Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-182
Nikolay S. Khlopkin, V. Kuznetsov, V. Makarov
The report contains a short history of the nuclear fleet, and it shows its contemporary condition. There are arguments supporting the necessity of using nuclear power plants on the Arctic icebreakers, especially their significant autonomy and economic efficiency. The maneuverability capacities of the nuclear power plants are demonstrated. The issues of providing for the nuclear and radiation safety of the nuclear icebreakers are examined alongside with the ecological problems connected with them. Characteristics of a perspective nuclear icebreaker and its reactor plant are presented. Possibilities of using nuclear reactors as power sources for isolated consumers are discussed.
{"title":"Nuclear Energy - Foundation for the Arctic Icebreakers Fleet","authors":"Nikolay S. Khlopkin, V. Kuznetsov, V. Makarov","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-182","url":null,"abstract":"The report contains a short history of the nuclear fleet, and it shows its contemporary condition. There are arguments supporting the necessity of using nuclear power plants on the Arctic icebreakers, especially their significant autonomy and economic efficiency. The maneuverability capacities of the nuclear power plants are demonstrated. The issues of providing for the nuclear and radiation safety of the nuclear icebreakers are examined alongside with the ecological problems connected with them. Characteristics of a perspective nuclear icebreaker and its reactor plant are presented. Possibilities of using nuclear reactors as power sources for isolated consumers are discussed.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125861777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-112
A. Keinonen, E. Martin
This paper summarises the development of ice risk management used for stationary operations with vessels in moving pack ice. The operations described and suggested as the basis for Ice Risk Management for future projects are: Beaufort Sea Drillships 1975 till ~ 1990 Kulluk, 1983 – 1993 Beaufort Sea Dynamic Positioning operations in the Sakhalin offshore 1999 Sakhalin 2, phase 1, oil production and export with tankers in the presence of ice, 1999 - 2007 Arctic Coring Expedition in the central polar pack 2004 .
{"title":"Ice Risk Management for Stationary Vessel Operations in Moving Pack Ice in Ice Offshore Experience and State of Art","authors":"A. Keinonen, E. Martin","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-112","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarises the development of ice risk management used for stationary operations with vessels in moving pack ice. The operations described and suggested as the basis for Ice Risk Management for future projects are:\u0000 Beaufort Sea Drillships 1975 till ~ 1990\u0000 Kulluk, 1983 – 1993 Beaufort Sea\u0000 Dynamic Positioning operations in the Sakhalin offshore 1999\u0000 Sakhalin 2, phase 1, oil production and export with tankers in the presence of ice, 1999 - 2007\u0000 Arctic Coring Expedition in the central polar pack 2004 .","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"516 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123407819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-106
F. Bercha
Technologies, engineering and analysis, and regulatory provisions relating to arctic Escape Evacuation and Rescue (EER) today and in development are reviewed. Current national and international regulatory performance based regime has necessitated the development of tools for the evaluation and setting of performance based goals such as availability and reliability requirements, mirrored in current Transport Canada and ISO standards. To facilitate setting of reliability targets in the Canadian standards, a multifaceted research and development program was initiated in parallel with its regulatory developments. Full scale manned and model tests, engineering and computer simulation, and world wide consultations and studies on human performance in life threatening conditions, comprise this R&D programme. Concurrently, industry and the private sector have addressed the frontier and arctic EER needs through analyses, development of novel systems, and participation in framing performance based standards. Use of conventional EER systems and technologies was found to have limited applicability in ice populated waters, requiring the development of systems and procedures suited to the environmental, operational, and logistical requirements of arctic offshore regions. The paper summarizes available and emerging regulatory, modeling and research, and technological developments in arctic EER and gives recommendations on a number of promising directions.
