Abstract Is the emergence and rapid expansion of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) in Latin America associated with the turn to the left in Latin American politics? The paper applies a modified version of the Dolowitz and Marsh (2000) Policy Transfer Framework to successive waves of policy diffusion in nineteen countries in the region. The analysis did not find a “New Left” footprint in the motivations, actors, and lesson-drawing processes that characterised the expansion of CCTs. It concludes that social assistance is at the top of the agenda of governments in Latin America regardless of the ideological leaning of ruling coalitions.
{"title":"The Politics of the Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America","authors":"Paola Peña","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2439656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2439656","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Is the emergence and rapid expansion of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) in Latin America associated with the turn to the left in Latin American politics? The paper applies a modified version of the Dolowitz and Marsh (2000) Policy Transfer Framework to successive waves of policy diffusion in nineteen countries in the region. The analysis did not find a “New Left” footprint in the motivations, actors, and lesson-drawing processes that characterised the expansion of CCTs. It concludes that social assistance is at the top of the agenda of governments in Latin America regardless of the ideological leaning of ruling coalitions.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117293917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clemente Hernandez, Mauricio Cervantes, M. Montoya
Spanish Abstract: A diferencia de los estudios que han analizado la amplitud, en esta investigacion estudiamos la profundidad del alcance del programa de microfinanzas. Utilizamos una encuesta primaria de 351 mujeres en Mexico para evaluar cual categoria de los pobres esta siendo atendida por las instituciones de microfinanzas: ?Son los mas pobres, los medio pobres o los menos pobres? Para hacer comparaciones, los hogares prestatarios se alinean por puntuaciones de la pobreza generadas empleando analisis de componentes principales. El estudio revela que la profundidad de la extension de la pobreza es significativamente menor que lo que se ha dicho por los prestamistas. English Abstract: In contrast to studies that have analyzed the breadth, in this research we studied the depth of the scope of program outreach. We use a primary household survey of 351 women in Mexico to assess which category of the poor is being served by microfinance institutions: are they the very poor, middle poor or less poor ones? In order to make comparisons, borrower households are ranked by poverty scores generated by employing Principal Component Analysis. The study reveals that the depth of poverty outreach is significantly lower than what has been claimed by lenders.
西班牙语摘要:本研究的目的是分析小额信贷计划的影响程度，并分析其影响程度。我们对墨西哥351名妇女进行了初步调查，以评估小额信贷机构服务的穷人类别:最贫穷、中等贫穷还是最不贫穷?为了进行比较，借款人家庭根据使用主成分分析产生的贫困分数进行对齐。这项研究表明，贫困蔓延的深度远低于贷款人所说的。English Abstract:对比研究that have analyzed范围,In this research we studied the depth of the scope of program宣传。我们使用对墨西哥351名妇女进行的初级家庭调查来评估小额信贷机构服务的穷人的哪一类:他们是极穷、中穷还是较穷?为了进行比较，借款人按使用主要成分分析产生的贫困评分进行排名。研究表明，贫困外联的程度远远低于贷款人所要求的程度。
{"title":"¿De Verdad Están Las Instituciones De Microfinanzas Dando Atención a Los Pobres? (Are Microfinance Institutions Really Giving Attention to the Poor?)","authors":"Clemente Hernandez, Mauricio Cervantes, M. Montoya","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2413949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2413949","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: A diferencia de los estudios que han analizado la amplitud, en esta investigacion estudiamos la profundidad del alcance del programa de microfinanzas. Utilizamos una encuesta primaria de 351 mujeres en Mexico para evaluar cual categoria de los pobres esta siendo atendida por las instituciones de microfinanzas: ?Son los mas pobres, los medio pobres o los menos pobres? Para hacer comparaciones, los hogares prestatarios se alinean por puntuaciones de la pobreza generadas empleando analisis de componentes principales. El estudio revela que la profundidad de la extension de la pobreza es significativamente menor que lo que se ha dicho por los prestamistas. English Abstract: In contrast to studies that have analyzed the breadth, in this research we studied the depth of the scope of program outreach. We use a primary household survey of 351 women in Mexico to assess which category of the poor is being served by microfinance institutions: are they the very poor, middle poor or less poor ones? In order to make comparisons, borrower households are ranked by poverty scores generated by employing Principal Component Analysis. The study reveals that the depth of poverty outreach is significantly lower than what has been claimed by lenders.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129665719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rise of childhood obesity in less developed countries is often overlooked. We study the impact of body weight report cards in Mexico. The report cards increased parental knowledge and shifted parental attitudes about children's weight. We observe no meaningful changes in parental behaviors or children's body mass index. Interestingly, parents of children in the most obese classrooms were less likely to report that their obese child weighed too much relative to those in the least obese classrooms. As obesity rates increase, reference points for appropriate body weights may rise, making it more difficult to lower obesity rates.
