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Criticism of Critical Thinking 批判性思维批判
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.6
Trajche Stojanov
The text deals with the term “critical thinking”, so popular in today’s educational theories and even amongst philosophers. If a critic should be radical, they should be consistent, in this case, meaning that one who insist on critical thinking should subject the critical thinking itself to criticism. The hypothesis is that this term is logically inconsistent but also problematic in a broader philosophical, metaphysical, and anthropological context. Namely, we will try to show that this currently fashionable term “critical thinking “is the result of an overarching “scientism” dominant in the interpretation of the world and especially in the interpretation of human and social phenomena. The notion of “critical thinking “, in our opinion, is a direct result of today’s predominant scientific culture derived from the capitalist, economic logic that reduces the world to statistics and thus a human being to an exclusively rational being. Human nature is far more complex than a rational calculus needed just to improve productivity in economic processes. This reductionist logic, unfortunately, also became omnipresent in today’s philosophical culture.
这篇文章讨论了“批判性思维”这个词,这个词在今天的教育理论中非常流行,甚至在哲学家中也很流行。如果一个批评家应该是激进的,他们应该是一致的,在这种情况下,这意味着一个坚持批判性思维的人应该让批判性思维本身受到批评。假设是,这个术语在逻辑上不一致,但在更广泛的哲学,形而上学和人类学背景下也是有问题的。也就是说,我们将试图表明,这个目前流行的术语“批判性思维”是一种压倒一切的“科学主义”在解释世界,特别是在解释人类和社会现象中占主导地位的结果。在我们看来,“批判性思维”的概念是当今占主导地位的科学文化的直接结果,这种文化源于资本主义的经济逻辑,这种逻辑将世界简化为统计数据,从而将人类简化为完全理性的存在。人性远比仅仅为了提高经济过程中的生产率而需要的理性演算复杂得多。不幸的是,这种还原论逻辑在今天的哲学文化中也无处不在。
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引用次数: 0
Middle East Conflicts with a Comprehensive Approach Toward Stability and Sustainable Cooperation 以全面稳定和可持续合作应对中东冲突
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.5
Teodora Stanković
In this paper, two major ethnic conflicts in the Middle East region are considered, namely, the Kurdish issue in Iraq and Syria, as well as recent conflicts in Syria. Three main theoretical perspectives on identity divides and conflicts are discussed in the context of the Middle East region. The considered conflicts are then analyzed separately, giving a brief overview of the main sources of conflicts in the ethnic context, including the influence of international factors and the current situation on the global scene. A comprehensive strategy for regional socio-economic integration is proposed with possible directions for establishing sustainable peace and stability in the Middle East region. The aim is to interconnect the particular directions toward a unified regional integration approach for solving the problems which cause significant instability in this region. The solution needs to be obtained by combining an appropriate external factor influence and mediation fostering regional cooperation with the forms of institutional engineering. Based on the theoretical and extensive empirical analysis, the European Union is chosen as an external factor having a great capacity and multiple interests in providing stability which will lead to the collaboration with this region.
