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Forskelsbehandling op til valg? Sammenhængen mellem den elektorale cyklus og deservingness-heuristikken 选举前的歧视?选举周期与应得启发式之间的关系
Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v56i1.142993
Victor Hejstvig-Larsen, Ebbe Normann Kristiansen
Denne artikel undersøger, om den elektorale cyklus – det fænomen at politikere indfører mere generøs policy tæt på et parlamentsvalg – betinges af modtagergruppers status som deserving. Vi argumenterer for, at strategiske politikere vil time generøs policy op til valg, men kun for deserving modtagergrupper, hvis velfærdsbehov ikke opfattes som selvforskyldte. For at undersøge argumentet har vi kodet et nyt datasæt over alle Folketingets vedtagne lov- og beslutningsforslag fra 1975 til 2019 indenfor fem policyområder. Gennem lineære sandsynlighedsmodeller finder vi, at politikere begynder at indføre yderligere generøs policy for deserving grupper tæt på valg, mens sammenhængen ikke findes for undeserving modtagergrupper. Vores fund peger i retning af en mere disaggregeret tilgang til studiet af den elektorale cyklus.
本文研究了选举周期--政治家在临近大选时推出更慷慨政策的现象--是否受受益群体应得地位的制约。我们认为,有战略眼光的政治家会在大选前适时推出慷慨政策,但仅限于那些福利需求不被认为是自找的、值得帮助的受助群体。为了研究这一论点,我们对丹麦议会从 1975 年到 2019 年在五个政策领域内通过的所有法案和决议进行了编码。利用线性概率模型,我们发现政治家们在临近选举时开始为值得帮助的群体引入额外的慷慨政策,而对于不值得帮助的受助群体则不存在这种关系。我们的研究结果表明,在研究选举周期时应采用更加细分的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Citizens’ choice of daycare provider: A conjoint experiment 公民对日托机构的选择:联合实验
Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v56i1.143238
Peter Rasmussen Damgaard, Morten Hjortskov, Jakob Majlund Holm
In modern welfare states, citizens’ choice of service providers is consequential for both service quality and the design of public services. Politicians and other central decision makers have a substantial interest in understanding how different factors affect citizens’ choice of service and how citizens make trade-offs between these factors. Using a conjoint experiment on a representative sample of Danish citizens, we study the importance of different organizational factors in the choice of daycare provider. Our results show that all included factors have meaningful effects on the propensity to choose a given provider. However, information about public vs. private ownership does not seem to have an impact on service choice. Additionally, we study whether having a high proportion of staff with pedagogical education can offset the negative impact of a poor staff to child ratio – this turns out not to be the case.
在现代福利国家,公民对服务提供者的选择对服务质量和公共服务的设计都至关重要。政治家和其他中央决策者非常希望了解不同因素如何影响公民对服务的选择,以及公民如何在这些因素之间做出权衡。通过对具有代表性的丹麦公民样本进行联合实验,我们研究了不同组织因素在日托提供者选择中的重要性。我们的结果表明,所有因素都会对选择特定托儿所的倾向产生有意义的影响。但是,有关公有制与私有制的信息似乎对服务选择没有影响。此外,我们还研究了受过教育的员工比例高是否能抵消员工与儿童比例低的负面影响--事实证明并非如此。
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引用次数: 0
Parlamentariske forhandlinger i Danmark 丹麦议会辩论
Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v56i1.142995
Asbjørn Skjæveland
Forhandlingsteorien fortæller, hvordan man bør forhandle, hvis man vil forhandle klogt. Her lærer man om at gøre kagen større, og om hvordan man får så stor en bid af kagen som muligt. Forhandlinger er helt centrale i politik. Alligevel er der ikke mange videnskabelige studier, der anvender forhandlingsteorien på forhandlinger om lovgivning, ej heller om danske lovgivningsforhandlinger. Derimod findes der litteratur, der beskriver faktiske danske forhandlinger om lovgivning. Hvor godt svarer forhandlingslitteraturen og de beskrevne forhandlinger til hinanden? Politikerne kan i varierende grad lære noget af forhandlingsteorien, og forhandlingsteorien kan også lære noget af den danske forhandlingspraksis. Ministerens dominerende rolle i de parlamentariske forhandlinger reducerer væsentligt de kompleksitetsproblemer, som ellers forbindes med flerpartsforhandlinger.
