Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy have been increasingly utilized in radiation oncology to treat early stage tumors, metastatic targets, and retreatment of relapsed diseases due to their efficiency, treatment effect, and cost effectiveness over the past two decades. Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy both demand high specifications for their delivery machines, as they deliver radiation doses with fewer treatment fractions and higher doses per fraction. Manufacturers have either invented specialized technologies solely or customized their existing machines for this purpose. In this paper, we review the major technologies and treatment machines for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy, describe their main features, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
{"title":"New technologies and machines for stereotactic radiation therapy","authors":"Brian Wang, Jun Yang","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1180","url":null,"abstract":"Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy have been increasingly utilized in radiation oncology to treat early stage tumors, metastatic targets, and retreatment of relapsed diseases due to their efficiency, treatment effect, and cost effectiveness over the past two decades. Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy both demand high specifications for their delivery machines, as they deliver radiation doses with fewer treatment fractions and higher doses per fraction. Manufacturers have either invented specialized technologies solely or customized their existing machines for this purpose. In this paper, we review the major technologies and treatment machines for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy, describe their main features, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42034873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The standard of care for patients with recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma remains unclear. There is an urgent need to identify effective and low‐toxicity treatment methods for such patients. The integration of current evidence to form an optimal treatment modality for recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal is worth exploring. In recent years, several outstanding clinical trials have emerged for the comprehensive treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma . New evidence has been added for the local treatment of patients with metastasis. Endoscopic surgery, radiomics, and other technologies help achieve precise local treatment. Novel immunotherapeutic drugs have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastasis in China. The combination of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy is promising and requires confirmation. Future studies will continue to focus on individualization and precision medicine.
{"title":"Comprehensive treatment of recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: advances and future directions","authors":"M. Fan, Dengqun Liu, G. Zhu, Yazhou Ren, M. Feng","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1181","url":null,"abstract":"The standard of care for patients with recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma remains unclear. There is an urgent need to identify effective and low‐toxicity treatment methods for such patients. The integration of current evidence to form an optimal treatment modality for recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal is worth exploring. In recent years, several outstanding clinical trials have emerged for the comprehensive treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma . New evidence has been added for the local treatment of patients with metastasis. Endoscopic surgery, radiomics, and other technologies help achieve precise local treatment. Novel immunotherapeutic drugs have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastasis in China. The combination of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy is promising and requires confirmation. Future studies will continue to focus on individualization and precision medicine.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44882946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Youssef, C. Elmaraghi, T. Kamel, Mahmoud El‐Leithy, Khaled Abdelhakim
This paper aimed to assess the incidence of radiotherapy‐induced hypothyroidism (RIHT) in breast cancer patients and correlate it with different factors.
本文旨在评估癌症患者放疗诱发甲状腺功能减退（RIHT）的发病率，并将其与不同因素相关联。
{"title":"Incidence and predictive factors of radiation‐induced hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients who receive supraclavicular lymph nodes irradiation: A prospective study","authors":"M. Youssef, C. Elmaraghi, T. Kamel, Mahmoud El‐Leithy, Khaled Abdelhakim","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1182","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed to assess the incidence of radiotherapy‐induced hypothyroidism (RIHT) in breast cancer patients and correlate it with different factors.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49242048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the therapeutic toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the dose of chemotherapy is always limited. Hence, the question of how to administer adequate chemotherapy to synchronize stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment strategy for maximizing the benefits of neoadjuvant therapy to improve prognosis is a challenging and debatable issue.
{"title":"Systemic therapy‐based split‐course stereotactic body radiation therapy","authors":"Rong Zheng, Bisi Wang, Feihong Liang, Benhua Xu","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1176","url":null,"abstract":"Given the therapeutic toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the dose of chemotherapy is always limited. Hence, the question of how to administer adequate chemotherapy to synchronize stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment strategy for maximizing the benefits of neoadjuvant therapy to improve prognosis is a challenging and debatable issue.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41632463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hlaing, R. Lanciano, Emeka Ugwuebulem, S. H. Arker, K. Sarvottam, Stephen Shore, Jing Feng
Pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma (PACC) is an extremely rare neoplasm. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) usually occurs in the salivary glands of the head and neck. Given its rare occurrence, there are no established guidelines for the treatment of progressive and/or relapsed disease. We herein report a case of a 57‐year‐old female who was incidentally found to have biopsy confirmed PACC following trauma diagnostic workup. She underwent pneumonectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy with an initial good response. On follow‐up a year later, she was noted to have two metastatic liver lesions treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and lenvatinib. This case report adds to the growing area of research on PACC, especially among patients requiring SBRT for oligometastatic disease.
