This paper critically discusses how crowdsourcing relate to the emergence of the so-called translation augmentation paradigm. As a broad generalization, these two technology-driven phenomena emerged as possible solutions to achieve better, more efficient or speedier solutions to complex problems than those that single individuals can solve on their own. They both can be contextualized within 4EA approaches to cognition, reframing problem-solving towards a distributed and extended perspective that goes beyond the limitations of the individual mind. Nevertheless, augmented translation refers to the coupling of human and machines in a technology-centric approach that attempts to increase the cognitive capabilities of translators, who remain in the loop and in charge (Lommel 2020; Angelone 2023). It relates to existing technological integrated systems beyond just the automation brought by TM and MT that learn and adapt from humans. The paper (1) interrelates distributed and extended cognitive approaches and crowdsourcing (Risku, Pein-Weber & Rogl 2016; Jiménez-Crespo 2017; Risku & Windhager 2020) in relation to AI and intelligence augmentation (IA), (2) analyzes the existing fuzziness in the theoretical and conceptual constructs to translation augmentation, (3) explores issues related to the locus of control and the center of the cognitive system in augmented crowdsourcing, as well as (4) looks ahead by introducing unexplored areas such as social augmentation. In doing so, the paper will attempt to answer whether human translators in crowdsourcing initiatives are, in fact, “in charge” and – or augmented.
{"title":"Augmentation and translation crowdsourcing","authors":"Miguel A. Jiménez-Crespo","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00079.jim","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00079.jim","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically discusses how crowdsourcing relate to the emergence of the so-called translation augmentation paradigm. As a broad generalization, these two technology-driven phenomena emerged as possible solutions to achieve better, more efficient or speedier solutions to complex problems than those that single individuals can solve on their own. They both can be contextualized within 4EA approaches to cognition, reframing problem-solving towards a distributed and extended perspective that goes beyond the limitations of the individual mind. Nevertheless, augmented translation refers to the coupling of human and machines in a technology-centric approach that attempts to increase the cognitive capabilities of translators, who remain in the loop and in charge (Lommel 2020; Angelone 2023). It relates to existing technological integrated systems beyond just the automation brought by TM and MT that learn and adapt from humans. The paper (1) interrelates distributed and extended cognitive approaches and crowdsourcing (Risku, Pein-Weber & Rogl 2016; Jiménez-Crespo 2017; Risku & Windhager 2020) in relation to AI and intelligence augmentation (IA), (2) analyzes the existing fuzziness in the theoretical and conceptual constructs to translation augmentation, (3) explores issues related to the locus of control and the center of the cognitive system in augmented crowdsourcing, as well as (4) looks ahead by introducing unexplored areas such as social augmentation. In doing so, the paper will attempt to answer whether human translators in crowdsourcing initiatives are, in fact, “in charge” and – or augmented.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139255011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vicent Briva-Iglesias, Sharon O’Brien, Benjamin R. Cowan
This paper presents a user study with 15 professional translators in the English-Spanish combination. We present the concept of Machine Translation User Experience (MTUX) and compare the effects of traditional post-editing (TPE) and interactive post-editing (IPE) on MTUX, translation quality and productivity. Results suggest that translators prefer IPE to TPE because they are in control of the interaction in this new form of translator-computer interaction and feel more empowered in their interaction with Machine Translation. Productivity results also suggest that IPE may be an interesting alternative to TPE, given the fact that translators worked faster in IPE even though they had no experience in this new machine translation post-editing modality, but were already used to TPE.