{"title":"The Importance of Parental Knowledge and Social Norms: Evidence from Weight Report Cards in Mexico","authors":"Silvia Prina, Heather Royer","doi":"10.3386/W19344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W19344","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of childhood obesity in less developed countries is often overlooked. We study the impact of body weight report cards in Mexico. The report cards increased parental knowledge and shifted parental attitudes about children's weight. We observe no meaningful changes in parental behaviors or children's body mass index. Interestingly, parents of children in the most obese classrooms were less likely to report that their obese child weighed too much relative to those in the least obese classrooms. As obesity rates increase, reference points for appropriate body weights may rise, making it more difficult to lower obesity rates.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"59 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132497022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Este documento diagnostica la condicion de pobreza de Villapinzon a partir de las dimensiones del Indice de Pobreza Multidimensional. Investigaciones previas no dan cuenta de mediciones de pobreza a nivel local. El objetivo de esta tesis es determinar a traves de un diagnostico mixto ?cual es la situacion actual de pobreza en Villapinzon?, con el fin de identificar areas prioritarias de intervencion y proponer preliminarmente alternativas para avanzar en la superacion de pobreza en el municipio. Este diagnostico se desarrollo a partir de una metodologia mixta. El componente cualitativo se realizo durante los meses de julio y octubre de 2012, a traves de cuatro fases de investigacion: I) visitas previas; II) observacion participante; III) grupos focales y IV) entrevistas. El componente cuantitativo incluye el calculo de i) la incidencia de pobreza multidimensional en Villapinzon; ii) la incidencia ajustada de pobreza multidimensional; iii) el calculo de la brecha de pobreza ajustada y iv) un analisis multivariado. Estas aproximaciones permitieron identificar nuevas dimensiones y tendencias que no habrian sido reconocidas si los fenomenos multidimensionales de pobreza hubieran sido analizados de manera aislada con una sola metodologia. Esta tesis se aproximo a una nueva medicion de pobreza en el nivel local, que a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias (calculo a partir del Sisben), genero una nueva vision de las condiciones de vida y de pobreza de los villapinzonenses. Finalmente, se proponen intervenciones en areas prioritarias: educacion, vivienda, trabajo y dinamica familiar. Las recomendaciones aqui enunciadas son un punto de partida, y sugieren futuras lineas de investigacion, analisis de politica e intervenciones dentro del municipio. English Abstract This study explores poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon in a small municipality in Colombia. To do so, we employ a mixed method design that aims to explore poverty combining both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The purpose is to identify and operationalize the dimensions of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). We also aim to identify potential intervention areas that can contribute to the social policy agenda of the local authorities in this Colombian village. The MPI-Colombia measures five dimensions: household education conditions; childhood and youth conditions; labor; health and access to household utilities and living conditions. The methodological approach allowed us to identify new dimensions and risk factors that would not have been recognized if multidimensional poverty phenomena have been analyzed in isolation. The qualitative component was conducted through four phases of research: I) pre-study research, II) participant observation, III) focus groups and IV) interviews. The quantitative component estimates I) the Multidimensional Headcount Ratio; II) the Adjusted Headcount Ratio, III) the Adjusted Poverty Gap and IV) a multivariate an
