Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-07
Gugulethu Nene, Pfano Mashau, S. Mpanza
The main purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of changes in coal prices. Scholars insinuated that the extensive capital requirements of building thermal power stations and coal mines lead to power production costs parachuting beyond the reach of many economic players. These rising costs in coal prices and power production costs, the retail price of electricity has not been adjusted, resulting in many players in this industry incurring losses. This study will use Statistical multiple regression and correlation analysis to test the relationship between two variables, coal price changes being an independent variable and changes in the price of electricity being the dependent variable. The findings show a strong dependence between changes in coal prices and electricity pricing in South Africa. People scrambling to coal mining is a concern since no proper regulations lead to land degradation. Moreover, since NERSA regulates electricity prices, miners are forced to use cheaper methods of extracting coal to keep the costs low.
{"title":"Impact of coal prices changes on prices of electricity in South Africa","authors":"Gugulethu Nene, Pfano Mashau, S. Mpanza","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-07","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of changes in coal prices. Scholars insinuated that the extensive capital requirements of building thermal power stations and coal mines lead to power production costs parachuting beyond the reach of many economic players. These rising costs in coal prices and power production costs, the retail price of electricity has not been adjusted, resulting in many players in this industry incurring losses. This study will use Statistical multiple regression and correlation analysis to test the relationship between two variables, coal price changes being an independent variable and changes in the price of electricity being the dependent variable. The findings show a strong dependence between changes in coal prices and electricity pricing in South Africa. People scrambling to coal mining is a concern since no proper regulations lead to land degradation. Moreover, since NERSA regulates electricity prices, miners are forced to use cheaper methods of extracting coal to keep the costs low.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126493311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-20
I. Billy
In recent years, the study of women entrepreneurship has experienced great growth, gaining a broad consensus among academics, and contributing above all to understanding all those factors that explain the difficulty of women in undertaking an entrepreneurial career. Female entrepreneurs represent the fastest growing category of entrepreneurship worldwide and have received, especially in recent years, the attention of many academics. According to the emerging literature, women can make a significant contribution to entrepreneurial activity and economic development in terms of creating new jobs and increasing the gross domestic product (GDP). Women entrepreneurship additionally has positive impacts on reducing poverty in most societies. The percentage of women who decide to pursue an entrepreneurial career is, however, lower than that of men and this difference is greater as the level of development of the country increases.
{"title":"A case study of women entrepreneur’s opportunities and challenges in the USA","authors":"I. Billy","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-20","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the study of women entrepreneurship has experienced great growth, gaining a broad consensus among academics, and contributing above all to understanding all those factors that explain the difficulty of women in undertaking an entrepreneurial career. Female entrepreneurs represent the fastest growing category of entrepreneurship worldwide and have received, especially in recent years, the attention of many academics. According to the emerging literature, women can make a significant contribution to entrepreneurial activity and economic development in terms of creating new jobs and increasing the gross domestic product (GDP). Women entrepreneurship additionally has positive impacts on reducing poverty in most societies. The percentage of women who decide to pursue an entrepreneurial career is, however, lower than that of men and this difference is greater as the level of development of the country increases.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121488813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-21
Sambhavi Lakshminarayanan
The importance of discussing ethics in business education has long been recognized. Accrediting bodies such as the ACBSP and AACSB require business curricula to include business ethics as a standalone course and/ or for it to be woven into subject matter of other courses. The premise is that, as future managers and business owners, business students need to be aware of how ethics influence and are related to decision making. An individual’s ethical attitudes and outlooks are related to values that they consider important. Values vary across individuals, and even societies. For instance, the approach of Hofstede (1991) is considered a standard for viewing cultural differences in certain values, as they apply to workplaces. Individual values have also been studied extensively (example: Rokeach, 1973). The Rokeach Values Survey is an established tool for understanding individual attitudes towards values. The Rokeach Values Survey has been used in a variety of contexts over many decades. In particular, Weber (1990, 2015) used it to study value preferences of business students, and alumni, and also link it to managerial orientations. We note that, in general. students from underrepresented groups have been under-researched, as has been their educational experiences. In this paper, we discuss the issue of integrating ethics in business teaching which responds to the experiences and attitudes of this student group in the context of business education pedagogies, and seek to link it to the Rokeach survey.
