Polish nonprofit organizations are important part of general social policy in Polish economy. They realize important aims in healthcare, in education and many other socially important areas. Considering efficiency of nonprofit organizations, should be remembered that from the donor perspective, is important the way the managing team uses resources of the nonprofit organization and if it is used in the most effective way. The nonprofit organization efficiency should be considered in the context of the risk. The one from the most important way to be out from business is the lack of the liquidity. In paper are considered relations between liquidity measures and efficiency measures. That relation is also illustrated for Polish nonprofit organizations data.
{"title":"Empirical Relation between Liquidity Measures and Efficiency in Polish Nonprofit Organizations","authors":"G. Michalski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2151134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2151134","url":null,"abstract":"Polish nonprofit organizations are important part of general social policy in Polish economy. They realize important aims in healthcare, in education and many other socially important areas. Considering efficiency of nonprofit organizations, should be remembered that from the donor perspective, is important the way the managing team uses resources of the nonprofit organization and if it is used in the most effective way. The nonprofit organization efficiency should be considered in the context of the risk. The one from the most important way to be out from business is the lack of the liquidity. In paper are considered relations between liquidity measures and efficiency measures. That relation is also illustrated for Polish nonprofit organizations data.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133278870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue addressed in this research is whether it is possible to make a pro-poor financial service both affordable and sustainable. It argues sustainability should be possible at the sub-$25 monthly account balances typical of the poor and at a really low monthly fee the poor can afford to pay out of household budgets that may be as low as $50 per month in rural Africa but only if the service is provided at the scale of millions of active clients.
{"title":"What Makes Pro-Poor Service Delivery Sustainable for WSBI Partner Banks","authors":"S. Peachey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2286575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2286575","url":null,"abstract":"The issue addressed in this research is whether it is possible to make a pro-poor financial service both affordable and sustainable. It argues sustainability should be possible at the sub-$25 monthly account balances typical of the poor and at a really low monthly fee the poor can afford to pay out of household budgets that may be as low as $50 per month in rural Africa but only if the service is provided at the scale of millions of active clients.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131831113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the real world many social and economic decisions have to be made with imperfect information and uncertainty. In the past two decades, economists and mathematicians have devoted a great deal of time and effort into the study of ambiguity and much progress has been made in modeling ambiguity. Decision models under ambiguity have been widely used in portfolio selection, asset pricing, and risk measurement. However, few studies have been done on linking ambiguity to the social welfare function, although social welfare evaluation also faces a scarcity of information and ambiguity of income distribution. In this paper I set up a framework with policy relevance for social welfare evaluation, with the help of a model that is developed to handle income distribution ambiguity. Under some reasonable conditions the relation of income distribution to social preference is identified and the social welfare function is clearly expressed. It is shown that the social welfare functions derived from the framework are robust in form and invariant up to a monotonous increasing transformation. The framework is also flexible enough to contain many thoughtful ideas about the social welfare function.
{"title":"Preference Relativity, Ambiguity and Social Welfare Evaluation","authors":"Zhijun Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1965408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1965408","url":null,"abstract":"In the real world many social and economic decisions have to be made with imperfect information and uncertainty. In the past two decades, economists and mathematicians have devoted a great deal of time and effort into the study of ambiguity and much progress has been made in modeling ambiguity. Decision models under ambiguity have been widely used in portfolio selection, asset pricing, and risk measurement. However, few studies have been done on linking ambiguity to the social welfare function, although social welfare evaluation also faces a scarcity of information and ambiguity of income distribution. In this paper I set up a framework with policy relevance for social welfare evaluation, with the help of a model that is developed to handle income distribution ambiguity. Under some reasonable conditions the relation of income distribution to social preference is identified and the social welfare function is clearly expressed. It is shown that the social welfare functions derived from the framework are robust in form and invariant up to a monotonous increasing transformation. The framework is also flexible enough to contain many thoughtful ideas about the social welfare function.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115534557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to estimate the causal effect of government enforcement on compliance with minimum wages in South Africa, a country where considerable non-compliance exists. The number of labour inspectors per capita is used as a proxy for enforcement, whilst non-compliance is measured using an index of violation that measures both the proportion of individuals violated, as well as the average depth of individual violation. Due to the potential simultaneity between enforcement and compliance, the number of labour inspectors is instrumented by the number of non-inspectors. The results suggest that there are a variety of factors impacting on violation, including firm-level, sectoral and spatial characteristics. One of the key determinants of violation is found to be the local unemployment rate. However, the number of labour inspectors is found to be insignificant in determining non-compliance.