{"title":"Diagnóstico Mixto para la Superación de Pobreza en Villapinzón, Cundinamarca: Identificación de Áreas Prioritarias de Intervención (Diagnosis to Overcome Poverty in a Small Municipality in Colombia: Identifying Potential Intervention Areas Using Mixed-Methods)","authors":"Edna Bautista Hernández, M. F. Torres","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2926149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2926149","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este documento diagnostica la condicion de pobreza de Villapinzon a partir de las dimensiones del Indice de Pobreza Multidimensional. Investigaciones previas no dan cuenta de mediciones de pobreza a nivel local. El objetivo de esta tesis es determinar a traves de un diagnostico mixto ?cual es la situacion actual de pobreza en Villapinzon?, con el fin de identificar areas prioritarias de intervencion y proponer preliminarmente alternativas para avanzar en la superacion de pobreza en el municipio. Este diagnostico se desarrollo a partir de una metodologia mixta. El componente cualitativo se realizo durante los meses de julio y octubre de 2012, a traves de cuatro fases de investigacion: I) visitas previas; II) observacion participante; III) grupos focales y IV) entrevistas. El componente cuantitativo incluye el calculo de i) la incidencia de pobreza multidimensional en Villapinzon; ii) la incidencia ajustada de pobreza multidimensional; iii) el calculo de la brecha de pobreza ajustada y iv) un analisis multivariado. Estas aproximaciones permitieron identificar nuevas dimensiones y tendencias que no habrian sido reconocidas si los fenomenos multidimensionales de pobreza hubieran sido analizados de manera aislada con una sola metodologia. Esta tesis se aproximo a una nueva medicion de pobreza en el nivel local, que a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias (calculo a partir del Sisben), genero una nueva vision de las condiciones de vida y de pobreza de los villapinzonenses. Finalmente, se proponen intervenciones en areas prioritarias: educacion, vivienda, trabajo y dinamica familiar. Las recomendaciones aqui enunciadas son un punto de partida, y sugieren futuras lineas de investigacion, analisis de politica e intervenciones dentro del municipio. \u0000English Abstract This study explores poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon in a small municipality in Colombia. To do so, we employ a mixed method design that aims to explore poverty combining both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The purpose is to identify and operationalize the dimensions of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). We also aim to identify potential intervention areas that can contribute to the social policy agenda of the local authorities in this Colombian village. The MPI-Colombia measures five dimensions: household education conditions; childhood and youth conditions; labor; health and access to household utilities and living conditions. The methodological approach allowed us to identify new dimensions and risk factors that would not have been recognized if multidimensional poverty phenomena have been analyzed in isolation. The qualitative component was conducted through four phases of research: I) pre-study research, II) participant observation, III) focus groups and IV) interviews. The quantitative component estimates I) the Multidimensional Headcount Ratio; II) the Adjusted Headcount Ratio, III) the Adjusted Poverty Gap and IV) a multivariate an","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125155439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Osorio, Catalina Bolancé, N. Madise, K. Rathmann
Contextual effects on child health have been investigated extensively in previous research. However, few studies have considered the interplay between community characteristics and individual-level variables. This study examines the influence of community education and family socioeconomic characteristics on child health (as measured by height and weight-for-age Z-scores), as well as their interactions. We adapted the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) framework to the context of child health. Using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), weighted multilevel models are fitted since the data are not self-weighting. The results show a positive impact of the level of education of other women in the community on child health, even after controlling for individual and family socioeconomic characteristics. Different pathways through which community education can substitute for the effect of family characteristics on child nutrition are found. The interaction terms highlight the importance of community education as a moderator of the impact of the mother’s own education and autonomy, on child health. In addition, the results reveal differences between height and weight-for-age indicators in their responsiveness to individual and contextual factors. Our findings suggest that community intervention programmes may have differential effects on child health. Therefore, their identification can contribute to a better targeting of child care policies.