谈判理论告诉你如何进行明智的谈判。它教您如何把馅饼做大,如何从馅饼中分得尽可能大的一块。谈判是政治的核心。然而,将谈判理论应用于立法谈判或丹麦立法谈判的科学研究并不多。另一方面,有一些文献描述了实际的丹麦立法谈判。谈判文献与所描述的谈判之间的对应关系如何?政治家可以在不同程度上从谈判理论中学到一些东西,谈判理论也可以从丹麦的谈判实践中学到一些东西。大臣在议会谈判中的主导地位大大降低了多方谈判的复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
When (if ever) is discrimination based on reaction qualifications permissible? What do people think? 什么时候(如果有的话)基于反应资格的歧视是允许的?人们是怎么想的?
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141538
Didde Boisen Andersen, Søren Flinch Midtgaard, Viki Møller Lyngby Pedersen
To what extent is it permissible for an employer (or a selector on their behalf) to take into consideration how customers might react to certain features of a candidate for a job? This is the question regarding so-called reaction qualifications. A luck egalitarian response to this question emphasizes two moral factors, to wit (i) whether the qualification in question is one that the candidate can affect by choosing appropriately, and (ii) whether the choice in question is associated with values that the candidate holds dear. We test folk intuitions regarding the relevance of these factors for assessing the (il)legitimacy of reaction qualifications and find that the former factor influences people’s assessments, whereas the latter does not.
雇主(或代表他们的挑选者)在多大程度上允许考虑客户对工作候选人的某些特征的反应?这是关于所谓反应条件的问题。运气平等主义对这个问题的回答强调两个道德因素,即:(1)候选人是否可以通过适当的选择来影响所讨论的资格,以及(2)所讨论的选择是否与候选人所珍视的价值观有关。我们测试了民间直觉关于这些因素的相关性来评估反应资格的合法性,发现前一个因素影响人们的评估,而后者没有。
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引用次数: 0
Structural discrimination, denial and the role of intention 结构性歧视,否认和意图的作用
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141537
Mira C. Skadegård
Discrimination exists in many forms and in virtually all social contexts. Despite this, the subject continues to evoke discomfort and denial. This is in part due to a shared lack of knowledge and a failure to understand the relevance of the topic for those who do not experience the negative impacts of discrimination. However, movements such as #MeToo and BLM have generated increased curiosity and need for information on the subject. This article addresses structural discrimination, understood as discrimination embedded in structures, norms and common perceptions. Structural discrimination has extensive social consequences and costs. Increased knowledge of (and attention to) structural discrimination and related challenges can therefore contribute to more effective political and social initiatives and strategies that can address discrimination challenges.
歧视以多种形式存在,几乎存在于所有社会环境中。尽管如此,这个话题仍然引起了人们的不适和否认。这在一定程度上是由于共同缺乏知识和未能理解这一主题对那些没有遭受歧视负面影响的人的相关性。然而,像#MeToo和BLM这样的运动产生了越来越多的好奇心和对这一主题信息的需求。本文讨论了结构性歧视,即嵌入在结构、规范和共同认知中的歧视。结构性歧视具有广泛的社会后果和成本。因此,增加对结构性歧视和相关挑战的了解(和关注)可以有助于制定更有效的政治和社会举措和战略,以应对歧视挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Er indirekte diskrimination uretfærdig? 间接歧视是否不公平?
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141355
Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen
Mange mener, at indirekte diskrimination i sig selv er uretfærdig, fordi den på disproportional vis stiller bestemte grupper værre. I denne artikel rejser jeg to spørgsmål: 1) Hvad vil det sige at stille en gruppe værre, og 2) hvilke grupper er det relevant at interessere sig for, når vi stiller spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt en given praksis er indirekte diskriminerende? Jeg viser, at det er vanskeligt at besvare de to spørgsmål på en måde, der både indfanger den måde, vi normalt tænker om indirekte diskrimination på og samtidig indebærer, at indirekte diskrimination er uforenelig med de moralske hensyn, der begrunder det synspunkt, at indirekte diskrimination er moralsk problematisk. I den sidste del af artiklen forklarer jeg, hvorfor der ikke følger af artiklens negative konklusion – at indirekte diskrimination ikke i sig selv er uretfærdig – at vi skal undlade at mindske eller forbyde indirekte diskrimination.