{"title":"Building business ethics awareness in diverse teaching environments","authors":"Sambhavi Lakshminarayanan","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-21","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of discussing ethics in business education has long been recognized. Accrediting bodies such as the ACBSP and AACSB require business curricula to include business ethics as a standalone course and/ or for it to be woven into subject matter of other courses. The premise is that, as future managers and business owners, business students need to be aware of how ethics influence and are related to decision making. An individual’s ethical attitudes and outlooks are related to values that they consider important. Values vary across individuals, and even societies. For instance, the approach of Hofstede (1991) is considered a standard for viewing cultural differences in certain values, as they apply to workplaces. Individual values have also been studied extensively (example: Rokeach, 1973). The Rokeach Values Survey is an established tool for understanding individual attitudes towards values. The Rokeach Values Survey has been used in a variety of contexts over many decades. In particular, Weber (1990, 2015) used it to study value preferences of business students, and alumni, and also link it to managerial orientations. We note that, in general. students from underrepresented groups have been under-researched, as has been their educational experiences. In this paper, we discuss the issue of integrating ethics in business teaching which responds to the experiences and attitudes of this student group in the context of business education pedagogies, and seek to link it to the Rokeach survey.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132906371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-14
A. Huespe
Argentina has struggled with inflation since the 1940s, with rates increasing over time and no successful attempts to eliminate it. Despite this, Argentinian society has grown accustomed to high, long-lasting, and volatile inflation, hindering economic growth and development. Numerous stabilization plans have failed, and all monetary policy schemes have been exhausted, except for dollarization. The study aims to describe the different stabilization alternatives that Argentina has used to combat inflation and discuss the possibility of dollarizing the economy as a solution to the inflationary problem. Many neighboring countries have made this decision and their economies have stabilized. The methodology includes both a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. In its first stage, an attempt will be made to approximate the object through its description, while in the second stage, Bayesian networks will be used. The idea is to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables in the inflationary phenomenon in Argentina to try to propose a correct decision that stabilizes the economy in the long term. The preliminary research findings show that the inflationary phenomenon in Argentina is multi-causal and, although printing money is the main component, variables such as the interest rate, the exchange rate, the fiscal deficit, and expectations, among others, influence inflation. With annual inflation at 95% in 2022 and projected to exceed 100% in 2023, alternative solutions must be considered. This article is a preview of a Ph.D. thesis in economics in Argentina.
{"title":"Seeking stability: Exploring dollarization as an option for Argentina's development","authors":"A. Huespe","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-14","url":null,"abstract":"Argentina has struggled with inflation since the 1940s, with rates increasing over time and no successful attempts to eliminate it. Despite this, Argentinian society has grown accustomed to high, long-lasting, and volatile inflation, hindering economic growth and development. Numerous stabilization plans have failed, and all monetary policy schemes have been exhausted, except for dollarization. The study aims to describe the different stabilization alternatives that Argentina has used to combat inflation and discuss the possibility of dollarizing the economy as a solution to the inflationary problem. Many neighboring countries have made this decision and their economies have stabilized. The methodology includes both a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. In its first stage, an attempt will be made to approximate the object through its description, while in the second stage, Bayesian networks will be used. The idea is to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables in the inflationary phenomenon in Argentina to try to propose a correct decision that stabilizes the economy in the long term. The preliminary research findings show that the inflationary phenomenon in Argentina is multi-causal and, although printing money is the main component, variables such as the interest rate, the exchange rate, the fiscal deficit, and expectations, among others, influence inflation. With annual inflation at 95% in 2022 and projected to exceed 100% in 2023, alternative solutions must be considered. This article is a preview of a Ph.D. thesis in economics in Argentina.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133435829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-15
G. Dash, N. Kajiji, Helper Zhou, Domenic Vonella
After the passage of the United States Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the emerging market economy of South Africa (SA) recorded substantial increases in duty-free exports to the U.S. Any loss or disruption of AGOA privileges could undermine SA as a trade partner with designated states in the U.S. For U.S. states most affected by the passage of the 2017-2018 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (e.g., SALT states) along with the COVID-19 pandemic effects, the elimination of the tax exemption impacted how state governments assist in funding international trade. This paper presents a novel hybrid EGARCH conditional volatility and artificial neural network model to map the COVID-19 effect on volatility spillovers between the SA government bond market and state-issued U.S. municipal bonds traded in secondary markets. Our empirical investigation provides three innovations. First, this study addresses illiquidity and informed trading impairments by observing over 11.5 million municipal bond trades. Second, we provide new evidence that a radial basis function artificial neural network enhanced by conditional volatility and fundamental factors can effectively map the geographical bond market spillover transmission between SA and individual U.S. states. Third, on state-based muni trades, we report how the AR (1) process is weighted positively across all East coast states during the global pandemic. Lastly, the study details how COVID-19 and South African conditional volatility impacted the returns of recorded trades of municipal bonds in SALT states. A global summary of the findings concludes with a discussion of how precious metals trading contributes to the performance of state-based municipal bonds.