本文将考虑中东地区的两大民族冲突,即伊拉克和叙利亚的库尔德问题,以及最近叙利亚的冲突。本文以中东地区为背景,讨论了认同分歧与冲突的三种主要理论视角。然后对所考虑的冲突进行单独分析,简要概述种族背景下冲突的主要来源,包括国际因素的影响和全球局势的现状。提出了一项全面的区域社会经济一体化战略,其中包括在中东区域建立可持续和平与稳定的可能方向。其目的是将各特定方向相互联系起来,以统一的区域一体化办法解决造成该区域严重不稳定的问题。解决办法需要将适当的外部因素影响和促进区域合作的调解与体制工程的形式结合起来。根据理论和广泛的实证分析,选择欧洲联盟作为一个外部因素,在提供稳定方面具有很大的能力和多重利益,这将导致与该地区的合作。
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引用次数: 0
ICT Applications for People with Speech and Language Disorders 信息通信技术在言语和语言障碍患者中的应用
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.9
Martina Galeković
The digital technology used on smartphones and tablets provides entertainment and offers a number of additional materials and content needed in education. The possibility of using computers for educational and therapeutic purposes has enabled children and users with various health problems, motor impairments, and chronic diseases access to information, education, therapeutic work, monitoring and counselling. As part of the EU projects, the EU constituent countries have developed programmes and applications aimed at education. The project “ICT Competence Network for Innovative Services for Persons with Complex Communication Needs (ICT-AAC)” took place from March 2013 to March 2015 and was carried out by the University of Zagreb in collaboration with other stakeholders: associations and companies. The developed applications are applicable for educational and therapeutic purposes in education as a teaching method and a tool in treating speech and language disorders within speech therapy. In addition to education, there are also applications for communication purposes for people with complex communication needs. This paper briefly presents some of the ICT-AAC applications and their implementation in working with the intended users.
智能手机和平板电脑上使用的数字技术提供了娱乐,并提供了许多教育所需的额外材料和内容。将计算机用于教育和治疗目的的可能性使患有各种健康问题、运动障碍和慢性病的儿童和用户能够获得信息、教育、治疗工作、监测和咨询。作为欧盟项目的一部分,欧盟成员国制定了针对教育的方案和应用程序。2013年3月至2015年3月,萨格勒布大学与其他利益攸关方(协会和公司)合作开展了“为有复杂通信需求的人提供创新服务的ICT能力网络(ICT- aac)”项目。所开发的应用程序适用于教育和治疗目的,作为一种教学方法和语言治疗中治疗语言和语言障碍的工具。除了教育之外,对于有复杂交流需求的人来说,也有用于交流目的的应用。本文简要介绍了一些ICT-AAC应用程序及其在与预期用户合作时的实现。
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引用次数: 0
Some Ethical Issues Related to Josip Runjanin’s Contribution to Croatian National Identity 101 与约瑟普·朗贾宁对克罗地亚民族认同的贡献有关的一些伦理问题
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.4
A. Popovic
Today, school textbooks in Croatia state that Josip Runjanin is one of the important Illyrian composers who set the Croatian anthem to music. However, this information, as well as information about his compositional contribution, is full of various controversies that are rarely mentioned by the general public. This paper explores these controversies with particular reference to issues of academic integrity and politics that led to the construction of the character and work of Josip Runjanin present in public today and their repercussions in the future.
今天,克罗地亚的学校教科书上说,约瑟普·鲁尼亚宁是为克罗地亚国歌谱曲的重要伊利里亚作曲家之一。然而,这些信息,以及关于他的作曲贡献的信息,充满了各种争议,很少被公众提及。本文探讨了这些争议,特别是学术诚信和政治问题,这些问题导致了Josip Runjanin的性格和工作的构建,并在今天公开出现,并在未来产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Bioethics and “The Most Important of the Least Important Things” 生命伦理学和“最不重要的事情中最重要的事情”
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.2
Željko Kaluđerović, Zorica Kaluđerović Mijartović
The paper considers the validity of cheating in sports and the consequences of such practices, especially in football. The focus of the research is, first of all, the controversial thesis of some philosophers that cheating can make the sport more dynamic and attractive to the audience and thus indirectly generate greater benefits to its stakeholders. The authors are of the opinion that cheating within any framework of ‘flexibility’ of the rules cannot be (bio)ethically justified or morally acceptable since the idea of sports competition as such would be delegitimised. They then analyse in the text the specific act of cheating made by Thierry Henry in a match between France and the Republic of Ireland as part of the UEFA second round of qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The authors conclude that, by helping to score a goal on fraud and later refusing to admit his wrongdoing, the French striker derogated the constitutive rules of football and sportsmanship rules, violated the reference moral values in sport and the fair play dimension, and questioned the integrity of the activity itself, i.e., the game.