{"title":"Arctic EER Today","authors":"F. Bercha","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-106","url":null,"abstract":"Technologies, engineering and analysis, and regulatory provisions relating to arctic Escape Evacuation and Rescue (EER) today and in development are reviewed. Current national and international regulatory performance based regime has necessitated the development of tools for the evaluation and setting of performance based goals such as availability and reliability requirements, mirrored in current Transport Canada and ISO standards. To facilitate setting of reliability targets in the Canadian standards, a multifaceted research and development program was initiated in parallel with its regulatory developments. Full scale manned and model tests, engineering and computer simulation, and world wide consultations and studies on human performance in life threatening conditions, comprise this R&D programme. Concurrently, industry and the private sector have addressed the frontier and arctic EER needs through analyses, development of novel systems, and participation in framing performance based standards. Use of conventional EER systems and technologies was found to have limited applicability in ice populated waters, requiring the development of systems and procedures suited to the environmental, operational, and logistical requirements of arctic offshore regions. The paper summarizes available and emerging regulatory, modeling and research, and technological developments in arctic EER and gives recommendations on a number of promising directions.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116513458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-183
G. Ghoneim, A. Cammaert, M. Mejlænder-Larsen
In view of the recent announcements by the USA government permitting further drilling in certain areas offshore Alaska and the steady increase in oil prices, it may be again possible to predict that Arctic oil and gas development and transportation projects are imminent. The challenges associated with design and operation of Arctic exploration and production installations are many and have been exhaustively discussed in the past. This paper will summarize these challenges and show how a significant number of them have been addressed in the past and how new technologies may be implemented to alleviate the remaining challenges. In the late seventies and early eighties extensive Arctic R&D work was carried out. A small sample of this work includes the Arctic Pilot Project, the CANMAR icebreaker research program with full scale testing, the Tarsuit artificial island, the Hans island ice load monitoring programs, and the Canadian Coast Guard development of the Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR). The R&D work carried out in Finland and Russia is also discussed. This paper demonstrates how the available results from these projects may be applied in the development of current and new rules and standards. The issues that are still outstanding are highlighted and proposals for possible resolution thereof are made. A presentation of ongoing work for the development of new DNV design guidelines on ice-structure interaction will be presented. The work will be completed in 2011 or early 2012. The project will be based on the new ISO 19906 standard, and will cover both fixed and floating installations. The paper also describes results from a recently completed real-time ice load monitoring program onboard an icebreaking vessel and shows correlation with proposed formulations.
{"title":"Arctic Challenges - A Treatise of Past and Recent Developments","authors":"G. Ghoneim, A. Cammaert, M. Mejlænder-Larsen","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-183","url":null,"abstract":"In view of the recent announcements by the USA government permitting further drilling in certain areas offshore Alaska and the steady increase in oil prices, it may be again possible to predict that Arctic oil and gas development and transportation projects are imminent. The challenges associated with design and operation of Arctic exploration and production installations are many and have been exhaustively discussed in the past. This paper will summarize these challenges and show how a significant number of them have been addressed in the past and how new technologies may be implemented to alleviate the remaining challenges.\u0000 In the late seventies and early eighties extensive Arctic R&D work was carried out. A small sample of this work includes the Arctic Pilot Project, the CANMAR icebreaker research program with full scale testing, the Tarsuit artificial island, the Hans island ice load monitoring programs, and the Canadian Coast Guard development of the Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR). The R&D work carried out in Finland and Russia is also discussed. This paper demonstrates how the available results from these projects may be applied in the development of current and new rules and standards. The issues that are still outstanding are highlighted and proposals for possible resolution thereof are made.\u0000 A presentation of ongoing work for the development of new DNV design guidelines on ice-structure interaction will be presented. The work will be completed in 2011 or early 2012. The project will be based on the new ISO 19906 standard, and will cover both fixed and floating installations.\u0000 The paper also describes results from a recently completed real-time ice load monitoring program onboard an icebreaking vessel and shows correlation with proposed formulations.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"264 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132219999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-153
J. Alme, O. Gudmestad
In the past, Norwegian vessels have entered the Arctic for fishing and for hunting whales and seals. The seal hunters needed to go to the iceedge or into the ice to catch the seals and their activity created much needed income in the past. These seal hunters came mainly from the Aalesund area of Norway (many came from the village of Brandal) and from the Tromsø area in the north. Although seal hunting is controversial to day, there might be important learning to bring to new industries like the offshore oil and gas industry and to the navigators in ice infested northern waters. An activity within the research project “PetroArctic” at NTNU has focused on collecting experience data from the seal hunters, (Alme, 2009). A number of interviews with elders (age from 70 to 80+) have been conducted with focus on the physical environmental conditions, vessel behavior in ice and causes of loss of vessels. Among those interviewed were the legendary captain Paul Stark who sailed on sealers from 1950 to 2000 and who was involved in three vessel losses. Newspaper records from the early decades of the 20th century have been reviewed. Prior to the time of steel hull ships with diesel engines, wooden ships with sails and thereafter with steam engines were used. There were frequent losses caused by ice pressure and vessel implosions. Losses were also due to interaction with “ice foots” (Figure1) of multiyear ridges or due to hits from floating ridges on waves. The paper presents characteristic features of vessels used and ice conditions for the different areas where seal hunting took place. These were the Newfoundland area, Labrador coast, Danish Strait, the Area in vicinity of Jan Mayen, North East Greenland coast, Spitzbergen, Eastern Barents Sea towards Novaya Zemlya and the mouth of the White Sea (Figure 2). The causes for the losses or damages to vessels are reviewed in details. In this respect it should be noted that although the ice cap might be shrinking in the future, there will be ice parts of the year over large areas. The ice might even move faster than in the past and get to new areas that traditionally have been ice free. This also relate to the ice of the polar pack that might move more than in the past. There is therefore a strong encouragement to implement the learning of the Arctic pioneers.