{"title":"Estimating the Causal Effect of Enforcement on Minimum Wage Compliance : The Case of South Africa","authors":"H. Bhorat, R. Kanbur, N. Mayet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2184233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2184233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to estimate the causal effect of government enforcement on compliance with minimum wages in South Africa, a country where considerable non-compliance exists. The number of labour inspectors per capita is used as a proxy for enforcement, whilst non-compliance is measured using an index of violation that measures both the proportion of individuals violated, as well as the average depth of individual violation. Due to the potential simultaneity between enforcement and compliance, the number of labour inspectors is instrumented by the number of non-inspectors. The results suggest that there are a variety of factors impacting on violation, including firm-level, sectoral and spatial characteristics. One of the key determinants of violation is found to be the local unemployment rate. However, the number of labour inspectors is found to be insignificant in determining non-compliance.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116204943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-04DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-246X.2011.01392.x
I. Mathauer, Ole Doetinchem, J. Kirigia, G. Carrin
This article discusses the process, results and implications of a financial feasibility assessment of social health insurance (SHI), as one part of Lesotho's exploration of how to move towards achieving universal health care coverage. Quantitative data from government and other sources, and qualitative data from discussions with stakeholders, were entered into SimIns, a health insurance simulation software, through which SHI revenue and expenditure for 11 years was projected. In principle, the assessment reveals that through a mix of tax financing and SHI contributions, all citizens of Lesotho could be covered with a defined benefit package of health services under the defined policy assumptions. Such a financing scheme would provide financial risk protection and enhance equity in access and health financing.
{"title":"Reaching Universal Coverage by Means of Social Health Insurance in Lesotho? Results and Implications from a Financial Feasibility Assessment","authors":"I. Mathauer, Ole Doetinchem, J. Kirigia, G. Carrin","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-246X.2011.01392.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2011.01392.x","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the process, results and implications of a financial feasibility assessment of social health insurance (SHI), as one part of Lesotho's exploration of how to move towards achieving universal health care coverage. Quantitative data from government and other sources, and qualitative data from discussions with stakeholders, were entered into SimIns, a health insurance simulation software, through which SHI revenue and expenditure for 11 years was projected. In principle, the assessment reveals that through a mix of tax financing and SHI contributions, all citizens of Lesotho could be covered with a defined benefit package of health services under the defined policy assumptions. Such a financing scheme would provide financial risk protection and enhance equity in access and health financing.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128174078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper identifies and analyzes the four main fault lines which will influence the next decades of global philanthropy. All are related to what we can refer to as "the market revolution in global philanthropy". As global philanthropy moves beyond grantmaking, into investment approaches that produce a social as well as a financial return, this accelerates the mainstreaming of a variety of what used to be niche activities. They marry effectiveness, social impact, and market mechanisms.The paper discusses four key theatres: amplifying social entrepreneurship through synthetic social business; the shift from microfinance to inclusive financial services; the abandonment of the paradigm of development assistance in favor of base-of-the-pyramid investments; and the transition from classical grantmaking to an entrepreneurial internalization of externalities that uses public-private-civil society value chains.The paper was reviewed in the Huffington Post on January 18, 2011. You can read the review at here. According to the reviewer, “If you are a serious social entrepreneur, Dr. Martin's insights provide a hard-hitting perspective about how a new generation of the super-wealthy is "changing the logic" of philanthropy by moving dollars from inefficient, relationship-driven grantmaking to investments in values-driven social impact business.”
{"title":"Cuatro Revoluciones en la Filantropía Global (Four Revolutions in Global Philanthropy)","authors":"Maximiliano Martín","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2209749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2209749","url":null,"abstract":"The paper identifies and analyzes the four main fault lines which will influence the next decades of global philanthropy. All are related to what we can refer to as \"the market revolution in global philanthropy\". As global philanthropy moves beyond grantmaking, into investment approaches that produce a social as well as a financial return, this accelerates the mainstreaming of a variety of what used to be niche activities. They marry effectiveness, social impact, and market mechanisms.The paper discusses four key theatres: amplifying social entrepreneurship through synthetic social business; the shift from microfinance to inclusive financial services; the abandonment of the paradigm of development assistance in favor of base-of-the-pyramid investments; and the transition from classical grantmaking to an entrepreneurial internalization of externalities that uses public-private-civil society value chains.The paper was reviewed in the Huffington Post on January 18, 2011. You can read the review at here. According to the reviewer, “If you are a serious social entrepreneur, Dr. Martin's insights provide a hard-hitting perspective about how a new generation of the super-wealthy is \"changing the logic\" of philanthropy by moving dollars from inefficient, relationship-driven grantmaking to investments in values-driven social impact business.”","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125140567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This document provides estimates of national minimum wage rates for Australia since 1983. Providing estimates is not always a straight forward matter. We have provided a brief account of each wage decision providing: an estimated weekly minimum wage; an estimated hourly minimum wage based on the relevant standard working week; the relevant dollar increase; and the relevant percentage increase. We have also provided a summary of relevant events and submission from each decision in an endeavour to provide some of the social and political context for each decision.
