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'Relevance' and 'Price' as Determinants of Internet Non-Adoption: A Review of the Evidence “相关性”和“价格”是不采用互联网的决定因素:证据综述
Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3608430
George S. Ford
Explaining non-adoption for Internet service has led to a debate about whether non-adopters place a low value on Internet use or whether the price of connectivity is too high. A thorough analysis of survey data reveals that non-price factors dominate price as the determining factor for not using the Internet at home. Still, as price is a legitimate factor of adoption, if surveys are to be truly useful for policymaking, then they must abandon the current question seeking explanations for non-adoption and gather data that permit an estimate of price sensitivity.
解释不采用互联网服务导致了一场争论,即不采用互联网服务的人是低估了互联网的使用价值,还是网络连接的价格太高了。对调查数据的深入分析表明,非价格因素在决定在家不上网的因素中占主导地位。尽管如此,由于价格是采纳的一个合理因素,如果调查要真正对政策制定有用,那么他们必须放弃目前的问题,寻求不采纳的解释,并收集数据,允许对价格敏感性进行估计。
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引用次数: 1
The Role of Social Interactions on Preferences for Redistribution 社会互动对再分配偏好的作用
Pub Date : 2020-03-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3504279
Andros Kourtellos, Kyriakos Petrou
This paper investigates the role of social influences in preferences for redistribution using data from the General Social Survey. We employ social interaction models with a socioeconomic network structure and intertemporal feedbacks during the impressionable years. We find substantial evidence of both lagged endogenous and contextual effects that imply that the redistributive preferences are intertemporally dependent. Interestingly, controlling for individual income, the contextual effect of income is negative and strongly significant. Our results highlight the key role of fathers' education in the structure of the social network. We interpret our findings as suggestive evidence that social identity can explain attitudes towards redistribution. We also uncover evidence of threshold effects in preferences for redistribution that are consistent with the predictions of theoretical models that exhibit multiple equilibria. Finally, we show that our results extend to a range of other attitudes and beliefs, including politics, religion, and ethics.
本文利用综合社会调查的数据调查了社会影响在再分配偏好中的作用。我们采用社会经济网络结构和跨期反馈的社会互动模型。我们发现了大量的证据,证明了滞后的内源性和环境效应,这意味着再分配偏好是跨时间依赖的。有趣的是,在控制个人收入的情况下,收入的背景效应是负的,而且非常显著。我们的研究结果强调了父亲的教育在社会网络结构中的关键作用。我们将我们的研究结果解释为社会身份可以解释对再分配的态度的暗示性证据。我们还发现了再分配偏好的阈值效应的证据,这与展示多重平衡的理论模型的预测相一致。最后,我们表明,我们的结果延伸到一系列其他态度和信仰,包括政治,宗教和道德。
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引用次数: 1
Key Players in Economic Development 经济发展的主要参与者
Pub Date : 2020-03-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3562861
Ashani Amarasinghe, R. Hodler, P. Raschky, Y. Zenou
This paper analyzes the role of networks in the spatial diffusion of local economic shocks in Africa. We show that road and ethnic connectivity are particularly important factors for diffusing economic spillovers over longer distances. We then determine the key players, i.e., which districts are key in propagating local economic shocks across Africa. Using these results, we conduct counterfactual policy exercises to evaluate the potential gains from policies that increase economic activity in specific districts or improve road connectivity between districts.
本文分析了网络在非洲地方经济冲击空间扩散中的作用。我们发现,道路和民族的连通性是将经济溢出效应扩散到更远距离的特别重要的因素。然后,我们确定关键参与者,即哪些地区是在整个非洲传播当地经济冲击的关键。利用这些结果,我们进行了反事实政策练习,以评估增加特定地区经济活动或改善地区之间道路连通性的政策的潜在收益。
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引用次数: 3
The Concept and Criticisms of Steemit Steemit的概念和批评
Pub Date : 2020-03-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3129410
Usman W. Chohan
This paper examines the concept and the criticisms of Steemit, with a view to situating its difficulties in imposing a self-regulating cryptoanarchist information network, as well its interesting meshing of blogging and social networking with a blockchain (Steem) database. This raises questions about the structures of accountability in the cryptocurrency realm, and of the abuse of cryptoanarchist principles in practice.
