This paper begins to evaluate some of the complicated set of economic adjustments which are going to occur as the uneven population age structure of the U.S. matures. It argues that in the 2012-2035 "crunch" years for the social security system not only will workers be scarce relative to retirees, but they will also be scarce relative to capital. This fact will tend to raise the wage-rentals ratio and partially alleviate the problems of a retirement plan supported by taxes on labor income. On the other hand, during this period the large number of elderly persons will be attempting to dis-save by selling their assets to the relatively few younger, accumulating families. Such an imbalance will be equilibrated only by depressed asset prices. The conclusion, thus, is that the problems of the social security system may be partially alleviated by factor price adjustments, while private funded pension plans will have a problem of their own, namely lower than anticipated liquidation values.
{"title":"An Evaluation of the Role of Factor Markets and Intensities in the Social Security Crisis: A Progress Report","authors":"J. Shoven","doi":"10.3386/W0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W0216","url":null,"abstract":"This paper begins to evaluate some of the complicated set of economic adjustments which are going to occur as the uneven population age structure of the U.S. matures. It argues that in the 2012-2035 \"crunch\" years for the social security system not only will workers be scarce relative to retirees, but they will also be scarce relative to capital. This fact will tend to raise the wage-rentals ratio and partially alleviate the problems of a retirement plan supported by taxes on labor income. On the other hand, during this period the large number of elderly persons will be attempting to dis-save by selling their assets to the relatively few younger, accumulating families. Such an imbalance will be equilibrated only by depressed asset prices. The conclusion, thus, is that the problems of the social security system may be partially alleviated by factor price adjustments, while private funded pension plans will have a problem of their own, namely lower than anticipated liquidation values.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122814355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we survey theoretical models of the effect of the minimum wage and, in somewhat greater detail, evidence of its effect on employment and unemployment. Our discussion of the theory emphasizes recent work using two-sector and heterogeneous-worker models. We then summarize and evaluate the large literature on employment and unemployment effects of the minimum on teenagers. Finally, we survey the evidence of the effect of the minimum wage on adult employment, and on employment in low-wage industries and areas.
{"title":"The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment: A Survey","authors":"Charles C. Brown, C. Gilroy, Andrew I. Kohen","doi":"10.3386/W0846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W0846","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we survey theoretical models of the effect of the minimum wage and, in somewhat greater detail, evidence of its effect on employment and unemployment. Our discussion of the theory emphasizes recent work using two-sector and heterogeneous-worker models. We then summarize and evaluate the large literature on employment and unemployment effects of the minimum on teenagers. Finally, we survey the evidence of the effect of the minimum wage on adult employment, and on employment in low-wage industries and areas.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124837380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines the policy relevance and economic significance of the volunteering sector. It presents a case for an expanded definition of volunteering, encompassing activities performed outside formal organisations.The paper uses statistical analyses to examine the profile of volunteering in Australia. Higher levels of participation in voluntary activities are associated with higher status occupations, university level qualifications and living in regional areas. Importantly, volunteering played a crucial role in building and maintaining social capital. However, not all volunteers had the same opportunities to build social capital, with adult carers looking after someone in the same household having only one hour per week of socialising time. The paper concludes by examining Australian volunteering activity in an international context. It found that Australians spent about half the amount of time volunteering as people in Canada, Finland, France and the United Kingdom.
{"title":"Exploring the Economic and Social Value of Present Patterns of Volunteering in Australia","authors":"M. Bittman, K. Fisher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1728569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1728569","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the policy relevance and economic significance of the volunteering sector. It presents a case for an expanded definition of volunteering, encompassing activities performed outside formal organisations.The paper uses statistical analyses to examine the profile of volunteering in Australia. Higher levels of participation in voluntary activities are associated with higher status occupations, university level qualifications and living in regional areas. Importantly, volunteering played a crucial role in building and maintaining social capital. However, not all volunteers had the same opportunities to build social capital, with adult carers looking after someone in the same household having only one hour per week of socialising time. The paper concludes by examining Australian volunteering activity in an international context. It found that Australians spent about half the amount of time volunteering as people in Canada, Finland, France and the United Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132681768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historically, the economic contribution of rural areas to regions was clear: it was the provider of farm produce and other raw materials such as coal. Rural employment was evidently based on the exploitation of natural capital. More recently this picture has been obscured by several trends such as the declining importance of agriculture in rural economies which are becoming increasingly diversified, the increasing mobility of populations and new approaches to economic development and to governance. This paper compares current employment patterns, and opportunities for/constraints on, rural economic diversification, in two contrasting regions of the EU in terms of typology, but of roughly similar size in terms ofpopulation, the Chelmsford and Braintree 'travel to work area' in Essex CC NUTS3 region (UK), and Bistrita-Nasaud county in Romania. In both regions there is a lack of jobs in rural areas. In Essex the major socio-economic response is commuting while in Bistrita-Nasaud it is international migration and/ or withdrawal in self-subsistence agriculture. The former region has an economically diverse rural economy and the greatest opportunities for job creation are knowledge-based, low environmental impact businesses; the agri-food chain (but not primary production); short break tourism; home based businesses/consultancies; home-based working remote from the office; services for the ageing population; and leisure activities. In the latter, the economy is still heavily based on agriculture, and the agri-food supply chain, forestiy, tourism, crafts and services for the population are the most promising sectors for job creation.