{"title":"Minimum Wage Estimates and Adjustments in Australia Since 1983","authors":"Andrew Cowie, T. Jefferson","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2379278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2379278","url":null,"abstract":"This document provides estimates of national minimum wage rates for Australia since 1983. Providing estimates is not always a straight forward matter. We have provided a brief account of each wage decision providing: an estimated weekly minimum wage; an estimated hourly minimum wage based on the relevant standard working week; the relevant dollar increase; and the relevant percentage increase. We have also provided a summary of relevant events and submission from each decision in an endeavour to provide some of the social and political context for each decision.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133897063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper provides a perspective on the development of the Belgian disability insurance system. Using both survey and administrative data, it sketches a picture of the (changing) factors leading towards disability, as well as the outcomes in terms of program participation. The paper shows the key role of integrating other forms of early retirement programs into the analysis. The main findings are an unspectacular trend in the number of DI beneficiaries over time combined with a strong expansion of (early-) retirement schemes.
{"title":"Disability in Belgium: There is More than Meets the Eye","authors":"Alain Jousten, M. Lefebvre, S. Perelman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1716751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716751","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides a perspective on the development of the Belgian disability insurance system. Using both survey and administrative data, it sketches a picture of the (changing) factors leading towards disability, as well as the outcomes in terms of program participation. The paper shows the key role of integrating other forms of early retirement programs into the analysis. The main findings are an unspectacular trend in the number of DI beneficiaries over time combined with a strong expansion of (early-) retirement schemes.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121838885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines whether monetary expansion is a beggar-thyself or beggar-thy-neighbour policy. Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995) show that monetary expansion under producer currency pricing increases domestic and foreign overall welfare, in cases where the cross-country substitutability is high. If the cross-country substitutability is low, then monetary expansion is a beggar-thyself policy that reduces domestic welfare and increases foreign welfare (Corsetti & Pesenti 2001; Tille 2001). In this paper, we will show that regardless of whether the cross-country substitutability is high or low, monetary expansion is always a beggar-thyself policy in the short run.
{"title":"Beggar-Thyself or Beggar-Thy-Neighbour? The Welfare Effects of Monetary Policy","authors":"J. Tervala, P. Engler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1577119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1577119","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines whether monetary expansion is a beggar-thyself or beggar-thy-neighbour policy. Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995) show that monetary expansion under producer currency pricing increases domestic and foreign overall welfare, in cases where the cross-country substitutability is high. If the cross-country substitutability is low, then monetary expansion is a beggar-thyself policy that reduces domestic welfare and increases foreign welfare (Corsetti & Pesenti 2001; Tille 2001). In this paper, we will show that regardless of whether the cross-country substitutability is high or low, monetary expansion is always a beggar-thyself policy in the short run.","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2230.2009.00758.x
G. Davidov
This article uses a purposive method of interpretation to suggest solutions to various questions raised in the application of the National Minimum Wage Act (NMWA). The article first considers the goals of minimum wage laws (and the NMWA in particular) by putting forward the justifications for such laws and addressing critiques. It is argued that the minimum wage is best understood as a mechanism for redistribution of resources and ensuring respect for the human dignity of workers. Building on this articulation of goals, the article then proceeds to consider which group of workers are included within the scope of the NMWA (interpreting terms such as ‘worker’, ‘voluntary workers’, apprentices and trainees); what are considered as working hours for the purpose of the Act (focusing on cases of work/sleep combinations); and what constitutes part of the wage (focusing on tips, attendance allowances and deductions for accommodations).
{"title":"A Purposive Interpretation of the National Minimum Wage Act","authors":"G. Davidov","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-2230.2009.00758.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2009.00758.x","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses a purposive method of interpretation to suggest solutions to various questions raised in the application of the National Minimum Wage Act (NMWA). The article first considers the goals of minimum wage laws (and the NMWA in particular) by putting forward the justifications for such laws and addressing critiques. It is argued that the minimum wage is best understood as a mechanism for redistribution of resources and ensuring respect for the human dignity of workers. Building on this articulation of goals, the article then proceeds to consider which group of workers are included within the scope of the NMWA (interpreting terms such as ‘worker’, ‘voluntary workers’, apprentices and trainees); what are considered as working hours for the purpose of the Act (focusing on cases of work/sleep combinations); and what constitutes part of the wage (focusing on tips, attendance allowances and deductions for accommodations).","PeriodicalId":316250,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Social Economics (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121848662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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