This study examines the changes in poverty in Mexico for the period 1994-1996 as well as the determinants or correlates of poverty in 1996. The data used in the study come from the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of Households for the years 1994 and 1996. By estimating the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family of poverty measures, we found that both moderate and extreme poverty increased in Mexico during the 1994-1996 period, and that the depth and severity of poverty also increased. The poverty profiles constructed for both years indicate that poverty incidence is higher for households located in rural areas, for large households, for households where the head has a low level of education, and for households whose head works in a rural or domestic occupation. A logistic regression model was estimated for 1996, with the probability of a household being extremely poor as the dependent variable and a set of economic and demographic variables as the explanatory variables. It was found that the variables that are positively correlated with the probability of being poor are: size of the household, living in a rural area, working in a rural occupation and being a domestic worker. Variables negatively correlated with the probability of being poor are: the education level of the household head, his/her age and whether he or she works in a professional or middle level occupation.
{"title":"The Determinants of Poverty in Mexico: 1996","authors":"Jorge Garza-Rodríguez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2707724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2707724","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the changes in poverty in Mexico for the period 1994-1996 as well as the determinants or correlates of poverty in 1996. The data used in the study come from the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of Households for the years 1994 and 1996. By estimating the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family of poverty measures, we found that both moderate and extreme poverty increased in Mexico during the 1994-1996 period, and that the depth and severity of poverty also increased. The poverty profiles constructed for both years indicate that poverty incidence is higher for households located in rural areas, for large households, for households where the head has a low level of education, and for households whose head works in a rural or domestic occupation. A logistic regression model was estimated for 1996, with the probability of a household being extremely poor as the dependent variable and a set of economic and demographic variables as the explanatory variables. It was found that the variables that are positively correlated with the probability of being poor are: size of the household, living in a rural area, working in a rural occupation and being a domestic worker. Variables negatively correlated with the probability of being poor are: the education level of the household head, his/her age and whether he or she works in a professional or middle level occupation.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124957317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The creation of fully funded, privately managed pension systems may have significant positive direct effects on savings, growth and welfare. However, the indirect link, via capital market development, may be as important. This hypothesis is verified with evidence from emerging economies that have recently engaged in such reforms with a focus on Chile, Argentina and Peru. There is abundant qualitative and anecdotal evidence that relates pension reform with the accumulation of "institutional capital", with the existence of an adaptive legal framework, with increased specialization, transparency and integrity and even with better corporate governance. Evidence of increased financial innovation is also found while there is little evidence of bank disintermediation. In addition, time-series and panel data evidence is generally consistent with the following hypothetical effects: a reduction in the cost of capital; lower security-price volatility; and higher traded volumes. The evidence suggests that the indirect channel via capital market development may have important implications for economic growth and productivity.
{"title":"Pension Reform and Capital Markets: Are There Any (Hard) Links?","authors":"E. Walker, F. Lefort","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.239531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.239531","url":null,"abstract":"The creation of fully funded, privately managed pension systems may have significant positive direct effects on savings, growth and welfare. However, the indirect link, via capital market development, may be as important. This hypothesis is verified with evidence from emerging economies that have recently engaged in such reforms with a focus on Chile, Argentina and Peru. There is abundant qualitative and anecdotal evidence that relates pension reform with the accumulation of \"institutional capital\", with the existence of an adaptive legal framework, with increased specialization, transparency and integrity and even with better corporate governance. Evidence of increased financial innovation is also found while there is little evidence of bank disintermediation. In addition, time-series and panel data evidence is generally consistent with the following hypothetical effects: a reduction in the cost of capital; lower security-price volatility; and higher traded volumes. The evidence suggests that the indirect channel via capital market development may have important implications for economic growth and productivity.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134455989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.5089/9781451857726.001
E. Kalter, Armando P. Ribas
This paper discusses the role of a country`s fiscal stance in weakening the financial underpinnings of an open economy with a quasi-fixed nominal exchange rate, even where the overall fiscal deficit remains unchanged, or even narrows. The paper cites the role of expanding government operations in reducing the relative price of traded goods. A marked increase in government expenditure and taxation is associated with increased production costs, excess demand for nontraded goods, and a deterioration in the financial health of the traded goods sector. The paper demonstrates that, in contrast to the current economic situation in Mexico, the period leading to the 1994 crisis closely parallels these stylized facts.
{"title":"The 1994 Mexican Economic Crisis The Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices","authors":"E. Kalter, Armando P. Ribas","doi":"10.5089/9781451857726.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451857726.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the role of a country`s fiscal stance in weakening the financial underpinnings of an open economy with a quasi-fixed nominal exchange rate, even where the overall fiscal deficit remains unchanged, or even narrows. The paper cites the role of expanding government operations in reducing the relative price of traded goods. A marked increase in government expenditure and taxation is associated with increased production costs, excess demand for nontraded goods, and a deterioration in the financial health of the traded goods sector. The paper demonstrates that, in contrast to the current economic situation in Mexico, the period leading to the 1994 crisis closely parallels these stylized facts.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134124586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La versione italiana di questo documento e disponibile all'indirizzo: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2481592La version en espanol de este articulo esta disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2439008A versao em portugues deste artigo esta disponivel em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2363398This text seeks to identify the objective and subjective aspects of rights to an existential minimum in health care, based on international parameters which, because they are restricted to internal scope of a nation, depend on a constitutional basis and on comprehensible facts, the demonstration of which should be the responsibility of the national administrative authority. Regarding the judicial review of the minimum right to healthcare, this paper points out that it is a serious mistake to try to handle public health conflicts according to the typical judicial principles governing conflicts under private law, because that distorts the public health system, with judicial orders that depart from the universal access to health care and that are often impossible to comply with. The article concludes that the judicial review of administrative authorities in matters involving the right to health necessarily requires simultaneous judicial review of the corresponding administrative procedures.
{"title":"Procedural and Substantive Judicial Review of the Right to Health in Brazil","authors":"R. Perlingeiro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2481539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2481539","url":null,"abstract":"La versione italiana di questo documento e disponibile all'indirizzo: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2481592La version en espanol de este articulo esta disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2439008A versao em portugues deste artigo esta disponivel em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2363398This text seeks to identify the objective and subjective aspects of rights to an existential minimum in health care, based on international parameters which, because they are restricted to internal scope of a nation, depend on a constitutional basis and on comprehensible facts, the demonstration of which should be the responsibility of the national administrative authority. Regarding the judicial review of the minimum right to healthcare, this paper points out that it is a serious mistake to try to handle public health conflicts according to the typical judicial principles governing conflicts under private law, because that distorts the public health system, with judicial orders that depart from the universal access to health care and that are often impossible to comply with. The article concludes that the judicial review of administrative authorities in matters involving the right to health necessarily requires simultaneous judicial review of the corresponding administrative procedures.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130680745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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