{"title":"Past Experience from Arctic Commercial Expeditions","authors":"J. Alme, O. Gudmestad","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-153","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, Norwegian vessels have entered the Arctic for fishing and for hunting whales and seals. The seal hunters needed to go to the iceedge or into the ice to catch the seals and their activity created much needed income in the past. These seal hunters came mainly from the Aalesund area of Norway (many came from the village of Brandal) and from the Tromsø area in the north.\u0000 Although seal hunting is controversial to day, there might be important learning to bring to new industries like the offshore oil and gas industry and to the navigators in ice infested northern waters. An activity within the research project “PetroArctic” at NTNU has focused on collecting experience data from the seal hunters, (Alme, 2009). A number of interviews with elders (age from 70 to 80+) have been conducted with focus on the physical environmental conditions, vessel behavior in ice and causes of loss of vessels. Among those interviewed were the legendary captain Paul Stark who sailed on sealers from 1950 to 2000 and who was involved in three vessel losses. Newspaper records from the early decades of the 20th century have been reviewed. Prior to the time of steel hull ships with diesel engines, wooden ships with sails and thereafter with steam engines were used. There were frequent losses caused by ice pressure and vessel implosions. Losses were also due to interaction with “ice foots” (Figure1) of multiyear ridges or due to hits from floating ridges on waves.\u0000 The paper presents characteristic features of vessels used and ice conditions for the different areas where seal hunting took place. These were the Newfoundland area, Labrador coast, Danish Strait, the Area in vicinity of Jan Mayen, North East Greenland coast, Spitzbergen, Eastern Barents Sea towards Novaya Zemlya and the mouth of the White Sea (Figure 2). The causes for the losses or damages to vessels are reviewed in details. In this respect it should be noted that although the ice cap might be shrinking in the future, there will be ice parts of the year over large areas. The ice might even move faster than in the past and get to new areas that traditionally have been ice free. This also relate to the ice of the polar pack that might move more than in the past. There is therefore a strong encouragement to implement the learning of the Arctic pioneers.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134011816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-121
O. Smith, John Schibel, Scott Hamiltion, Robert Thomas
Alaska’s Arctic offshore has unprecedented attention for its prospects of mineral extraction, tourism, and new marine cargo delivery routes. The ship simulator operated by the Alaska Marine Training Center at AVTEC in Seward, Alaska, has capabilities for training ship crews for ice navigation duty, including simulation of variable ice conditions, winds, currents, and sea states. A curriculum developed by AVTEC in collaboration with the University of Alaska Anchorage, and Alaska Pilots satisfies proposed requirements of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, with a view toward spill prevention, emergency operations, and Arctic port design.
{"title":"Ice Navigation Curriculum using the AVTEC Ship Simulator, Seward, Alaska","authors":"O. Smith, John Schibel, Scott Hamiltion, Robert Thomas","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-121","url":null,"abstract":"Alaska’s Arctic offshore has unprecedented attention for its prospects of mineral extraction, tourism, and new marine cargo delivery routes. The ship simulator operated by the Alaska Marine Training Center at AVTEC in Seward, Alaska, has capabilities for training ship crews for ice navigation duty, including simulation of variable ice conditions, winds, currents, and sea states. A curriculum developed by AVTEC in collaboration with the University of Alaska Anchorage, and Alaska Pilots satisfies proposed requirements of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, with a view toward spill prevention, emergency operations, and Arctic port design.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124690071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-179
Barbara J O’Connell
Ships transiting polar regions would benefit from a marine ice navigation radar that could help them differentiate between dangerous multi-year ice and thick first-year ice. Conventional marine radars are designed for target detection and avoidance. Enhanced marine radars provide a higher definition image of the ice that the vessel is transiting through and may help the user to identify certain ice features, but they cannot distinguish first year ice from old ice. This paper presents one approach for the automated identification of sea ice types by a marine radar using cross-polarization technology.