{"title":"A rare case of pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma with liver metastases treated effectively with stereotactic body radiation therapy","authors":"S. Hlaing, R. Lanciano, Emeka Ugwuebulem, S. H. Arker, K. Sarvottam, Stephen Shore, Jing Feng","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1178","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma (PACC) is an extremely rare neoplasm. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) usually occurs in the salivary glands of the head and neck. Given its rare occurrence, there are no established guidelines for the treatment of progressive and/or relapsed disease. We herein report a case of a 57‐year‐old female who was incidentally found to have biopsy confirmed PACC following trauma diagnostic workup. She underwent pneumonectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy with an initial good response. On follow‐up a year later, she was noted to have two metastatic liver lesions treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and lenvatinib. This case report adds to the growing area of research on PACC, especially among patients requiring SBRT for oligometastatic disease.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Mousa Jaafar, H. Elsayed, Magdy M. Khalil, Mohamed Nabil Yaseen, H. Ammar, A. Alshewered
This study was carried out to analyze the effect of varying kilovoltage peak (kVp) on Hounsfield unit (HU) for various tissue substitutes in two different phantoms and their dosimetric impact on dose calculation in Monaco treatment planning system version 5.11.02.
{"title":"The influence of different kVs and phantoms on computed tomography number to relative electron density calibration curve for radiotherapy dose calculation","authors":"Ahmed Mousa Jaafar, H. Elsayed, Magdy M. Khalil, Mohamed Nabil Yaseen, H. Ammar, A. Alshewered","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1177","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to analyze the effect of varying kilovoltage peak (kVp) on Hounsfield unit (HU) for various tissue substitutes in two different phantoms and their dosimetric impact on dose calculation in Monaco treatment planning system version 5.11.02.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45510481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his treaty Physics and Philosophy, the renowned physicist Sir James Jeans started with the following opening statement:1 “Science usually advances by a succession of small steps, through a fog in which even the most keen-sighted explorer can seldom see more than a few paces ahead. Occasionally the fog lifts, an eminence is gained, and awider stretch of territory can be surveyed – sometimes with startling results.” Jeans, as he crafted that statement, had in mind the development of modern physics in the early 1900s. Built upon the foundation of Newtonian and Maxwellian theories, the physics community was looking for a new path in physics to resolve the critical challenges of certain anomalies revealed in a collection of experiments. As if a blessing from the sky, the younger generation of physicists were able to strike major breakthroughs by following the leads revealed in effects – that were “tiny and subtle”, sometimes even considered “non-essential” – by some of the established authorities of the day. However, in science, often when the fog has lifted, the new insights are not always captured or recognized immediately. An example that comes to mind is the perihelion orbit of the planetMercury, described as a tiny “anomalous” effect when it was first recognized in 1859, but then, it would take the insight of an Einstein to point out its significance half a century later, with his revolutionary new theory of gravity. As we examine the history of medicine, specific to the development of radiation therapy (RT), it appears that as a scientific community we have come to a cross-road, similar to the Rubicon traversed by classical physics in the early part of last century. In a general sense, the critical-target theory of traditional radiobiology has been, to a great degree, guiding the field of RT since its inception. With the concepts of the 4Rs being established to form its biological backbone, RT has firmly established itself as one of the indispensable pillars of cancer treatment management – with both hyperand hypo-fractionation strategies being the gold standards of clinical practice. Historically, technical advances inRThave centered on the improvement of dose distribution – in terms of conformity to the targets – while minimizing normal tissue exposure, and the delivery’s accuracy and efficiency of treatments. The impressive success and advances in modern RT are, however, accompanied by the frustrations of RT’s limitations in the apparent confinement to local control, and in the further reduction of normal tissue toxicities. To overcome these limitations, we have been seeking signs and indications that might point to newdirections for radically improving the therapeutic ratio, where this
{"title":"Spatial‐temporal modulation in radiation therapy","authors":"Xiaodong Wu","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1174","url":null,"abstract":"In his treaty Physics and Philosophy, the renowned physicist Sir James Jeans started with the following opening statement:1 “Science usually advances by a succession of small steps, through a fog in which even the most keen-sighted explorer can seldom see more than a few paces ahead. Occasionally the fog lifts, an eminence is gained, and awider stretch of territory can be surveyed – sometimes with startling results.” Jeans, as he crafted that statement, had in mind the development of modern physics in the early 1900s. Built upon the foundation of Newtonian and Maxwellian theories, the physics community was looking for a new path in physics to resolve the critical challenges of certain anomalies revealed in a collection of experiments. As if a blessing from the sky, the younger