许多人认为,间接歧视本质上是不公平的,因为它不成比例地使某些群体处于不利地位。在本文中,我提出了两个问题:1)让某个群体处于更不利的境地意味着什么;2)在询问某种做法是否具有间接歧视性时,哪些群体与此相关?我的论述表明,在回答这两个问题时,很难做到既能抓住我们通常对间接歧视的思考方式,同时又能暗示间接歧视与道德上的考虑不相容,而道德上的考虑恰恰证明了间接歧视在道德上是有问题的这一观点。在文章的最后一部分,我将解释为什么从文章的否定结论--间接歧视本质上并非不公正--中并不能得出我们应该避免尽量减少或禁止间接歧视的结论。
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引用次数: 0
Strukturel diskrimination, benægtelse og intention 结构性歧视、否认和意图
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141356
Mira C. Skadegård
Selvom diskrimination findes i mange former og stort set i alle sociale kontekster, vækker emnet et vist ubehag og benægtelse. Feltet vanskeliggøres af et lavt fagligt kendskab til emnet, hvilket forhindrer effektive løsninger. Desuden kan det synes vanskeligt for mange, der ikke selv mærker eller berøres negativt af diskrimination, at få øje på udfordringens relevans. Bevægelser som #MeToo og BLM har dog skabt en øget nysgerrighed og interesse om feltet. Denne artikel omhandler strukturel diskrimination, hvilket forstås som diskrimination indlejret i strukturer, traditioner, normer og fælles opfattelser. Strukturel diskrimination har omfattende konsekvenser og omkostninger for samfundet. Øget viden om (og opmærksomhed på) strukturel diskrimination og relaterede udfordringer kan derfor bidrage til mere forståelse såvel som effektive politiske og sociale tiltag og strategier, der berør diskriminationsudfordringer.
尽管歧视以多种形式存在于几乎所有的社会环境中,但这一话题却引起了某种不适和否认。对这一问题的专业知识水平较低,妨碍了有效的解决方案,从而使这一领域变得更加复杂。此外,许多没有经历过歧视或没有受到歧视负面影响的人似乎很难认识到这一挑战的相关性。然而,#MeToo 和 BLM 等运动提高了人们对这一领域的好奇心和兴趣。本文讨论的是结构性歧视,即嵌入结构、传统、规范和共同观念中的歧视。结构性歧视会对社会造成深远的影响并付出代价。因此,增加对结构性歧视及相关挑战的了解(和关注)有助于加深理解,并有助于采取有效的政治和社会行动及战略来应对歧视挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Is indirect discrimination unjust? 间接歧视不公平吗?
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141536
Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen
Many believe that indirect discrimination is unjust as such, because, by definition, it involves the imposition of disproportionate disadvantages on the group of discriminatees. In this article I ask two questions: 1) What does it take to disadvantage a group, and 2) which groups are relevant for the purpose of determining whether a given practice is indirectly discriminatory? I argue that it is difficult to answer these two questions in a way that aligns both with the way in which we normally think about indirect discrimination and the view that indirect discrimination necessarily clashes with the moral concerns that we normally think render indirect discrimination morally objectionable. In the last part of the article, I explain why the article’s negative main claim – that indirect discrimination is not unjust in itself – does not entail that we should refrain from reducing or prohibiting indirect discrimination.