{"title":"Municipal bond volatility spillover modeling with COVID-19 effects by hybrid integration of GARCH and machine learning: The connectedness of U.S. states and South African bond markets","authors":"G. Dash, N. Kajiji, Helper Zhou, Domenic Vonella","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-15","url":null,"abstract":"After the passage of the United States Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the emerging market economy of South Africa (SA) recorded substantial increases in duty-free exports to the U.S. Any loss or disruption of AGOA privileges could undermine SA as a trade partner with designated states in the U.S. For U.S. states most affected by the passage of the 2017-2018 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (e.g., SALT states) along with the COVID-19 pandemic effects, the elimination of the tax exemption impacted how state governments assist in funding international trade. This paper presents a novel hybrid EGARCH conditional volatility and artificial neural network model to map the COVID-19 effect on volatility spillovers between the SA government bond market and state-issued U.S. municipal bonds traded in secondary markets. Our empirical investigation provides three innovations. First, this study addresses illiquidity and informed trading impairments by observing over 11.5 million municipal bond trades. Second, we provide new evidence that a radial basis function artificial neural network enhanced by conditional volatility and fundamental factors can effectively map the geographical bond market spillover transmission between SA and individual U.S. states. Third, on state-based muni trades, we report how the AR (1) process is weighted positively across all East coast states during the global pandemic. Lastly, the study details how COVID-19 and South African conditional volatility impacted the returns of recorded trades of municipal bonds in SALT states. A global summary of the findings concludes with a discussion of how precious metals trading contributes to the performance of state-based municipal bonds.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121149139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-01
J. C. Botello, Carlos Botello Baltazar
Today we can identify a variety of political and economic systems in the world. A free market economic system is more likely to work if it is based on a democratic political system. According to the Democracy Index 2021, Mexico went from being an imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime, with the risk of becoming an authoritarian regime. The transition from a political system of imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime represents a great risk for domestic and foreign private investment. There is a latent political risk for investors in this type of country, which scares away foreign direct investment. This research presents an analysis of the behavior of foreign direct investment in Mexico from 2000 to 2021 by state and political party. A point biserial correlation test is performed to prove the existence of a dependencie between the attraction of foreign investment and the political party in government. Lower capital inflows in Mexico is observed since the presence of MORENA, actual political party that is in both, the federal and some state governments. Descriptive statistics show that in most of the matches there is a dependence and also a correlation, however it is prudent to study the direction of this relationship and the strength. The findings are based on an analysis of three years of government of the MORENA political party; therefore, a longer period could be considered for future research.
{"title":"Hybrid Political Regime: The Fall of Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico","authors":"J. C. Botello, Carlos Botello Baltazar","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-01","url":null,"abstract":"Today we can identify a variety of political and economic systems in the world. A free market economic system is more likely to work if it is based on a democratic political system. According to the Democracy Index 2021, Mexico went from being an imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime, with the risk of becoming an authoritarian regime. The transition from a political system of imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime represents a great risk for domestic and foreign private investment. There is a latent political risk for investors in this type of country, which scares away foreign direct investment. This research presents an analysis of the behavior of foreign direct investment in Mexico from 2000 to 2021 by state and political party. A point biserial correlation test is performed to prove the existence of a dependencie between the attraction of foreign investment and the political party in government. Lower capital inflows in Mexico is observed since the presence of MORENA, actual political party that is in both, the federal and some state governments. Descriptive statistics show that in most of the matches there is a dependence and also a correlation, however it is prudent to study the direction of this relationship and the strength. The findings are based on an analysis of three years of government of the MORENA political party; therefore, a longer period could be considered for future research.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128408710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-19
Dr. Gabriel De Freitas