{"title":"The impact of traditional and interactive post-editing on Machine Translation User Experience, quality, and productivity","authors":"Vicent Briva-Iglesias, Sharon O’Brien, Benjamin R. Cowan","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00077.bri","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00077.bri","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper presents a user study with 15 professional translators in the English-Spanish combination. We present the concept of Machine Translation User Experience (MTUX) and compare the effects of traditional post-editing (TPE) and interactive post-editing (IPE) on MTUX, translation quality and productivity. Results suggest that translators prefer IPE to TPE because they are in control of the interaction in this new form of translator-computer interaction and feel more empowered in their interaction with Machine Translation. Productivity results also suggest that IPE may be an interesting alternative to TPE, given the fact that translators worked faster in IPE even though they had no experience in this new machine translation post-editing modality, but were already used to TPE.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127588334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main process features under study in Cognitive Translation & Interpreting Studies (CTIS) is the chronological unfolding of writing tasks. This exploratory, pilot study combines pause- and text-analysis to seek tendencies and contrasts in informants’ mental processes when performing different writing tasks, analyzing their behaviors, as keylogged. The study tasks were retyping, monolingual writing, translation, revision and a multimodal task—monolingual text production based on an infographic leaflet. Task logs were chunked with the Task Segment Framework (Muñoz & Apfelthaler 2022). Several previous results were confirmed, and some others were surprising. Time spans in free writing were longer between paragraphs and sentences and, in translation, much more frequent between and within words, suggesting cognitive activities at these levels. The infographic was expected to facilitate the writing process, but most time spans were longer than in both free writing and translation. These results suggest venues for further research.
{"title":"Text-production tasks at the keyboard","authors":"Sara Puerini","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00075.pue","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00075.pue","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000One of the main process features under study in Cognitive Translation & Interpreting Studies (CTIS) is the chronological unfolding of writing tasks. This exploratory, pilot study combines pause- and text-analysis to seek tendencies and contrasts in informants’ mental processes when performing different writing tasks, analyzing their behaviors, as keylogged. The study tasks were retyping, monolingual writing, translation, revision and a multimodal task—monolingual text production based on an infographic leaflet. Task logs were chunked with the Task Segment Framework (Muñoz & Apfelthaler 2022).\u0000Several previous results were confirmed, and some others were surprising. Time spans in free writing were longer between paragraphs and sentences and, in translation, much more frequent between and within words, suggesting cognitive activities at these levels. The infographic was expected to facilitate the writing process, but most time spans were longer than in both free writing and translation. These results suggest venues for further research.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134190129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous investigations into fansub groups have focused on their internal coherence as communities of practice and external links to technological affordances, but research on how fansubbers interact with their social and material surroundings is limited. This article reports on a netnographic study that showcases a novice fansubber’s construction of translating experience. It employs practice theory to describe the composition of the fansub activity through the eyes of the netnographer as a newcomer. This study illustrates the undertaking of translation tasks in this fansub group as co-mediated by the availability and reproduction of materials, interaction between previously acquired and newly gained knowledge, and emergence of meanings through membership construction. It addresses an integration of practice theory and ethnography as a promising approach to tapping the situatedness of translation.
{"title":"Material, competence and meaning in the fansub community","authors":"Zhang Xueni, Zheng Binghan","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00076.xue","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00076.xue","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous investigations into fansub groups have focused on their internal coherence as communities of practice and\u0000 external links to technological affordances, but research on how fansubbers interact with their social and material surroundings\u0000 is limited. This article reports on a netnographic study that showcases a novice fansubber’s construction of translating\u0000 experience. It employs practice theory to describe the composition of the fansub activity through the eyes of the netnographer as\u0000 a newcomer. This study illustrates the undertaking of translation tasks in this fansub group as co-mediated by the availability\u0000 and reproduction of materials, interaction between previously acquired and newly gained knowledge, and emergence of meanings\u0000 through membership construction. It addresses an integration of practice theory and ethnography as a promising approach to tapping\u0000 the situatedness of translation.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128532827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cognitive demands associated with performing a task involve at least two dimensions: (1) the load dimension that is related to the assumed task difficulty and (2) the effort dimension that reflects the resources invested in a task. This study considers whether this distinction is actually relevant to translators and interpreters when they report load and effort and, if so, how the assumed psychological reality of these two dimensions is related to task performance. In this study, professional translators and interpreters performed naturalistic tasks with comparable stimuli, working from English into German. After each task, they were asked to rate their experienced load and effort as part of the NASA Task Load Index. Their performance was measured by analysing process and product indicators that correspond in interpreting and translation. Results indicate that while self-reported load and effort are highly correlated, their relationships to process or product measures appear to be more complex.