{"title":"Social Determinants of Child Health in Colombia: Can Community Education Moderate the Effect of Family Characteristics?","authors":"A. Osorio, Catalina Bolancé, N. Madise, K. Rathmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2229531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2229531","url":null,"abstract":"Contextual effects on child health have been investigated extensively in previous research. However, few studies have considered the interplay between community characteristics and individual-level variables. This study examines the influence of community education and family socioeconomic characteristics on child health (as measured by height and weight-for-age Z-scores), as well as their interactions. We adapted the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) framework to the context of child health. Using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), weighted multilevel models are fitted since the data are not self-weighting. The results show a positive impact of the level of education of other women in the community on child health, even after controlling for individual and family socioeconomic characteristics. Different pathways through which community education can substitute for the effect of family characteristics on child nutrition are found. The interaction terms highlight the importance of community education as a moderator of the impact of the mother’s own education and autonomy, on child health. In addition, the results reveal differences between height and weight-for-age indicators in their responsiveness to individual and contextual factors. Our findings suggest that community intervention programmes may have differential effects on child health. Therefore, their identification can contribute to a better targeting of child care policies.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130241740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kisu Kwon, Jin-O Kim, Misook Park, Ju Young Lee, Siun Yi
그간 중남미지역은 다른 개도국에 비해 소득 수준이 높다는 이유로 개발협력 대상으로서 크게 주목받지 못했다. 그러나 중남미는 전체 인구의 30% 이상이 여전히 빈곤층이며 도농 간, 계층 간 소득격차가 커 개발협력 수요가 매우 높은 지역 중의 하나다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 정량적 분석을 통해 중남미지역의 우선개발협력 분야를 발굴하고 이를 토대로 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 크게 여섯 개 장으로 구성된다. 서론에 이은 제2장에서는 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 분석했다. 이를 위해 먼저 최근 중남미지역의 정치· 경제 환경을 고찰하고, 중남미 국가들의 MDG(Millennium Development Goals, 새천년개발목표) 달성 현황과 과제, 그리고 최근 중남미지역의 수원 현황을 다각도로 살펴보았다. 마지막으로는 이 같은 분석을 토대로 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 종합적으로 평가했다. 제3장에서는 중남미지역의 개발수요를 분석했다. 개발수요 분석을 위해 먼저 중남미 33개국 중에서 엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아, 에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아 등 7개국을 중점협력대상국으로 선정했다. 7개국은 우리나라의 ODA 중점협력대상국, 높은 개발 잠재력, 한국과의 협력태도 및 의지, 한국과의 경제관계 등을 고려하여 선정했다. 이들 7개국은 소득그룹별로는 하위중소득국 4개국(엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아), 상위중소득국 3개국(에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아)으로 구분된다. 선정된 7개국을 중심으로 상위 소득그룹과 주요 지표를 비교하여 분야별로 개발수요를 추정했다. 또한 우리의 공급 능력과 수원국의 수원 능력을 반영한 실현 가능성을 측정하여 우선지원 분야를 선정했다. 분석 결과, 경제하부구조, 환경, 교육 및 훈련, ICT 등이 협력 가능성이 높은 분야로 최종 선정되었다. 그러나 이중에서 경제하부구조, 즉 인프라 사업은 막대한 프로젝트 비용이 수반되고 경제적 이해가 커 개발협력사업으로 적합하지 않은 점을 고려해 최종 분석 대상에서는 제외시켰다. 