Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-007
{"title":"5 Antimicrobial Resistance: Superbugs and the Imperative to Stop Them","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79995090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-017
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73606066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-008
{"title":"6 The Climate Crisis","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84586451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-013
{"title":"In and beyond the Age of COVID-19: What Does the Future Hold?","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85558610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-001
{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82159075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4159/9780674269590-009
{"title":"7 Governing Global Health Security","authors":"","doi":"10.4159/9780674269590-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269590-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83201521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2021.1963808
P. Peregrine
ABSTRACT The threat of nuclear winter from a regional nuclear war is an existential hazard that must be actively addressed by policy makers to ensure the shared future of humanity. Here a cross-cultural analysis of 20 societies that experienced the Late Antique Little Ice Age (ca. 536–556CE) is performed in the hope of providing security policy makers with an empirical example of social resilience mechanisms. The climatic conditions of the Late Antique Little Ice Age are strikingly similar to those modelled as resulting from a regional nuclear war employing low-yield nuclear weapons, and thus provides a context in which mechanisms of resilience to nuclear winter might be empirically identified. It is argued that broad political participation fostering bridging ties between communities, agencies, and organisations was a key element of social resilience to the Late Antique Little Ice Age, and may indicate a means to foster resilience to nuclear winter today.
{"title":"Social resilience to nuclear winter: lessons from the Late Antique Little Ice Age","authors":"P. Peregrine","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2021.1963808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2021.1963808","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The threat of nuclear winter from a regional nuclear war is an existential hazard that must be actively addressed by policy makers to ensure the shared future of humanity. Here a cross-cultural analysis of 20 societies that experienced the Late Antique Little Ice Age (ca. 536–556CE) is performed in the hope of providing security policy makers with an empirical example of social resilience mechanisms. The climatic conditions of the Late Antique Little Ice Age are strikingly similar to those modelled as resulting from a regional nuclear war employing low-yield nuclear weapons, and thus provides a context in which mechanisms of resilience to nuclear winter might be empirically identified. It is argued that broad political participation fostering bridging ties between communities, agencies, and organisations was a key element of social resilience to the Late Antique Little Ice Age, and may indicate a means to foster resilience to nuclear winter today.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"66 1","pages":"57 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83182292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2021.1908157
Godfred Acheampong, M. Owusu, B. Nkrumah, Priscilla Obeng-Boadi, D. Opare, David Sambian, P. Angra, C. Walker
ABSTRACT COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented threat to both public health and the global economy. In an effort to manage and contain this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritised laboratory testing (https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—16-march-2020). We examine the testing capacity of the laboratory system in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to WHO, gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis is real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, this molecular technique is not widely used in Ghana for disease diagnosis because of lack of infrastructure, lack of trained laboratory staff, high maintenance cost, and scarcity of reagents. Ghana has a three-tier health delivery system, with limited molecular diagnostic capacity. Three of the four public health laboratories (PHLs) have the capacity to perform molecular diagnosis of certain diseases. There are two main biomedical research institutions that are well-equipped to perform various molecular diagnostic tests. Nonetheless, their testing capacity is significantly limited in critical situations such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to testing backlogs and delays in returning test results at early stages of the pandemic. In an effort to address this situation, capacities of PHLs and nonclinical laboratories have been increased. Plans to use GeneXpert platform in certain areas of the country have been instituted in sixteen facilities, following system upgrades, risk assessments, and quality-checks. Enhanced molecular diagnostic testing in Ghana will help ensure a swift, accurate, and timely response to COVID-19 and future outbreaks. The data gained from these testing improvements may also help stimulate a robust bioeconomy because they can be used to improve the health of Ghanaians, as well as increase productivity through the implementation of data-driven and evidence-based policies. As outlined in WHO’s Joint External Evaluation report for Ghana, the country faces several challenges, including the need to build strong laboratory systems and capacities that connect disease-specific areas.
