","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hepatitis B and C infections are endemic in Nigeria and the major causes of chronic liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the major routes of transmission is by transfusion of infected blood or blood products. Awareness of the disease is important, and this study seeks to compare the knowledge and practice of the disease among the seropositive and seronegative prospective blood donors. Aim: To assess the difference in the level of knowledge and preventive practice of blood borne hepatitis among hepatitis B and hepatitis C seropositive and seronegative prospective blood donors. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive survey carried out between June 2019 to January 2020 in the Blood Donor’s Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. A pretested self/interviewer’s administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practice among 100 hepatitis B and hepatitis C seropositive and 305 seronegative prospective blood donors. The hepatitis B and C seropositive subjects were screened using Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The findings and scores were analysed using IBM Corporation 2019 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Results: Total of 305 respondents were seronegative while 82 and 18 were hepatitis B and C seropositive, respectively. The mean age of the study participants was 27.78±7.17 years, whereas it was 28.09±6.36 years and 27.46±7.968 years among seropositive and seronegative respondents, respectively. In the study, 98 (98%) males and 2 (2%) females were in the seropositive group while, 268 (87.9%) males and 37 (12.1%) females were in seronegative group. The overall knowledge score and practice score were 56.3% and 28.1%, respectively. In the seropositive group, the average knowledge score was 27.3% and the average practice score was 17%. While in the seronegative group, the average knowledge score was 65.7% and the average score on practice score was 31.8%. There was a significant association between seropositive and being a male (p-value=0.001), less educated (p-value=0.002), currently unmarried (p-value=0.029), knowledge above average (p-value=0.001), and practice below average (p=0.002). None of the respondents had hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the present study, it is evident that the level of knowledge and practice among the seropositive respondent is significantly low when compared with the seronegative groups. There is a need for a serious awareness campaign on the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B and C, and the possibility of extending hepatitis B immunisation coverage in the country owing to the increasing burden of the disease.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/51953.2609
S. Maiti, K. Mukherjee, Debopriyo Samaddar, Debojyoti Bhattacharjee
Introduction: Management of post Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) complications are the new challenges nowadays. It has been observed that in post COVID-19 cases the serum levels of several electrolytes and trace elements are deranged. Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the levels of different serum minerals and trace elements in one month post COVID-19 follow-up patients and compared with normal age- sex matched controls. Materials and Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in a tertiary care centre, over a period of six months (from January 2021 to June 2021). After fulfilling proper inclusion criteria, 223 COVID-19 follow-up patients of both genders (134 males and 89 females) were included as ‘case’ group. Age-sex matched 250 healthy volunteers were recruited as ‘control’ group. Levels of serum electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and trace elements (zinc, iron, calcium, phosphate, copper, magnesium and selenium) were estimated, analysed and compared against each other. Tables and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: In this study, the levels of serum zinc and iron were found to be higher and serum calcium, phosphate, copper, magnesium and selenium levels were reduced in post COVID-19 one month follow- up cases in comparison to controls. Female cases were in deficient state of iron, calcium, copper and magnesium but had high serum zinc and phosphate when compared to males. No abnormalities were noted in the level of electrolytes in post COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Assessment and monitoring of levels of the mineral throughout the course of post COVID-19 follow-up is advisable for timely and appropriate measures to combat with post COVID-19 complications.
{"title":"Status of Common Serum Minerals and Trace Elements in COVID-19 Follow-up Cases: A Hospital-based Study from Eastern India","authors":"S. Maiti, K. Mukherjee, Debopriyo Samaddar, Debojyoti Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51953.2609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51953.2609","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Management of post Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) complications are the new challenges nowadays. It has been observed that in post COVID-19 cases the serum levels of several electrolytes and trace elements are deranged. Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the levels of different serum minerals and trace elements in one month post COVID-19 follow-up patients and compared with normal age- sex matched controls. Materials and Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in a tertiary care centre, over a period of six months (from January 2021 to June 2021). After fulfilling proper inclusion criteria, 223 COVID-19 follow-up patients of both genders (134 males and 89 females) were included as ‘case’ group. Age-sex matched 250 healthy volunteers were recruited as ‘control’ group. Levels of serum electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and trace elements (zinc, iron, calcium, phosphate, copper, magnesium and selenium) were estimated, analysed and compared against each other. Tables and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: In this study, the levels of serum zinc and iron were found to be higher and serum calcium, phosphate, copper, magnesium and selenium levels were reduced in post COVID-19 one month follow- up cases in comparison to controls. Female cases were in deficient state of iron, calcium, copper and magnesium but had high serum zinc and phosphate when compared to males. No abnormalities were noted in the level of electrolytes in post COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Assessment and monitoring of levels of the mineral throughout the course of post COVID-19 follow-up is advisable for timely and appropriate measures to combat with post COVID-19 complications.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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