{"title":"Cognitive load and cognitive effort","authors":"Anne Catherine Gieshoff, Andrea Hunziker Heeb","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00073.gie","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00073.gie","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The cognitive demands associated with performing a task involve at least two dimensions: (1) the load dimension\u0000 that is related to the assumed task difficulty and (2) the effort dimension that reflects the resources invested in a task. This\u0000 study considers whether this distinction is actually relevant to translators and interpreters when they report load and effort\u0000 and, if so, how the assumed psychological reality of these two dimensions is related to task performance. In this study,\u0000 professional translators and interpreters performed naturalistic tasks with comparable stimuli, working from English into German.\u0000 After each task, they were asked to rate their experienced load and effort as part of the NASA Task Load Index. Their performance\u0000 was measured by analysing process and product indicators that correspond in interpreting and translation. Results indicate that\u0000 while self-reported load and effort are highly correlated, their relationships to process or product measures appear to be more\u0000 complex.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124511698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The translation production team that consists of a translator and a reviser can be investigated as a specific kind of (sub)system of socially distributed cognition, a cognitive dyad; this system is defined as only including the translation professionals who are directly involved in the drafting of the translation. Based on interviews with translation professionals, I argue that this fine-tuned cognitive dyad gets its form not only as a result of its participants’ characteristics, but also under the influence of other factors, some of which vary from one project to the next, leading to the flexible formation of the reviser’s task in particular. The three most important project-specific influencing factors are the text genre, the translator’s experience and competence, and the client’s needs and requirements. While genre and the client’s needs and requirements seem to have a markedly similar impact, mainly influencing the internal task configuration of the cognitive dyad, the translator’s experience and competence often leads to non-revision. Trust is an important element in this process.
{"title":"When and how to revise?","authors":"Annamari Korhonen","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00071.kor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00071.kor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The translation production team that consists of a translator and a reviser can be investigated as a specific kind of (sub)system of socially distributed cognition, a cognitive dyad; this system is defined as only including the translation professionals who are directly involved in the drafting of the translation. Based on interviews with translation professionals, I argue that this fine-tuned cognitive dyad gets its form not only as a result of its participants’ characteristics, but also under the influence of other factors, some of which vary from one project to the next, leading to the flexible formation of the reviser’s task in particular. The three most important project-specific influencing factors are the text genre, the translator’s experience and competence, and the client’s needs and requirements. While genre and the client’s needs and requirements seem to have a markedly similar impact, mainly influencing the internal task configuration of the cognitive dyad, the translator’s experience and competence often leads to non-revision. Trust is an important element in this process.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121354908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisabet Tiselius, Raphael Sannholm, Laura Babcock
{"title":"Innovative approaches to study Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies","authors":"Elisabet Tiselius, Raphael Sannholm, Laura Babcock","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00072.tis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00072.tis","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125305820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The translation of culture-specific expressions has received considerable attention in translation studies in recent decades; however, the translation of allusion and allusive text has rarely been touched upon. This article reports an eye-tracking study which aims to answer the following question: What factors influence the allocation of cognitive efforts (CE) in L1 and L2 translation of allusive text? Results from a generalised linear mixed model revealed that for the 30 Chinese student translators who participated in this study, the impact of allusion type was significant in L1 but not L2 translation. Allusion familiarity, the source context length and typing speed have no significant relationship with the amount of CE in all areas of interest (AOIs). Meanwhile, Skopoi and the visits to the external resources correlated with the CE in both directions of the translation process.