교육 및 훈련의 경우는 중남미 국가들의 수요가 많은 훈련, 그중에서도 직업훈련 분야를 우선협력 분야로 선정했다. 제4장에서는 3장에서 도출된 3개 우선협력 분야에 기초해 중남미지역의 분야별 협력 현황을 분석하고 시사점을 도출했다. 특히 이 장에서는 7개 중점 협력대상국의 국가개발계획을 분석해 환경, 직업훈련, ICT 등 3개 우선협력 분야에서의 개발 수요를 도출하고 한국에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. 제5장에서는 한국이 그동안 지원했던 개발협력 분야를 중심으로 지원 성과와 문제점을 분석하고, 중점지원 분야별로 주요 사업을 평가했다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 이상의 분석을 종합해 대중남미 ODA 방향을 제시하고 환경, 직업훈련, ICT로 나누어 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제언하였다. 결론을 중심으로 주요 연구 결과를 소개하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 우리나라의 대중남미 ODA 추진 방향은 다음 열 가지로 제시하였다. 첫째, 아프리카나 동아시아 등 다른 개도국 지역에 비해 소득 수준이 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안한 개발협력 전략이 필요하다. 둘째, 상위 중소득국이 많은 중남미지역과는 삼각협력에 초점을 맞춘 협력 전략이 유망하다. 셋째, 언어적, 문화적, 법적, 제도적 유사성이 큰 중남미지역의 특성을 고려해 ODA의 거점화(Hub & Spoke) 전략 추진이 필요하다. 넷째, 이념적으로 상이한 중남미 경제통합체의 특성에 맞추어 차별화 전략을 강구해야 한다. 중남미지역은 경제통합 유형에 따라 ALBA(미주를 위한 볼리바르 동맹) 모델, 라틴-태평양 모델(Latin-Pacific model), 대서양-남미공동시장(MERCOSUR) 모델로 구분된다. 다섯째, 기업의 사회적공헌(CSR) 활동과 정부의 ODA 사업을 연계한 ‘CSR-ODA 연계형’ 사업 추진이 필요하다. 여섯째, 중남미지역 차원의 협력 네트워크 및 프로그램 구축을 통한 협력 전략이 요구된다. 일곱째, 우리나라가 주도적으로 공동협력기금을 조성하거나 기존 기금에 참여할 필요가 있다. 여덟째, 미주개발은행(IDB), 안데스개발공사(CAF) 등 중남미 지역개발은행과 공조 전략을 적극 강구해야 한다. 아홉째, 중남미 상위 중소득국과의 개발협력 수단으로 지식공유사업(KSP)을 적극 활용해야 한다. 마지막으로 정치·경제적 리스크가 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안해 ODA 프로젝트 추진 시 리스크 관리 전략이 마련되어야 한다. In recent years, the relatively high incomes achieved by countries in Latin America have ruled them out as partners for development cooperation. However, 30% of its population still lives under the poverty level, while both income disparity and rural-urban disparity remain high, which point to a high demand for development cooperation. Therefore this study conducted a quantitative analysis to identify priority sectors and suggest sectoral plans for the official development aid (ODA) toward Latin American countries. This study is composed of six chapters. Following the introductory chapter, chapter two analyzes the environment for development cooperation of the Latin American region. For more effective analysis, we take into consideration the region's political and economic situation, progress in MDG (Millenium Develo
{"title":"중남미의 개발수요와 한국의 분야별 Oda 추진방안 (Analysis on Latin America's Aid Demand and Suggestions for the Priority Sectors )","authors":"Kisu Kwon, Jin-O Kim, Misook Park, Ju Young Lee, Siun Yi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2338349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2338349","url":null,"abstract":"그간 중남미지역은 다른 개도국에 비해 소득 수준이 높다는 이유로 개발협력 대상으로서 크게 주목받지 못했다. 그러나 중남미는 전체 인구의 30% 이상이 여전히 빈곤층이며 도농 간, 계층 간 소득격차가 커 개발협력 수요가 매우 높은 지역 중의 하나다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 정량적 분석을 통해 중남미지역의 우선개발협력 분야를 발굴하고 이를 토대로 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 크게 여섯 개 장으로 구성된다. 서론에 이은 제2장에서는 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 분석했다. 이를 위해 먼저 최근 중남미지역의 정치· 경제 환경을 고찰하고, 중남미 국가들의 MDG(Millennium Development Goals, 새천년개발목표) 달성 현황과 과제, 그리고 최근 중남미지역의 수원 현황을 다각도로 살펴보았다. 마지막으로는 이 같은 분석을 토대로 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 종합적으로 평가했다. 제3장에서는 중남미지역의 개발수요를 분석했다. 