本文考虑了体育作弊的有效性以及这种做法的后果,特别是在足球中。首先,研究的重点是一些哲学家有争议的论点,即作弊可以使这项运动更有活力,对观众更有吸引力,从而间接地为利益相关者带来更大的利益。作者认为,在任何规则的“灵活性”框架内作弊都不能(生物)道德上合理或道德上可接受,因为这样的体育比赛的想法将被剥夺合法性。然后,他们在文章中分析了亨利在法国和爱尔兰共和国的比赛中的具体作弊行为,这是2010年国际足联世界杯预选赛第二轮的一部分。作者的结论是,这位法国前锋帮助对方在欺诈中进球,后来又拒绝承认自己的错误,这损害了足球的构成规则和体育精神规则,违反了体育和公平竞争方面的参考道德价值观,并质疑了这项活动本身,即比赛的完整性。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Aesthetics and Land Art 环境美学与大地艺术
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.1
Jan Defrančeski
In this paper, the author reflects on the relationship between environmental aesthetics and land art. By considering their historical development, the author first addresses the terminology problem which prompted him to understand land art as a hypernym – i.e. a term that semantically encompasses other art practices (e.g. “Earth art”, “Earthworks”, “Site art”, “Arte Povera”, “Environment(al) art”, and “Ecological art”). Moreover, by considering certain features of land art (e.g. integration, interruption, involvement, implementation, and imagining), the author proposes a thesis according to which land art represents not only a contemporary art movement but also a new form of the aesthetic experience of nature. In the further development of this thesis, the author focuses on two aesthetic principles of land art – participation and entropy – which in the history of aesthetic theory have been almost non-existent, pushed to the margins, or completely neglected. Finally, by finding solid theoretical foundations for this thesis in Ronald W. Hepburn’s ground-breaking essay “Contemporary Aesthetics and the Neglect of Natural Beauty” (1984), as well as some land art projects (e.g. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970), the author emphasises the strong theoretical connection between environmental aesthetics and land art.
本文对环境美学与大地艺术的关系进行了思考。通过考察它们的历史发展,作者首先解决了术语问题,这促使他将土地艺术理解为一个缩略词,即一个在语义上包含其他艺术实践(例如“地球艺术”、“土方工程”、“现场艺术”、“贫穷艺术”、“环境艺术”和“生态艺术”)的术语。并结合大地艺术的某些特征(如整合、中断、介入、实施、想象),提出大地艺术不仅是一种当代艺术运动,也是一种新的自然审美体验形式。在本文的进一步发展中,作者将重点放在土地艺术的两个美学原则——参与和熵,这两个原则在美学理论史上几乎不存在,被推到边缘,或者完全被忽视。最后,通过在罗纳德·w·赫本的开创性论文《当代美学和对自然美的忽视》(1984年)以及一些土地艺术项目(如罗伯特·史密森的《螺旋码头》,1970年)中为本文找到坚实的理论基础,作者强调了环境美学和土地艺术之间强大的理论联系。
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引用次数: 0
Euthanasia in Video Games – Exemplifying the Importance of Moral Experience in Digital Gameworlds 电子游戏中的安乐死——数字游戏世界中道德体验的重要性
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.3
Luka Perušić
The paper classifies euthanasia and discusses its typological presence in storytelling video games. It aims to illustrate the importance of experiencing simulated moral challenges in the context of gameworlds as a significantly influential, exponentially growing form of interactive media. In contrast to older works of art and media, such as film and literature, the difference should be emphasized in light of the player’s ability to make choices in video games. Although the influence of gameworld content depends on the player, the experiences and knowledge gained from playing storytelling video games may influence the player’s problem-solving orientation in the landscape of difficult moral dilemmas they may encounter throughout their lives.