{"title":"Translation of Allusive Literary Text in both directions","authors":"Haimeng Ren","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00070.ren","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00070.ren","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The translation of culture-specific expressions has received considerable attention in translation studies in\u0000 recent decades; however, the translation of allusion and allusive text has rarely been touched upon. This article reports an\u0000 eye-tracking study which aims to answer the following question: What factors influence the allocation of cognitive efforts (CE) in\u0000 L1 and L2 translation of allusive text? Results from a generalised linear mixed model revealed that for the 30 Chinese student\u0000 translators who participated in this study, the impact of allusion type was significant in L1 but not L2 translation. Allusion\u0000 familiarity, the source context length and typing speed have no significant relationship with the amount of CE in all areas of\u0000 interest (AOIs). Meanwhile, Skopoi and the visits to the external resources correlated with the CE in both directions of the\u0000 translation process.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116740595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies on affective dimensions of interpreting suggest that the emotionally-charged conversations or complex topics encountered by interpreters in community settings may be stressful and emotionally taxing, leaving interpreters prone to vicarious trauma and retraumatization. The assumed psychological risk associated with these conditions may point to the importance of self-care in community interpreting practice and its role in building interpreters’ resilience. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 20 professional community interpreters, this article aims to identify self-care strategies adopted in community interpreting. By using Posluns & Gall’s (2020) framework, we focus on six main self-care domains, i.e., awareness, balance, flexibility, physical health, social support, and spirituality. The study documents how community interpreters utilize self-care practice to mitigate stress inherent in the profession.
{"title":"Self-care strategies of professional community interpreters","authors":"Paweł Korpal, C. Mellinger","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00069.kor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00069.kor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Previous studies on affective dimensions of interpreting suggest that the emotionally-charged conversations or complex topics encountered by interpreters in community settings may be stressful and emotionally taxing, leaving interpreters prone to vicarious trauma and retraumatization. The assumed psychological risk associated with these conditions may point to the importance of self-care in community interpreting practice and its role in building interpreters’ resilience. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 20 professional community interpreters, this article aims to identify self-care strategies adopted in community interpreting. By using Posluns & Gall’s (2020) framework, we focus on six main self-care domains, i.e., awareness, balance, flexibility, physical health, social support, and spirituality. The study documents how community interpreters utilize self-care practice to mitigate stress inherent in the profession.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"17 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114125887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents methodological challenges in a study focusing on the impact of remote interpreting settings on interpreter experience and performance. In recent years, the practice of simultaneous interpreting has undergone a robust development with the quick uptake of remote interpreting technologies due to the global pandemic. In order to investigate remote interpreting, we created the Inside the Virtual Booth project encompassing a survey and an experimental study. We report on selected results of the survey that directly inform the experimental study design. We focus on challenges related to the compromise between experimental control and ecological validity, creation of materials and selection of dependent variables, including eyetracking measures that cannot be directly applied from reading studies to a study involving multimodal content typical for remote interpreting assignments. The paper may serve as a source of methodological guidance to scholars entering the field of experimental translation and interpreting studies.
{"title":"Testing the impact of remote interpreting settings on interpreter experience and performance","authors":"Agnieszka Chmiel, Nicoletta Spinolo","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00068.chm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00068.chm","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents methodological challenges in a study focusing on the impact of remote interpreting settings on\u0000 interpreter experience and performance. In recent years, the practice of simultaneous interpreting has undergone a robust\u0000 development with the quick uptake of remote interpreting technologies due to the global pandemic. In order to investigate remote\u0000 interpreting, we created the Inside the Virtual Booth project encompassing a survey and an experimental study. We report on\u0000 selected results of the survey that directly inform the experimental study design. We focus on challenges related to the\u0000 compromise between experimental control and ecological validity, creation of materials and selection of dependent variables,\u0000 including eyetracking measures that cannot be directly applied from reading studies to a study involving multimodal content\u0000 typical for remote interpreting assignments. The paper may serve as a source of methodological guidance to scholars entering the\u0000 field of experimental translation and interpreting studies.","PeriodicalId":313749,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116958786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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