{"title":"Contrasting Prospects for New Sources of Rural Employment in Two Regions of the European Union","authors":"A. Fieldsend, Kinga Kerekes","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.138328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.138328","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, the economic contribution of rural areas to regions was clear: it was the provider of farm produce and other raw materials such as coal. Rural employment was evidently based on the exploitation of natural capital. More recently this picture has been obscured by several trends such as the declining importance of agriculture in rural economies which are becoming increasingly diversified, the increasing mobility of populations and new approaches to economic development and to governance. This paper compares current employment patterns, and opportunities for/constraints on, rural economic diversification, in two contrasting regions of the EU in terms of typology, but of roughly similar size in terms ofpopulation, the Chelmsford and Braintree 'travel to work area' in Essex CC NUTS3 region (UK), and Bistrita-Nasaud county in Romania. In both regions there is a lack of jobs in rural areas. In Essex the major socio-economic response is commuting while in Bistrita-Nasaud it is international migration and/ or withdrawal in self-subsistence agriculture. The former region has an economically diverse rural economy and the greatest opportunities for job creation are knowledge-based, low environmental impact businesses; the agri-food chain (but not primary production); short break tourism; home based businesses/consultancies; home-based working remote from the office; services for the ageing population; and leisure activities. In the latter, the economy is still heavily based on agriculture, and the agri-food supply chain, forestiy, tourism, crafts and services for the population are the most promising sectors for job creation.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"9 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120825791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In public policy discourse, the role of government is not universally accepted, but tends to have widespread support. Most of those who want smaller government with fewer programs accede to the notion that government is here to stay in, e.g., care for the poor. This paper challenges the role of government in core welfare programs. A model is presented for reducing government presence in programs that provide income relief and other support for the poorest citizens. An example from America’s worst-performing state is used to show that this model - called the charity compact - is economically realistic even under significant poverty.
{"title":"Charity Compacts: A Privatization Model for Welfare Programs","authors":"Sven R. Larson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1864850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1864850","url":null,"abstract":"In public policy discourse, the role of government is not universally accepted, but tends to have widespread support. Most of those who want smaller government with fewer programs accede to the notion that government is here to stay in, e.g., care for the poor. This paper challenges the role of government in core welfare programs. A model is presented for reducing government presence in programs that provide income relief and other support for the poorest citizens. An example from America’s worst-performing state is used to show that this model - called the charity compact - is economically realistic even under significant poverty.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133097919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First used in the 1970s, housing vouchers — beginning as the Section 8 program and now as the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program — have become HUD’s primary means for providing housing assistance to low-income renters. The HCV program subsidizes rental payments for privately owned units, making the landlords who own these homes critical to the program’s success. Despite their important role in supplying affordable housing, landlords have not been the subject of much research until recently. Current HUD-sponsored research is beginning to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge about how and why landlords choose to accept vouchers. This knowledge should help HUD, public housing agencies (PHAs), and local government entities improve the efforts they are already implementing to increase landlord participation. This issue of Evidence Matters focuses on the research regarding landlord acceptance of vouchers, the efforts to increase participation, and the implications of landlord participation for the housing choices of voucher households.
{"title":"Evidence Matters: Winter 2019","authors":"Rachelle Levitt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3615799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615799","url":null,"abstract":"First used in the 1970s, housing vouchers — beginning as the Section 8 program and now as the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program — have become HUD’s primary means for providing housing assistance to low-income renters. The HCV program subsidizes rental payments for privately owned units, making the landlords who own these homes critical to the program’s success. Despite their important role in supplying affordable housing, landlords have not been the subject of much research until recently. Current HUD-sponsored research is beginning to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge about how and why landlords choose to accept vouchers. This knowledge should help HUD, public housing agencies (PHAs), and local government entities improve the efforts they are already implementing to increase landlord participation. This issue of Evidence Matters focuses on the research regarding landlord acceptance of vouchers, the efforts to increase participation, and the implications of landlord participation for the housing choices of voucher households.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127506388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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