本文对安乐死进行了分类,并讨论了它在讲故事的电子游戏中的类型。它旨在说明在游戏世界背景下体验模拟道德挑战的重要性,这是一种极具影响力且呈指数增长的互动媒体形式。与早前的艺术和媒体作品(如电影和文学)相比,我们应该根据玩家在电子游戏中做出选择的能力来强调这种差异。虽然游戏世界内容的影响取决于玩家,但从玩讲故事的电子游戏中获得的经验和知识可能会影响玩家在他们一生中可能遇到的困难道德困境中解决问题的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Prosaic as Poetic 平淡如诗
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.7
Marija Živković
Matko Peić presented his travels through Egypt, Israel, China, India, Japan, the Philippines, most of Europe and the whole of Croatia in several travelogues – Skitnje (Strolls, 1965), Jesen u Poljskoj (Autumn in Poland, 1969), Crno zlato (Black Gold, 1974), Ljubav na putu. Od Drave do Jadrana (Love on the Road. From Drava to the Adriatic, 1984) and Evropske skitnje (European Strolls, 1985) – which earned him the status of one of the best Croatian stylists. Peić’s travelogue style is characterised by a refined synthesis of empiricism, emotion and expression, with which he layers the seemingly prosaic reality of life. In the poetic approach to the latter, three dominant stylistic features can be identified: a) the so-called masculine style of writing, presented by the use of augmentatives, the recording of brutal actions, the vigour and eroticism of style, sexualised metaphors, the parallelism of instinctive impulses of the animal world and intense erotic human pleasures, and a blend of aggressiveness, irony, directness of expression and undisputed tone; b) poetics of the descriptive, which is expressed through concise picturesqueness and picturesque lapidary of expression, synesthetic evocations, musical and painterly weft of texts and baroque-rococo characteristics of writing; c) perceptive focus, i.e., the ability to present in a naturalistically faithful manner a certain reality of life revealed in characteristic details and at the same time to perceive it in its totality, as well as to discover in everything observed a possible deeper, potentially symbolic meaning of objects, beings, animals and phenomena.
Matko peiki在几本游记中介绍了他在埃及、以色列、中国、印度、日本、菲律宾、欧洲大部分地区和整个克罗地亚的旅行——Skitnje(漫步,1965年)、Jesen u Poljskoj(波兰的秋天,1969年)、Crno zlato(黑金,1974年)、Ljubav na putu。《路上的爱》从德拉瓦到亚得里亚海,1984年)和Evropske skitnje(欧洲漫步,1985年)-这为他赢得了克罗地亚最好的造型师之一的地位。佩奇游记风格的特点是将经验主义、情感和表达巧妙地结合在一起,将看似平淡无奇的现实生活层叠起来。在对后者的诗意处理中,可以识别出三个主要的风格特征:a)所谓的男性写作风格,通过使用助词,记录野蛮行为,风格的活力和色情,性化的隐喻,动物世界的本能冲动和强烈的色情人类快乐的平行性,以及侵略性,讽刺,直接表达和无可争议的语气的混合;B)描写的诗学,通过简洁的如画性和生动的宝石般的表达、通感的唤起、文本的音乐和绘画的编织以及巴洛克-洛可可式的写作特征来表达;C)感知焦点(perceptive focus),即以一种自然忠实的方式呈现在特征细节中揭示的某种生活现实的能力,同时在整体上感知它,以及在观察到的一切事物中发现物体、生物、动物和现象的可能更深层次的潜在象征意义的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Anointing of the Sick in the Intensive Medicine Unit - Last Greeting or Call for Help 加护病房病人的膏油-最后的问候或求助
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.10
S. Kvolik, Ivan Benaković
The right of a conscious and competent patient to self-determination and the ability to make decisions about their own treatment affects the treatment outcome decisively. The patient’s acceptance or rejection of the treatment options the doctor offers directs active medical interventions towards one of the goals: curing the disease or reducing suffering. In accordance with the provisions of the Health Care Act, every person has the right to practice religious rites during their stay in a hospital in the area provided for that purpose. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the functioning of the health system was changed. The need for isolation has led to a ban on visits and limited patients’ communication with their families and loved ones, which was only possible using cell phones. Priests were allowed access, but with all infection prevention measures regarding medical staff. In that environment, the Anointing of the Sick remained the only active intervention that the ill person’s family was able to do for their loved ones. For the family of the critically ill, the entry of a priest into a “forbidden space” is a spiritual act in which the priest can communicate with the sick in the role of an emissary of the family. He can also perform instrumental interventions by the act of anointing with blessed oil, with a desire for healing. The aim of this text is to outline some of the aspects of isolating critically ill patients from their families and the role of the Anointing of the Sick in this situation.
