Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2016.1208055
P. Hough
Abstract Military ecocide, the destruction of the natural environment in the course of fighting or preparing for war, has a long history and remains a regular feature of contemporary conflicts. Efforts to prohibit this in international law were initiated after the US’ notorious defoliation campaign in the Vietnam War in the 1960s and have advanced since then. Legal ambiguities and the defence of military necessity have limited the application of this body of law but the proscription of ecocide has, nonetheless, progressed and looks set to develop further. Normative change driven by scientists, environmentalists and legal experts has raised awareness of and stigmatised such practises to the extent that recourse to the worst excesses of ecocide now appears to have lessened and some recompense for past crimes has been made. Military activities, though, still inflict a heavy cost on the environment.
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2016.1219962
Ilias Mohammed Abdullah Christensen, Morten Swayne Storgaard, P. Fauser, Steffen Foss Hansen, E. Baatrup, H. Sanderson
Abstract As a result of the disarmament of Germany after the Second World War, 65,000 tons of chemical munitions were dumped in the Baltic Sea. Approximately 13,000 tons containing chemical warfare agents (CWAs) of which 11,000 tons were dumped in the Bornholm Basin east of Bornholm. This paper addresses the ecotoxicity of compounds actually present in the Bornholm dumpsite by obtaining novel acute ecotoxicity data. EC50 values were successfully obtained for 12 CWAs from acute tests using Allivibrio fischeri (Microtox™). The three most toxic compounds were α-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorovinylarsonic acid and 1,2,5-trithiepane having EC50 values of 11.20, 31.20 and 1170 μg L−1, respectively. A. fischeri demonstrated hormesis when exposed to triphenylarsine and triphenylarsine oxide at concentrations of 100 and 50 mg L−1, respectively. Four different mixtures were assessed including compounds which were dissolvable; a mixture of sulphur mustard degradation products, a mixture of the three most toxic sulphur mustard compounds, a mixture of organoarsenical degradation products and a mixture of all compounds. The mixtures deviate by a factor of 1.5–2.5 from the prediction of the concentration addition model and hence, the mixtures demonstrate no sign of synergism or antagonism. The compounds presented in this study are mainly CWA.
第二次世界大战后，由于德国的裁军，65,000吨化学弹药被倾倒在波罗的海。大约13,000吨含有化学战剂(CWAs)，其中11,000吨被倾倒在博恩霍尔姆以东的博恩霍尔姆盆地。本文通过获得新的急性生态毒性数据，解决了实际存在于博恩霍尔姆垃圾场的化合物的生态毒性。使用费氏Allivibrio fischeri (Microtox™)进行急性试验，成功获得12个CWAs的EC50值。毒性最大的3种化合物为α-氯苯乙酮、2-氯乙烯松酸和1,2,5-三噻吩，其EC50值分别为11.20、31.20和1170 μg L−1。当暴露于浓度分别为100 mg L - 1和50 mg L - 1的三苯larsin和三苯larsin氧化物时，A. fischeri表现出激效。评估了四种不同的混合物，包括可溶解的化合物;硫芥降解产物的混合物，三种毒性最强的硫芥化合物的混合物，有机砷降解产物的混合物以及所有化合物的混合物。混合物偏离浓度添加模型的预测1.5-2.5倍，因此混合物没有显示出增效或拮抗的迹象。本研究中发现的化合物主要为CWA。
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