{"title":"Ice Hazard Radar","authors":"Barbara J O’Connell","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-179","url":null,"abstract":"Ships transiting polar regions would benefit from a marine ice navigation radar that could help them differentiate between dangerous multi-year ice and thick first-year ice. Conventional marine radars are designed for target detection and avoidance. Enhanced marine radars provide a higher definition image of the ice that the vessel is transiting through and may help the user to identify certain ice features, but they cannot distinguish first year ice from old ice. This paper presents one approach for the automated identification of sea ice types by a marine radar using cross-polarization technology.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128161188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-184
Ken J. Ogle, C. D. Carter
Operational discharges of oil from the stern tube is a common occurrence for ice breakers as propellers are prone to impact from ice causing shafts to flex and seals are unable to maintain a complete barrier to keep seawater out or lubricating oil in the stern tube. Whereas solar radiation generally speeds the break-down of contaminants, the reduced level of sunlight in the Arctic lengthens the degradation process and increases the likelihood that toxic substances in the stern tube lubricating oil will find their way into the food chain. Hence, deemed “biodegradable” lubricants may not be as biodegradable in the Arctic operating environments. However, there exists a proven, viable option for vessels operating in the Arctic to eliminate stern tube oil pollution. This paper outlines the process for converting the sterntube bearings from oil-lubricated white-metal bearings to Thordon COMPAC seawater lubricated bearings, based on recent works on a twin screw ice breaker at a shipyard in Canada.
{"title":"Converting An Icebreaker From An Oil Lubricated Stern Tube Bearing System To A Seawater Lubricated Stern Tube Bearing Considering Environmental And Operating Costs","authors":"Ken J. Ogle, C. D. Carter","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-184","url":null,"abstract":"Operational discharges of oil from the stern tube is a common occurrence for ice breakers as propellers are prone to impact from ice causing shafts to flex and seals are unable to maintain a complete barrier to keep seawater out or lubricating oil in the stern tube. Whereas solar radiation generally speeds the break-down of contaminants, the reduced level of sunlight in the Arctic lengthens the degradation process and increases the likelihood that toxic substances in the stern tube lubricating oil will find their way into the food chain. Hence, deemed “biodegradable” lubricants may not be as biodegradable in the Arctic operating environments. However, there exists a proven, viable option for vessels operating in the Arctic to eliminate stern tube oil pollution. This paper outlines the process for converting the sterntube bearings from oil-lubricated white-metal bearings to Thordon COMPAC seawater lubricated bearings, based on recent works on a twin screw ice breaker at a shipyard in Canada.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124456068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-186
E. Velikhov, V. Kuznetsov, V. Makarov, V. V. Mikhailichenko, Stanislav Alexandrovich Lavkovskiy, I. Glumov
This paper provides an overview of the status of affairs and activities currently going on in the Russian Arctic. It covers issues such as: delimitation of the Arctic shelf; operation of the nuclear icebreaker fleet; development of oil and gas deposits in coastal areas and in the Barents and Kara Seas; development of Russian territories situated beyond the Ural; operation of the Northern Sea Route and activities of Non-Commercial Partnership “Northern Sea Route”.
{"title":"What’s Going on in the Russian Arctic","authors":"E. Velikhov, V. Kuznetsov, V. Makarov, V. V. Mikhailichenko, Stanislav Alexandrovich Lavkovskiy, I. Glumov","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-186","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of the status of affairs and activities currently going on in the Russian Arctic. It covers issues such as: delimitation of the Arctic shelf; operation of the nuclear icebreaker fleet; development of oil and gas deposits in coastal areas and in the Barents and Kara Seas; development of Russian territories situated beyond the Ural; operation of the Northern Sea Route and activities of Non-Commercial Partnership “Northern Sea Route”.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"876 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121029985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-20DOI: 10.5957/icetech-2010-157
A. Kendrick, V. Santos-Pedro
This paper presents an overview of the current status of international and national rules and regulations of polar shipping, current activities in these areas, and the roles of some of the organizations that are involved. How regulations and standards are expected to evolve in the future is discussed and implications for ship design and project planning, construction, and the advantages of harmonized standards are outlined.
{"title":"The Future of Polar Shipping Rules","authors":"A. Kendrick, V. Santos-Pedro","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2010-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-157","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of the current status of international and national rules and regulations of polar shipping, current activities in these areas, and the roles of some of the organizations that are involved. How regulations and standards are expected to evolve in the future is discussed and implications for ship design and project planning, construction, and the advantages of harmonized standards are outlined.","PeriodicalId":319328,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, September 20, 2010","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128752787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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