本文研究了Steemit的概念和批评,以定位其在实施自我调节的加密无政府主义信息网络方面的困难,以及它将博客和社交网络与区块链(Steem)数据库有趣地结合在一起。这引发了对加密货币领域问责制结构的质疑,以及在实践中滥用加密无政府主义原则的问题。
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引用次数: 41
Effects of Platform Protection in a Duopoly in the Presence of Asymmetric Information and User Security Preference 信息不对称和用户安全偏好下双头垄断下的平台保护效应
Pub Date : 2020-03-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3556488
Zhiyong Li, Guofang Nan, Minqiang Li
This study addresses the effects of platform protection and different information structures on equilibrium outcomes for competing superior and inferior two-sided platforms. The conditions under which the platform vendors, content providers, and users prefer to the higher platform protection are derived. When users are informed, the preferences of the inferior platform and its content providers depend on both the security effect and the change in user utility from content consumption. When users are uninformed, the impact of the security effect diminishes. Information disclosures might be detrimental to customer surplus and social welfare as the increasing of protection levels.
本研究探讨了平台保护和不同信息结构对竞争优势和劣势双边平台均衡结果的影响。推导出平台供应商、内容提供商和用户偏好较高平台保护的条件。当用户被告知时,劣势平台及其内容提供商的偏好取决于安全效果和用户因内容消费而产生的效用变化。当用户不知情时,安全效应的影响就会减弱。随着保护水平的提高,信息披露可能对客户剩余和社会福利产生不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty: An Arab Perspective 社交媒体营销对品牌信任和品牌忠诚的影响:一个阿拉伯人的视角
Pub Date : 2020-03-15 DOI: 10.4018/ijom.2020010102
M. S. Sohail, Mehedi Hassan, Azlin Fathima Sohail
Social media gives firms a better platform to promote and build brand trust and loyalty. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a conceptual model that integrates the relationships among social media marketing elements, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Data was collected from 242 social media users in Saudi Arabia and the model was tested by employing structural equation modelling using SPSS and AMOS. The model was tested using a two-stage process, model evaluation and testing the significance of the model. Results of the hypotheses tests reveal that brand communities, entertainment, interaction, and customization features have a significant and positive relationship with brand trust and brand loyalty. The findings of this study provide a guide to social media marketers to build brand trust and loyalty.
社交媒体为企业提供了一个更好的平台来促进和建立品牌信任和忠诚度。本研究的目的是开发并验证一个整合社交媒体营销要素、品牌信任和品牌忠诚度之间关系的概念模型。从沙特阿拉伯的242名社交媒体用户中收集数据,并使用SPSS和AMOS采用结构方程建模对模型进行检验。采用模型评价和模型显著性检验两阶段流程对模型进行检验。假设检验结果显示,品牌社群、娱乐化、互动化和定制化特征与品牌信任和品牌忠诚之间存在显著正相关。本研究的发现为社交媒体营销人员建立品牌信任和忠诚度提供了指导。
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引用次数: 29
Director Networks and Firm Value 董事网络和公司价值
Pub Date : 2020-03-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3552936
Tor-Erik Bakke, J. Black, Hamed Mahmudi, S. Linn
Are the professional networks of corporate directors valuable? More connected directors may have better information and more influence, which can increase firm value. However, these directors may also be busy or spread value-decreasing practices. To separate the effect of director networks on firm value from the effect of other value-relevant director attributes, we use the unexpected deaths of directors as a shock to the director networks of interlocked directors. By studying the announcement returns and using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that this negative shock to director networks reduces firm value. This evidence suggests that director networks are valuable.
公司董事的专业网络有价值吗?关联董事越多,信息越好,影响力越大,企业价值越高。然而,这些董事也可能很忙或传播降低价值的做法。为了将董事网络对公司价值的影响与其他价值相关的董事属性的影响分离开来,我们将董事的意外死亡作为对连锁董事网络的冲击。通过对公告收益的研究,并采用差异中的差异方法,我们发现这种对董事网络的负面冲击降低了公司价值。这一证据表明,董事网络是有价值的。
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引用次数: 2
The First Chatbot of a Tourism/Hospitality Journal: Editor’s Impressions 旅游/酒店杂志的第一个聊天机器人:编辑的印象
Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.54055/ejtr.v24i.403
Stanislav Ivanov
The first chatbot of an academic journal in the field of tourism and hospitality was launched in 2017. This editorial presents the structure of the chatbot of the European Journal of Tourism Research, reflects on Editor’s experience in developing and using the chatbot, and provides practical recommendations to editors and publishers who may wish to adopt chatbots for social media communications.