There are different opinions existing about the leadership crisis relating to the quality of education (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Several authors believe that the role of contemporary business in Higher Education (HE) plays a significant role in resolving the leadership crisis (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016; Bettinger & Loeb, 2017; Grincewicz, 2017). The focus of HE in this field also presents significant challenges to those who are responsible for developing the leadership curriculum in the HE context (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Literature shows that business schools have long struggled with the problem of teaching leadership and developing suitable curricula to help graduates become skilled leaders, primarily through online programs (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Moreover, with the coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, the online platform has proven to be an effective education delivery tool, but COVID-19 has challenged education for learners of all ages (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). The move to online education during COVID-19 resulted in negative educational changes and health implications for children and young adults enrolled in elementary, middle, high, college, and professional institutions (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). The consequences varied according to age, maturity level, and socioeconomic status. There is limited data on outcomes at the moment, but several oversight bodies have attempted to set recommendations, voiced concerns, and extrapolated from prior experiences (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). According to research, at least 50% of students participate in online courses as opposed to face-to-face courses in non-profit, Higher Education (HE) institutions. Relatively little research has explored the way students’ performance in non-profit institutions is influenced by participating in an online course versus face-to-face course. As a result of research completed on this topic, it is evident more in-depth information is needed regarding evidence to understand the impact of online learning versus face-to-face learning today and their effect on students’ performance. The purpose of this quantitative study was to compare the way students’ performance in non-profit institutions is influenced by participating in an online course versus face-to-face course. The Online and Face-to-face Education Evaluation Tool (OFFEET), developed by this researcher, was chosen as the measurement instrument for this study. Participants of this study were university students at non-profit universities/colleges, for this study, there were 314 participants. One-way multivariate ANOVAs were computed with scores on the researcher-developed instrument, OFFEET and the independent variables (i.e., two covariates (gender and age), household income, type of device used, and region within the United States. The results of this research determined that there is a statistically significant difference in the relatio
{"title":"A quantitative study on students’ perception of online versus face-to-face education","authors":"Dr. Gabriel De Freitas","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-19","url":null,"abstract":"There are different opinions existing about the leadership crisis relating to the quality of education (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Several authors believe that the role of contemporary business in Higher Education (HE) plays a significant role in resolving the leadership crisis (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016; Bettinger & Loeb, 2017; Grincewicz, 2017). The focus of HE in this field also presents significant challenges to those who are responsible for developing the leadership curriculum in the HE context (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Literature shows that business schools have long struggled with the problem of teaching leadership and developing suitable curricula to help graduates become skilled leaders, primarily through online programs (Muenjohn, Pimpa, Montague, & Qin, 2016). Moreover, with the coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, the online platform has proven to be an effective education delivery tool, but COVID-19 has challenged education for learners of all ages (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). The move to online education during COVID-19 resulted in negative educational changes and health implications for children and young adults enrolled in elementary, middle, high, college, and professional institutions (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). The consequences varied according to age, maturity level, and socioeconomic status. There is limited data on outcomes at the moment, but several oversight bodies have attempted to set recommendations, voiced concerns, and extrapolated from prior experiences (Hoofman & Secord, 2021). According to research, at least 50% of students participate in online courses as opposed to face-to-face courses in non-profit, Higher Education (HE) institutions. Relatively little research has explored the way students’ performance in non-profit institutions is influenced by participating in an online course versus face-to-face course. As a result of research completed on this topic, it is evident more in-depth information is needed regarding evidence to understand the impact of online learning versus face-to-face learning today and their effect on students’ performance. The purpose of this quantitative study was to compare the way students’ performance in non-profit institutions is influenced by participating in an online course versus face-to-face course. The Online and Face-to-face Education Evaluation Tool (OFFEET), developed by this researcher, was chosen as the measurement instrument for this study. Participants of this study were university students at non-profit universities/colleges, for this study, there were 314 participants. One-way multivariate ANOVAs were computed with scores on the researcher-developed instrument, OFFEET and the independent variables (i.e., two covariates (gender and age), household income, type of device used, and region within the United States. The results of this research determined that there is a statistically significant difference in the relatio","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122621444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-03
Krzysztof Ziółkowski