一个有意识的、有能力的病人的自我决定的权利和对自己的治疗做出决定的能力对治疗结果有决定性的影响。病人对医生提供的治疗方案的接受或拒绝将积极的医疗干预引向一个目标:治愈疾病或减少痛苦。根据《保健法》的规定,每个人都有权在为此目的而规定的地区的医院住院期间举行宗教仪式。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,卫生系统的运作发生了变化。隔离的需要导致禁止探视,限制患者与家人和亲人的沟通,这只能通过手机实现。牧师获准进入,但对医务人员采取一切预防感染措施。在这种环境下,病人的傅油仪式仍然是病人的家人能够为他们所爱的人做的唯一积极的干预。对于危重病人的家庭来说,牧师进入“禁忌空间”是一种精神行为,牧师可以以家庭使者的角色与病人交流。他也可以通过用祝福的油涂抹来进行工具性的干预,带着治愈的愿望。本文的目的是概述一些方面的隔离危重病人从他们的家人和在这种情况下的病人的膏油的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship Between Emergencies and Child Mental Health 突发事件与儿童心理健康的关系
Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.32903/p.6.1.8
Tonka Vekić, Vesna Zlatarević
The world we live in is affected by increasing emergencies and disasters. The increase in the number of crises is significantly affected by climate change, which is also one of the significant problems of today. Earthquakes, droughts, floods, snowfall, hail, storms and fires are natural emergencies. They can also be technical-technological or caused by the consequences of the war. Regardless of the cause, emergencies disrupt social and material goods. Therefore, it is necessary to better prepare for crisis situations to preserve human life and reduce harmful consequences. Emergencies cause many consequences for the mental health of people, especially children. A child in any crisis needs acceptance, understanding and support; thus, mental health care is crucial because it ensures adequate growth and development and has positive effects on their lives and the life of society. Mental health promotion should be carried out from an early age because regular care for mental hygiene makes it easier to cope with difficulties throughout life, prepare for crisis events and faster recovery. This paper aims to examine the impact of emergencies on children’s mental health, i.e., to present a review of domestic and international professional literature that promotes the importance of preserving children’s mental health in specific situations such as emergencies in Croatia and worldwide
我们生活的世界受到越来越多的紧急情况和灾害的影响。危机数量的增加受到气候变化的重大影响,这也是当今的重大问题之一。地震、干旱、洪水、降雪、冰雹、风暴和火灾都是自然紧急情况。它们也可能是技术性的,或者是由战争的后果造成的。不管是什么原因,紧急情况都会扰乱社会和物质产品。因此,有必要更好地为危机情况做好准备,以保护人类生命并减少有害后果。紧急情况对人们,特别是儿童的心理健康造成许多后果。处于任何危机中的孩子都需要接受、理解和支持;因此,心理保健至关重要,因为它确保适当的成长和发展,并对他们的生活和社会生活产生积极影响。心理健康促进应从幼年开始,因为定期的心理卫生保健可以使人更容易应对一生中的困难,为危机事件做好准备,并更快地康复。本文旨在研究紧急情况对儿童心理健康的影响,即对国内和国际专业文献进行审查,这些文献促进了在克罗地亚和世界各地的紧急情况等具体情况下保护儿童心理健康的重要性
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引用次数: 0
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