许多人认为,间接歧视本身就是不公正的,因为根据定义,它涉及对受歧视群体施加不成比例的不利条件。在这篇文章中,我提出了两个问题:1)怎样才能使一个群体处于不利地位? 2)哪些群体与确定某一特定做法是否具有间接歧视的目的有关?我认为很难回答这两个问题既要符合我们通常思考间接歧视的方式,又要符合我们通常认为间接歧视必然与道德关注相冲突的观点,因为我们通常认为间接歧视在道德上是令人反感的。在文章的最后一部分,我解释了为什么文章否定的主要主张- -间接歧视本身并不是不公正的- -并不意味着我们应该避免减少或禁止间接歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Diskriminerer danske vælgere kvindelige og etniske minoritetskandidater? Resultater fra et surveyeksperiment 丹麦选民是否歧视女性和少数民族候选人?一项调查实验的结果
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141535
Lasse Laustsen, Claire Gothreau
Repræsentation af såvel kvinder som etniske minoriteter er et tilbagevendende tema ved danske valgkampe. En mulig forklaring på den vedblivende underrepræsentation er, at vælgerne vurderer kvinder og etniske minoritetspersoner mindre positivt sammenlignet med etnisk danske mænd, og at denne tendens potentielt er stærkest blandt højreorienterede vælgere med høj Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Analyser fra et surveyeksperiment med 1116 repræsentative danskere viser, at danskerne gennemsnitligt ikke vurderer kvinder og etniske minoritetspersoner som dårligere politikere. Nuancerede eksplorative analyser viser dog, at vælgerne i takt med stigende SDO og højreorientering vurderer etniske minoritetskandidater mindre positivt, mens et tilsvarende ideologisk mønster ikke findes for kvindelige kandidater. Repræsentationsproblemer for kvinder og etniske minoriteter relaterer sig således forskelligt til SDO og politisk ideologi. Resultaternes teoretiske og normative implikationer diskuteres afslutningsvis.
妇女和少数民族的代表性是丹麦竞选活动中反复出现的主题。对代表性持续不足的一种可能解释是,与丹麦男性相比,选民对女性和少数民族的评价较低,而这种倾向在社会主导取向(SDO)较高的右翼选民中可能最为明显。对 1116 名具有代表性的丹麦人进行的调查实验分析表明,丹麦人对女性和少数民族政治家的平均评价并不差。然而,细微的探索性分析表明,随着社会支配取向(SDO)和右翼取向的增加,选民对少数民族候选人的评价会降低,而对女性候选人则不存在类似的意识形态模式。因此,女性和少数民族的代表权问题与性别发展目标和政治意识形态的关系不同。结论中讨论了这一结果的理论和规范意义。
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引用次数: 0
Do Danish voters discriminate against women and ethnic minority candidates? Insights from a survey experiment 丹麦选民是否歧视妇女和少数民族候选人?来自调查实验的见解
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.7146/politica.v55i4.141539
Lasse Laustsen, Claire Gothreau
Representation of women and ethnic minorities is a recurring topic in connection with Danish elections. One possible explanation for the consistent underrepresentation is that voters evaluate women and ethnic minority candidates less favorably than men with an ethnic Danish background. Theoretically, this possibility might be particularly pronounced among conservative voters high in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Analyses from a survey experiment with 1116 representative Danish citizens show that Danes, on average, do not evaluate women and ethnic minority candidates less favorably. However, nuanced exploratory analyses show that growing SDO and conservatism cause voters to evaluate ethnic minority candidates more negatively, while a similar pattern does not obtain with respect to candidate gender. Consequently, issues about underrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities relate differently to SDO and political ideology. The theoretical and normative implications of the results are discussed.
妇女和少数民族的代表性是与丹麦选举有关的一个反复出现的问题。对于持续的代表性不足,一个可能的解释是,选民对女性和少数族裔候选人的评价不如有丹麦族裔背景的男性。从理论上讲,这种可能性在社会支配倾向(SDO)较高的保守派选民中尤其明显。对1116名具有代表性的丹麦公民进行的一项调查实验分析显示,丹麦人对女性和少数民族候选人的平均评价并不差。然而,细致入微的探索性分析表明,越来越多的SDO和保守主义导致选民对少数民族候选人的评价更加负面,而在候选人性别方面则没有类似的模式。因此,关于妇女和少数民族代表性不足的问题与SDO和政治意识形态有不同的关系。讨论了研究结果的理论和规范意义。
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引用次数: 0
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Politica
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