Following on from the Covid global pandemic, the world shared a common hope that international trade would soon get back on track. However, the events of February 2022 created a new reality as the Russian-Ukrainian war impacted on all the aspects of world trade. It is now predicted that world trade will decrease by 1%, which may significantly deepen the impending recession. This article is an attempt at answering the question about the effect that the Russian/Ukranian war has on world trade. The changes that have occurred in the global coal, oil, gas and grain markets are enormous. The war has disrupted global and in particular European supply chains and Russia which was one of the main suppliers of coal to Europe before the introduction of embargos has meant that the countries of the European Union must now find new sources of supply for these essentials .,Some countries, such as Germany, have, in retrospect, made strategic mistakes by closing some of their coal fired nuclear power plants and now they have to reopen these power plants, which will in turn increase their demand for coal. In addition, most Western European countries have closed their coal mines, which means that they too are now forced to import coal and while coal producers will be able to increase production it will certainly not happen before the winter of 2022 which will clearly make things hard for most European citizens . Additionally, over 50% of gas imported to the EU comes from Russia which can cut supplies off at any moment and Europe is caught in a bind of its own making and does not know how to get out of this clinch. Russia has already cut off gas to some countries, such as Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Denmark, Latvia and Finland demonstrating the vulnerability of the dependent nations on their main source of supply. Moreover, European countries must find new sources of oil and petroleum-based products because starting at the end of December 2022 there will be an additional embargo imposed on the import of these products from Russia. The war has also disrupted the global grain market because Ukraine is one of largest grain producers in the world. Is Europe in danger of going hungry? Maybe not, but such a disruption to the supply chain can have a devastating effect on Africa. A famine in Africa may destabilize local governments and cause a new wave of immigrants into Europe. Additionally, if there is a real recession combined with high inflation and an increase in unemployment in Europe, the public mood may become radicalized, and it can thus affect the policy of the European Union. Of course, nobody knows for sure what the future will bring. Three years ago, no one thought about a pandemic and hardly anyone thought that Russia would attack Ukraine in 2022. In the face of these changes and many other unknowns, it is difficult to unequivocally predict how these events will affect the world trade of goods.
{"title":"The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on world trade","authors":"Krzysztof Ziółkowski","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-03","url":null,"abstract":"Following on from the Covid global pandemic, the world shared a common hope that international trade would soon get back on track. However, the events of February 2022 created a new reality as the Russian-Ukrainian war impacted on all the aspects of world trade. It is now predicted that world trade will decrease by 1%, which may significantly deepen the impending recession. This article is an attempt at answering the question about the effect that the Russian/Ukranian war has on world trade. The changes that have occurred in the global coal, oil, gas and grain markets are enormous. The war has disrupted global and in particular European supply chains and Russia which was one of the main suppliers of coal to Europe before the introduction of embargos has meant that the countries of the European Union must now find new sources of supply for these essentials .,Some countries, such as Germany, have, in retrospect, made strategic mistakes by closing some of their coal fired nuclear power plants and now they have to reopen these power plants, which will in turn increase their demand for coal. In addition, most Western European countries have closed their coal mines, which means that they too are now forced to import coal and while coal producers will be able to increase production it will certainly not happen before the winter of 2022 which will clearly make things hard for most European citizens . Additionally, over 50% of gas imported to the EU comes from Russia which can cut supplies off at any moment and Europe is caught in a bind of its own making and does not know how to get out of this clinch. Russia has already cut off gas to some countries, such as Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Denmark, Latvia and Finland demonstrating the vulnerability of the dependent nations on their main source of supply. Moreover, European countries must find new sources of oil and petroleum-based products because starting at the end of December 2022 there will be an additional embargo imposed on the import of these products from Russia. The war has also disrupted the global grain market because Ukraine is one of largest grain producers in the world. Is Europe in danger of going hungry? Maybe not, but such a disruption to the supply chain can have a devastating effect on Africa. A famine in Africa may destabilize local governments and cause a new wave of immigrants into Europe. Additionally, if there is a real recession combined with high inflation and an increase in unemployment in Europe, the public mood may become radicalized, and it can thus affect the policy of the European Union. Of course, nobody knows for sure what the future will bring. Three years ago, no one thought about a pandemic and hardly anyone thought that Russia would attack Ukraine in 2022. In the face of these changes and many other unknowns, it is difficult to unequivocally predict how these events will affect the world trade of goods.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116246932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-16
A. Terblanche, C. Cloete
Purpose: This study attempted to ascertain what is regarded by international housing authorities as ‘adequate housing’ in their respective regions. Methodology: Non-probability sampling was undertaken to identify 199 countries and an attempt was made to engage in conversation regarding housing in their regions. Findings: It was found that a quarter of potential contacts were uncontactable. The majority (67,9%) could be contacted through their official contact channels, but were unresponsive, undelivered, or simply acknowledged via automation with no further interaction. Only 7,1% of potential contacts engaged in any interaction following from the attempted contact. Practical implications: International agreement on what is to be regarded as ‘adequate housing’ will not be reached while most housing authorities are not open to communication.