generation of physicists were able to strike major breakthroughs by following the leads revealed in effects – that were “tiny and subtle”, sometimes even considered “non-essential” – by some of the established authorities of the day. However, in science, often when the fog has lifted, the new insights are not always captured or recognized immediately. An example that comes to mind is the perihelion orbit of the planetMercury, described as a tiny “anomalous” effect when it was first recognized in 1859, but then, it would take the insight of an Einstein to point out its significance half a century later, with his revolutionary new theory of gravity. As we examine the history of medicine, specific to the development of radiation therapy (RT), it appears that as a scientific community we have come to a cross-road, similar to the Rubicon traversed by classical physics in the early part of last century. In a general sense, the critical-target theory of traditional radiobiology has been, to a great degree, guiding the field of RT since its inception. With the concepts of the 4Rs being established to form its biological backbone, RT has firmly established itself as one of the indispensable pillars of cancer treatment management – with both hyperand hypo-fractionation strategies being the gold standards of clinical practice. Historically, technical advances inRThave centered on the improvement of dose distribution – in terms of conformity to the targets – while minimizing normal tissue exposure, and the delivery’s accuracy and efficiency of treatments. The impressive success and advances in modern RT are, however, accompanied by the frustrations of RT’s limitations in the apparent confinement to local control, and in the further reduction of normal tissue toxicities. To overcome these limitations, we have been seeking signs and indications that might point to newdirections for radically improving the therapeutic ratio, where this","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47368505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas, N. Tran, M. Dordevic, Sara Zivkovic, S. Zein, W. Shin, D. Sakata, Nathanael Lampe, Jeremy M. C. Brown, A. Ristic-Fira, I. Petrović, I. Kyriakou, D. Emfietzoglou, S. Guatelli, S. Incerti
The scientific community shows great interest in the study of DNA damage induction, DNA damage repair, and the biological effects on cells and cellular systems after exposure to ionizing radiation. Several in silico methods have been proposed so far to study these mechanisms using Monte Carlo simulations. This study outlines a Geant4‐DNA example application, named “molecularDNA”, publicly released in the 11.1 version of Geant4 (December 2022).
{"title":"Simulation of DNA damage using Geant4‐DNA: an overview of the “molecularDNA” example application","authors":"Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas, N. Tran, M. Dordevic, Sara Zivkovic, S. Zein, W. Shin, D. Sakata, Nathanael Lampe, Jeremy M. C. Brown, A. Ristic-Fira, I. Petrović, I. Kyriakou, D. Emfietzoglou, S. Guatelli, S. Incerti","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1186","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific community shows great interest in the study of DNA damage induction, DNA damage repair, and the biological effects on cells and cellular systems after exposure to ionizing radiation. Several in silico methods have been proposed so far to study these mechanisms using Monte Carlo simulations. This study outlines a Geant4‐DNA example application, named “molecularDNA”, publicly released in the 11.1 version of Geant4 (December 2022).","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radiotherapy is one of the main tumor treatment modalities that provides great survival benefits to patients with cancer. However, it is important to pay attention to the occurrence of adverse events after radiotherapy and take early measures. Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is a major adverse response in patients with cancer receiving thoracic radiotherapy, and it affects the quality of life and survival of patients. We analyzed the latest evidence on RP, and summarized research developments on the pathophysiological mechanism, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prognosis to form a consensus. With the development of comprehensive treatments, including immunotherapy, the diagnosis and identification of RP has become more complex, requiring multidisciplinary discussion and decision‐making. In the future, it is critical to explore more effective treatments, various risk factors, and precautions for RP.
{"title":"Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of radiation pneumonitis","authors":"Caicun Zhou, Jinming Yu","doi":"10.1002/pro6.1169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1169","url":null,"abstract":"Radiotherapy is one of the main tumor treatment modalities that provides great survival benefits to patients with cancer. However, it is important to pay attention to the occurrence of adverse events after radiotherapy and take early measures. Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is a major adverse response in patients with cancer receiving thoracic radiotherapy, and it affects the quality of life and survival of patients. We analyzed the latest evidence on RP, and summarized research developments on the pathophysiological mechanism, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prognosis to form a consensus. With the development of comprehensive treatments, including immunotherapy, the diagnosis and identification of RP has become more complex, requiring multidisciplinary discussion and decision‐making. In the future, it is critical to explore more effective treatments, various risk factors, and precautions for RP.","PeriodicalId":32406,"journal":{"name":"Precision Radiation Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48054271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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