This paper reports on a RPT study which employed an adapted version of the three-stage method used by Herring (2018). The same stimulus and method were employed with two distinct populations (experienced medical interpreters in the USA and student interpreters in Poland), with the aim of refining RPT methods and exploring the feasibility of their use in multi-researcher, multi-site studies. The authors discuss the process of developing and carrying out a study design and procedure for use by two researchers across two sites and with two populations, critically address the effectiveness of the use of the method & procedure by two researchers, and discuss recommendations for future studies employing similar designs and methods. The paper also presents preliminary analysis of the RPT data gathered as part of the study and suggests avenues for further research.
{"title":"Employing retrospective process tracing in an international exploratory study","authors":"Ewa Gumul, R. Herring","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00067.gum","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00067.gum","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reports on a RPT study which employed an adapted version of the three-stage method used by Herring (2018). The same stimulus and method were employed with two distinct populations\u0000 (experienced medical interpreters in the USA and student interpreters in Poland), with the aim of refining RPT methods and\u0000 exploring the feasibility of their use in multi-researcher, multi-site studies. The authors discuss the process of developing and\u0000 carrying out a study design and procedure for use by two researchers across two sites and with two populations, critically address\u0000 the effectiveness of the use of the method & procedure by two researchers, and discuss recommendations for future studies\u0000 employing similar designs and methods. The paper also presents preliminary analysis of the RPT data gathered as part of the study\u0000 and suggests avenues for further research.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124606374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English ‘gradation’ expressions—the interrogative adverb how followed by an adjective or an adverb—are frequent in questionnaires and they are not straightforward to translate into French. A good translation approach is needed, and there are mainly two options: The recommended approach involves the French adverbs à quel point or dans quelle mesure. The second approach uses a direct question, and the gradation occurs by choosing one of several options in the pre-established answer scale. Could there be a link between questionnaire translators’ expertise and the way they handle these translations, both the product and the process? This exploratory project studied six professional questionnaire translators, whose performance was recorded with concurrent think-aloud and keylogging techniques, and then triangulated. Correlations were analysed qualitatively. The results revealed a link between the questionnaire translators’ expertise and their translations. This confirms the importance of relying on expert translators and further briefing and training them to become good questionnaire translators.
英语的“分层”表达——疑问句副词how后面跟一个形容词或副词——在问卷调查中很常见，而且很难直接翻译成法语。需要一种好的翻译方法，主要有两种选择:推荐的方法涉及法语副词“quel point”或“dans quelle measure”。第二种方法使用直接问题，通过在预先建立的答案量表中选择几个选项中的一个来进行分级。问卷翻译人员的专业知识与他们处理这些翻译的方式(产品和过程)之间是否存在联系?本探索性项目以6名专业问卷翻译为研究对象，采用并发有声思维和键盘记录技术记录他们的表现，然后进行三角测量。对相关性进行定性分析。结果显示，问卷译者的专业知识与其翻译之间存在联系。这证实了依靠专业翻译人员，并对他们进行进一步的介绍和培训，使他们成为优秀的问卷翻译人员的重要性。
{"title":"How useful? How important? How difficult?","authors":"Brita Dorer","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00065.dor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00065.dor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000English ‘gradation’ expressions—the interrogative adverb how followed by an adjective or an adverb—are frequent in questionnaires and they are not straightforward to translate into French. A good translation approach is needed, and there are mainly two options: The recommended approach involves the French adverbs à quel point or dans quelle mesure. The second approach uses a direct question, and the gradation occurs by choosing one of several options in the pre-established answer scale. Could there be a link between questionnaire translators’ expertise and the way they handle these translations, both the product and the process? This exploratory project studied six professional questionnaire translators, whose performance was recorded with concurrent think-aloud and keylogging techniques, and then triangulated. Correlations were analysed qualitatively. The results revealed a link between the questionnaire translators’ expertise and their translations. This confirms the importance of relying on expert translators and further briefing and training them to become good questionnaire translators.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129094523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article endeavours to sketch out a consistent merger of models of language production and bilingualism that are currently used in the fields of Translation and Interpreting and of psycholinguistics. The workload resource of Cognitive Verbal Processing and the processing components that it serves are found to be of particular interest in this interdisciplinary perspective. Known psycholinguistic effects that involve workload (i.e., a function of activation energy) are outlined with particular emphasis on their possible relevance in translation processing. This suggests a number of potential lines of research for both fields.