{"title":"Accessibility of international housing authorities for engaging in housing research","authors":"A. Terblanche, C. Cloete","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-16","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study attempted to ascertain what is regarded by international housing authorities as ‘adequate housing’ in their respective regions. Methodology: Non-probability sampling was undertaken to identify 199 countries and an attempt was made to engage in conversation regarding housing in their regions. Findings: It was found that a quarter of potential contacts were uncontactable. The majority (67,9%) could be contacted through their official contact channels, but were unresponsive, undelivered, or simply acknowledged via automation with no further interaction. Only 7,1% of potential contacts engaged in any interaction following from the attempted contact. Practical implications: International agreement on what is to be regarded as ‘adequate housing’ will not be reached while most housing authorities are not open to communication.","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115745623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-05
E. Eguruze, Gaitri Kumari Gaitri Kumari, Rishiram Aryal, Benneth C. Nwafor, Faizu Edu, Edidiong Sydney
Purpose: To review the traditional responses to cumulative poverty (multidimensional poverty) processes and offer a solution, through the Methodology Model for Global Poverty Intervention (MMGPI), whilst using social marketing technique. Design/Methodology: It was a cross-case analysis in which the paper explores approaches that have been experimented previously in tackling poverty across the globe with meaningful outcomes. The paper posed the critical question why these previous approaches have fallen short of overcoming the threat of poverty, despite the huge sums and research efforts committed to eliminating extreme poverty? Upon evaluating the critical variable-factors that mitigate against traditional approaches, the authors suggest the new MMGPI, with an Implementation joint programme of Action (IJPA). (The new MMGPI is multidimensional in nature; in that it has a Multidimensional Poverty Index-(MPI). The new MMGPI-IJPA model is user-and-eco-friendly and retains the multidimensional paradigm. This extension was achieved through literature research, the development of methodology (MMGPI) adopting a mixed methods approach and strategy conference. Findings: The findings from examining literature documentary evidence from previous attempts indicated a new methodology is needed for global use. The review also suggests the needs of vulnerable peoples: young people and communities, children/mothers(women), people with disabilities (PWDs), pensioners, minority ethnic/faith groups have largely been ignored. More needed to be done to address their needs and involving, empower and engage them. This would save lives, improve quality of lives, as well as improve conditions of living. The findings are inconclusive; therefore, more research is needed with new data set. We argue identifying and tackling the root-causes, experiences, challenges, impact, and solutions through the methodology model for global poverty intervention would significantly reduce multidimensional poverty (cumulative poverty).
{"title":"\"Methodology model for global poverty intervention significantly reduces cumulative poverty, using social marketing techniques(Working Paper II) Methodology development review paper\"","authors":"E. Eguruze, Gaitri Kumari Gaitri Kumari, Rishiram Aryal, Benneth C. Nwafor, Faizu Edu, Edidiong Sydney","doi":"10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu01/art-05","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To review the traditional responses to cumulative poverty (multidimensional poverty) processes and offer a solution, through the Methodology Model for Global Poverty Intervention (MMGPI), whilst using social marketing technique. Design/Methodology: It was a cross-case analysis in which the paper explores approaches that have been experimented previously in tackling poverty across the globe with meaningful outcomes. The paper posed the critical question why these previous approaches have fallen short of overcoming the threat of poverty, despite the huge sums and research efforts committed to eliminating extreme poverty? Upon evaluating the critical variable-factors that mitigate against traditional approaches, the authors suggest the new MMGPI, with an Implementation joint programme of Action (IJPA). (The new MMGPI is multidimensional in nature; in that it has a Multidimensional Poverty Index-(MPI). The new MMGPI-IJPA model is user-and-eco-friendly and retains the multidimensional paradigm. This extension was achieved through literature research, the development of methodology (MMGPI) adopting a mixed methods approach and strategy conference. Findings: The findings from examining literature documentary evidence from previous attempts indicated a new methodology is needed for global use. The review also suggests the needs of vulnerable peoples: young people and communities, children/mothers(women), people with disabilities (PWDs), pensioners, minority ethnic/faith groups have largely been ignored. More needed to be done to address their needs and involving, empower and engage them. This would save lives, improve quality of lives, as well as improve conditions of living. The findings are inconclusive; therefore, more research is needed with new data set. We argue identifying and tackling the root-causes, experiences, challenges, impact, and solutions through the methodology model for global poverty intervention would significantly reduce multidimensional poverty (cumulative poverty).","PeriodicalId":323589,"journal":{"name":"The Business and Management Review","volume":"256 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120896230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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