首个旅游与酒店领域学术期刊的聊天机器人于2017年推出。这篇社论介绍了《欧洲旅游研究杂志》聊天机器人的结构,反映了编辑在开发和使用聊天机器人方面的经验,并为可能希望采用聊天机器人进行社交媒体交流的编辑和出版商提供了实用建议。
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引用次数: 2
Do workers discriminate against their out-group employers? Evidence from an online platform economy 员工是否歧视他们的外群体雇主?证据来自网络平台经济
Pub Date : 2020-02-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3544269
S. Asad, R. Banerjee, Joydeep Bhattacharya
We study possible worker-to-employer discrimination manifested via social preferences in an online labor market. Specifically, we ask, do workers exhibit positive social preferences for an out-race employer relative to an otherwise-identical, own-race one? We run a well-powered, model-based experiment wherein we recruit 6,000 workers from Amazon's M-Turk platform for a real-effort task and randomly (and unobtrusively) reveal to them the racial identity of their non-fictitious employer. Strikingly, we find strong evidence of race-based altruism – white workers, even when they do not benefit personally, work relatively harder to generate more income for black employers. Self-declared white Republicans and Independents exhibit significantly more altruism relative to Democrats. Notably, the altruism does not seem to be driven by race-specific beliefs about the income status of the employers. Our results suggest the possibility that pro-social behavior of whites toward blacks, atypical in traditional labor markets, may emerge in the gig economy where associative (dis)taste is naturally muted due to limited social contact.
我们研究了在线劳动力市场中可能通过社会偏好表现出来的工人对雇主的歧视。具体来说,我们要问的是,相对于其他方面相同的、同种族的雇主,员工是否会对非种族雇主表现出积极的社会偏好?我们进行了一项强大的、基于模型的实验,从亚马逊的M-Turk平台上招募了6000名员工,让他们完成一项真实的任务,并随机(不引人注目地)向他们透露他们真实雇主的种族身份。引人注目的是,我们发现了基于种族的利他主义的有力证据——白人工人,即使他们个人没有受益,也会相对努力地工作,为黑人雇主创造更多的收入。与民主党人相比,自称为白人的共和党人和无党派人士明显表现出更多的利他主义。值得注意的是,利他主义似乎并不是由对雇主收入状况的种族特定信念驱动的。我们的研究结果表明,白人对黑人的亲社会行为,在传统劳动力市场中是不典型的,可能会出现在零工经济中,在零工经济中,由于有限的社会接触,联想(厌恶)味道自然减弱。
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引用次数: 2
No Trade in a Blockchain 区块链中没有交易
Pub Date : 2020-02-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3581822
Spyros Galanis
We show that there cannot be common knowledge trade in a truly decentralised environment, such as in a blockchain. A trade is an agreement to buy and sell a security that pays according to some state of nature; it is settled when the security’s value is verified by an oracle, an intermediary who knows the state of nature. However, since the identity of traders in a blockchain is hidden, an oracle can impersonate a trader, by participating in a trade only when he knows that the outcome will be favourable. If other traders know that this is possible, they might be unwilling to participate in any trade that is offered. In other words, anonymity of traders is incompatible with verifiability of trades. We find that the requirement on verifiability is relatively mild. In particular, it is enough that, among all values of the security that it is common knowledge that some trader thinks are possible, there exists an oracle that can verify either the maximum or the minimum.
我们表明,在一个真正去中心化的环境中,比如b区块链中,不可能存在常识交易。交易是一种买卖证券的协议,根据某种自然状态支付;当证券的价值由一个知道自然状态的中介验证时,问题就解决了。然而,由于区块链中交易者的身份是隐藏的,预言者可以通过只在他知道结果将是有利的情况下参与交易来冒充交易者。如果其他交易者知道这是可能的,他们可能不愿意参与任何提供的交易。换句话说,交易者的匿名性与交易的可验证性是不相容的。我们发现对可验证性的要求是相对温和的。特别是,在所有交易者认为可能的证券值中,存在一个可以验证最大值或最小值的神谕就足够了。
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引用次数: 2
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Economics of Networks eJournal
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