{"title":"Workload and cognitive architecturein translation","authors":"Robert M. Maier","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00066.mai","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00066.mai","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article endeavours to sketch out a consistent merger of models of language production and bilingualism that\u0000 are currently used in the fields of Translation and Interpreting and of psycholinguistics. The workload resource of Cognitive\u0000 Verbal Processing and the processing components that it serves are found to be of particular interest in this interdisciplinary\u0000 perspective. Known psycholinguistic effects that involve workload (i.e., a function of activation energy) are outlined with\u0000 particular emphasis on their possible relevance in translation processing. This suggests a number of potential lines of research\u0000 for both fields.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116831857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Positioned against the backdrop of the booming videogame industry, the study sheds light on the relationship between player experience and localisation. The experimental manipulation involved spelling errors serving as a proxy to examine how much reception is reshaped by specific characteristics of the target version. The findings indicate that deficient spelling has no traceable effect on player cognitive load, enjoyment or comprehension. From a complementary perspective, while the author of the target version with typos is deemed less diligent than the one in the typo-free condition, they are not perceived as less experienced or less likely to be considered to be a professional translator. On the other hand, spelling errors result in lower translation quality estimations. The discussion is supplemented by results on typo identification and related to findings from film reception.
{"title":"Videogame localisation, spelling errorsand player reception","authors":"M. Deckert, Krzysztof Hejduk","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00064.dec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00064.dec","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Positioned against the backdrop of the booming videogame industry, the study sheds light on the relationship\u0000 between player experience and localisation. The experimental manipulation involved spelling errors serving as a proxy to examine\u0000 how much reception is reshaped by specific characteristics of the target version. The findings indicate that deficient spelling\u0000 has no traceable effect on player cognitive load, enjoyment or comprehension. From a complementary perspective, while the author\u0000 of the target version with typos is deemed less diligent than the one in the typo-free condition, they are not perceived as less\u0000 experienced or less likely to be considered to be a professional translator. On the other hand, spelling errors result in lower\u0000 translation quality estimations. The discussion is supplemented by results on typo identification and related to findings from\u0000 film reception.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129262204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewed interest in research methods used in cognitive translation and interpreting studies (CTIS) has led to increased reflection on the nature of research and experimental design, internal and external validity, and the type and nature of experimental tasks. Of particular concern is the extent to which valid generalization can be made from empirical studies of translation, interpreting, and their associated cognitive behaviors as objects of study. This article traces the definition and history of ecological validity in the extant literature on research methods and philosophy of science, emphasizing three considerations: the experimental setting, the stimuli under investigation, and the behavioral response of participants. Subsequently, we discuss potential misunderstandings or misapplications of appeals to ecological validity, including mundane realism, naturalistic tasks, and various data collection methods. A final section describes key points to consider for research in CTIS. Throughout, the argument considers tradeoffs among various categories of validity as well as the importance of aligning experimental design with research goals. This extensive engagement with a singular aspect of validity is provided to encourage deeper reflection and better communication around the topic of ecological validity.
{"title":"Considerations of ecological validity in cognitive translation and interpreting studies","authors":"C. Mellinger, Thomas A. Hanson","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00061.mel","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00061.mel","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Renewed interest in research methods used in cognitive translation and interpreting studies (CTIS) has led to\u0000 increased reflection on the nature of research and experimental design, internal and external validity, and the type and nature of\u0000 experimental tasks. Of particular concern is the extent to which valid generalization can be made from empirical studies of\u0000 translation, interpreting, and their associated cognitive behaviors as objects of study. This article traces the definition and\u0000 history of ecological validity in the extant literature on research methods and philosophy of science, emphasizing three\u0000 considerations: the experimental setting, the stimuli under investigation, and the behavioral response of participants.\u0000 Subsequently, we discuss potential misunderstandings or misapplications of appeals to ecological validity, including mundane\u0000 realism, naturalistic tasks, and various data collection methods. A final section describes key points to consider for research in\u0000 CTIS. Throughout, the argument considers tradeoffs among various categories of validity as well as the importance of aligning\u0000 experimental design with research goals. This extensive engagement with a singular aspect of validity is provided to encourage\u0000 deeper reflection and better communication around the topic of ecological validity.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133589344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies about working memory (WM) and interpreting have used a variety of methods and results are often conflicting. There is therefore the need to analyse the cognitive tasks which have been used so far to assess their effectiveness in detecting WM performance differences. This paper presents the findings of a meta-analysis that compares the results of interpreters and interpreting students (study group) to the results of non-interpreters (control group) in four cognitive tasks (reading span, n-back task, listening span and dual tasks). Interpreters show a significant WM advantage of medium size over non-interpreters in tasks based on verbal stimuli, but not in tasks based on non-verbal stimuli. In addition, differences are larger when there is a wider gap in interpreting expertise between the two groups.