{"title":"Laboratory capacity in COVID-19 diagnosis and the need to enhance molecular testing in Ghana","authors":"Godfred Acheampong, M. Owusu, B. Nkrumah, Priscilla Obeng-Boadi, D. Opare, David Sambian, P. Angra, C. Walker","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2021.1908157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2021.1908157","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented threat to both public health and the global economy. In an effort to manage and contain this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritised laboratory testing (https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—16-march-2020). We examine the testing capacity of the laboratory system in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to WHO, gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis is real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, this molecular technique is not widely used in Ghana for disease diagnosis because of lack of infrastructure, lack of trained laboratory staff, high maintenance cost, and scarcity of reagents. Ghana has a three-tier health delivery system, with limited molecular diagnostic capacity. Three of the four public health laboratories (PHLs) have the capacity to perform molecular diagnosis of certain diseases. There are two main biomedical research institutions that are well-equipped to perform various molecular diagnostic tests. Nonetheless, their testing capacity is significantly limited in critical situations such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to testing backlogs and delays in returning test results at early stages of the pandemic. In an effort to address this situation, capacities of PHLs and nonclinical laboratories have been increased. Plans to use GeneXpert platform in certain areas of the country have been instituted in sixteen facilities, following system upgrades, risk assessments, and quality-checks. Enhanced molecular diagnostic testing in Ghana will help ensure a swift, accurate, and timely response to COVID-19 and future outbreaks. The data gained from these testing improvements may also help stimulate a robust bioeconomy because they can be used to improve the health of Ghanaians, as well as increase productivity through the implementation of data-driven and evidence-based policies. As outlined in WHO’s Joint External Evaluation report for Ghana, the country faces several challenges, including the need to build strong laboratory systems and capacities that connect disease-specific areas.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"9 1","pages":"10 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82718688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2021.1917304
Kenneth B Yeh, F. Parekh, B. Borgert, G. Olinger, J. Fair
ABSTRACT The costs of responding and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is a critical example of the need for continual investment for global health security (GHS) preparedness in today’s inter-connected world as exemplified earlier with Ebola, Zika, and H1N1. Microbial diversity including endemic and emerging infectious diseases unique to Latin America are well known. When combined with geopolitical, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, especially climate change and human migration, which are expanding the range of disease vectors and pathogens, the risk for infectious disease outbreaks greatly increases. Enhancing GHS requires a greater awareness and cooperation within the region as well as more effective infectious disease surveillance systems. Frameworks such as the International Health Regulations and Global Health Security Agenda underpin policies to strengthen health systems. Greater international cooperation aimed to effectively enhance infectious disease surveillance are pivotal to increasing trust among partner countries and strengthen health security systems and best practices to respond and mitigate infectious disease outbreaks. Here we discuss infectious disease threats and risks associated with the current socioeconomic and political climate that influence GHS in order to demonstrate the need for further investment.
{"title":"Global health security threats and related risks in Latin America","authors":"Kenneth B Yeh, F. Parekh, B. Borgert, G. Olinger, J. Fair","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2021.1917304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2021.1917304","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The costs of responding and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is a critical example of the need for continual investment for global health security (GHS) preparedness in today’s inter-connected world as exemplified earlier with Ebola, Zika, and H1N1. Microbial diversity including endemic and emerging infectious diseases unique to Latin America are well known. When combined with geopolitical, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, especially climate change and human migration, which are expanding the range of disease vectors and pathogens, the risk for infectious disease outbreaks greatly increases. Enhancing GHS requires a greater awareness and cooperation within the region as well as more effective infectious disease surveillance systems. Frameworks such as the International Health Regulations and Global Health Security Agenda underpin policies to strengthen health systems. Greater international cooperation aimed to effectively enhance infectious disease surveillance are pivotal to increasing trust among partner countries and strengthen health security systems and best practices to respond and mitigate infectious disease outbreaks. Here we discuss infectious disease threats and risks associated with the current socioeconomic and political climate that influence GHS in order to demonstrate the need for further investment.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"62 1","pages":"18 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76191205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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