{"title":"Working memory tasks in interpreting studies","authors":"Serena Ghiselli","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00063.ghi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00063.ghi","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Studies about working memory (WM) and interpreting have used a variety of methods and results are often\u0000 conflicting. There is therefore the need to analyse the cognitive tasks which have been used so far to assess their effectiveness\u0000 in detecting WM performance differences. This paper presents the findings of a meta-analysis that compares the results of\u0000 interpreters and interpreting students (study group) to the results of non-interpreters (control group) in four cognitive tasks\u0000 (reading span, n-back task, listening span and dual tasks). Interpreters show a significant WM advantage of medium size over\u0000 non-interpreters in tasks based on verbal stimuli, but not in tasks based on non-verbal stimuli. In addition, differences are\u0000 larger when there is a wider gap in interpreting expertise between the two groups.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116405684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arndt Heilmann, J. Freiwald, Stella Neumann, Z. Miljanović
This study analyzes translation behaviour with respect to the salience of two grammatical constructions that differ in frequency. We assumed that a more frequent construction is also more entrenched in the translator’s mind and that as a result different translation solutions are more readily available. For this reason, we expected that a more frequent construction is translated more quickly than a less frequent construction, resulting in lower reading and typing-related measures of cognitive effort during the translation process. A translation experiment was designed to test this assumption. We triangulated keystroke logging and eye tracking data from 11 professional translators and tested the results using linear mixed regression modelling, controlling for, among others, lexically-based effects of salience. While we did not find statistically significant evidence of a facilitation effect regarding the entrenchment of (partially) abstract grammatical structures (of-NPs), we did find salience effects from lexical sources such as cross-linguistic structural priming and words with typical translation solutions. Lexical effects of salience on the translation process were shown to be more reliable indicators of facilitation in translation than the salience of more abstract linguistic structures – at least if the effect is a result of salience that stems from entrenchment. Since one limitation of our study is its necessarily small sample size, we draw methodological conclusions for improving experimental designs that will be useful for researchers in empirical translation studies.
{"title":"Analyzing the effects of entrenched grammatical constructions on translation","authors":"Arndt Heilmann, J. Freiwald, Stella Neumann, Z. Miljanović","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00062.hei","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00062.hei","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study analyzes translation behaviour with respect to the salience of two grammatical constructions that\u0000 differ in frequency. We assumed that a more frequent construction is also more entrenched in the translator’s mind and that as a\u0000 result different translation solutions are more readily available. For this reason, we expected that a more frequent construction\u0000 is translated more quickly than a less frequent construction, resulting in lower reading and typing-related measures of cognitive\u0000 effort during the translation process. A translation experiment was designed to test this assumption. We triangulated keystroke\u0000 logging and eye tracking data from 11 professional translators and tested the results using linear mixed regression modelling,\u0000 controlling for, among others, lexically-based effects of salience. While we did not find statistically significant evidence of a\u0000 facilitation effect regarding the entrenchment of (partially) abstract grammatical structures (of-NPs), we did find salience\u0000 effects from lexical sources such as cross-linguistic structural priming and words with typical translation solutions. Lexical\u0000 effects of salience on the translation process were shown to be more reliable indicators of facilitation in translation than the\u0000 salience of more abstract linguistic structures – at least if the effect is a result of salience that stems from entrenchment.\u0000 Since one limitation of our study is its necessarily small sample size, we draw methodological conclusions for improving\u0000 experimental designs that will be useful for researchers in empirical translation studies.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123578265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compared to one-line subtitles, two-line subtitles are believed to receive more attention from viewers based on previous research. Yet, in the majority of these studies, two-liners are considerably longer than the one-line subtitles. The authors argue that the findings of the previous studies could have been affected by the difference in subtitle length, and there is a need to operationally distinguish between the impact of subtitle length and line number on viewers’ attention allocation. Therefore, an SMI eye tracker was used in this study to record the eye movements of 32 Iranian viewers while reading the Persian subtitles of a short segment of a feature film, A Prophet (Jacques Audiard 2009). The results showed that the viewers’ attention to one-line subtitles was significantly greater than the attention they allotted to two-line subtitles although they were of the same length. The attention allocated to the long subtitles was also significantly greater compared to the attention paid to the short subtitles. Retrospective interviews also showed that the participants favored short and two-line subtitles.
{"title":"Eyetracking the impact of subtitle length and line number on viewers’ allocation of visual attention","authors":"Saber Zahedi, M. Khoshsaligheh","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00058.zah","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00058.zah","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Compared to one-line subtitles, two-line subtitles are believed to receive more attention from viewers based on previous research. Yet, in the majority of these studies, two-liners are considerably longer than the one-line subtitles. The authors argue that the findings of the previous studies could have been affected by the difference in subtitle length, and there is a need to operationally distinguish between the impact of subtitle length and line number on viewers’ attention allocation. Therefore, an SMI eye tracker was used in this study to record the eye movements of 32 Iranian viewers while reading the Persian subtitles of a short segment of a feature film, A Prophet (Jacques Audiard 2009). The results showed that the viewers’ attention to one-line subtitles was significantly greater than the attention they allotted to two-line subtitles although they were of the same length. The attention allocated to the long subtitles was also significantly greater compared to the attention paid to the short subtitles. Retrospective interviews also showed that the participants favored short and two-line subtitles.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114685467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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