개발수요 분석을 위해 먼저 중남미 33개국 중에서 엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아, 에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아 등 7개국을 중점협력대상국으로 선정했다. 7개국은 우리나라의 ODA 중점협력대상국, 높은 개발 잠재력, 한국과의 협력태도 및 의지, 한국과의 경제관계 등을 고려하여 선정했다. 이들 7개국은 소득그룹별로는 하위중소득국 4개국(엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아), 상위중소득국 3개국(에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아)으로 구분된다. 선정된 7개국을 중심으로 상위 소득그룹과 주요 지표를 비교하여 분야별로 개발수요를 추정했다. 또한 우리의 공급 능력과 수원국의 수원 능력을 반영한 실현 가능성을 측정하여 우선지원 분야를 선정했다. 분석 결과, 경제하부구조, 환경, 교육 및 훈련, ICT 등이 협력 가능성이 높은 분야로 최종 선정되었다. 그러나 이중에서 경제하부구조, 즉 인프라 사업은 막대한 프로젝트 비용이 수반되고 경제적 이해가 커 개발협력사업으로 적합하지 않은 점을 고려해 최종 분석 대상에서는 제외시켰다. 교육 및 훈련의 경우는 중남미 국가들의 수요가 많은 훈련, 그중에서도 직업훈련 분야를 우선협력 분야로 선정했다. 제4장에서는 3장에서 도출된 3개 우선협력 분야에 기초해 중남미지역의 분야별 협력 현황을 분석하고 시사점을 도출했다. 특히 이 장에서는 7개 중점 협력대상국의 국가개발계획을 분석해 환경, 직업훈련, ICT 등 3개 우선협력 분야에서의 개발 수요를 도출하고 한국에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. 제5장에서는 한국이 그동안 지원했던 개발협력 분야를 중심으로 지원 성과와 문제점을 분석하고, 중점지원 분야별로 주요 사업을 평가했다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 이상의 분석을 종합해 대중남미 ODA 방향을 제시하고 환경, 직업훈련, ICT로 나누어 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제언하였다. 결론을 중심으로 주요 연구 결과를 소개하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 우리나라의 대중남미 ODA 추진 방향은 다음 열 가지로 제시하였다. 첫째, 아프리카나 동아시아 등 다른 개도국 지역에 비해 소득 수준이 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안한 개발협력 전략이 필요하다. 둘째, 상위 중소득국이 많은 중남미지역과는 삼각협력에 초점을 맞춘 협력 전략이 유망하다. 셋째, 언어적, 문화적, 법적, 제도적 유사성이 큰 중남미지역의 특성을 고려해 ODA의 거점화(Hub & Spoke) 전략 추진이 필요하다. 넷째, 이념적으로 상이한 중남미 경제통합체의 특성에 맞추어 차별화 전략을 강구해야 한다. 중남미지역은 경제통합 유형에 따라 ALBA(미주를 위한 볼리바르 동맹) 모델, 라틴-태평양 모델(Latin-Pacific model), 대서양-남미공동시장(MERCOSUR) 모델로 구분된다. 다섯째, 기업의 사회적공헌(CSR) 활동과 정부의 ODA 사업을 연계한 ‘CSR-ODA 연계형’ 사업 추진이 필요하다. 여섯째, 중남미지역 차원의 협력 네트워크 및 프로그램 구축을 통한 협력 전략이 요구된다. 일곱째, 우리나라가 주도적으로 공동협력기금을 조성하거나 기존 기금에 참여할 필요가 있다. 여덟째, 미주개발은행(IDB), 안데스개발공사(CAF) 등 중남미 지역개발은행과 공조 전략을 적극 강구해야 한다. 아홉째, 중남미 상위 중소득국과의 개발협력 수단으로 지식공유사업(KSP)을 적극 활용해야 한다. 마지막으로 정치·경제적 리스크가 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안해 ODA 프로젝트 추진 시 리스크 관리 전략이 마련되어야 한다. In recent years, the relatively high incomes achieved by countries in Latin America have ruled them out as partners for development cooperation. However, 30% of its population still lives under the poverty level, while both income disparity and rural-urban disparity remain high, which point to a high demand for development cooperation. Therefore this study conducted a quantitative analysis to identify priority sectors and suggest sectoral plans for the official development aid (ODA) toward Latin American countries. This study is composed of six chapters. Following the introductory chapter, chapter two analyzes the environment for development cooperation of the Latin American region. For more effective analysis, we take into consideration the region's political and economic situation, progress in MDG (Millenium Develo","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126806610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Latin American has the longest history of regional integration efforts in the developing world. This paper analyzes the experience of regional monetary cooperation in Latin America over the past three decades. This experience has been overall successful but also uneven, both in terms of country coverage and services provided. Although strictly not a form of monetary cooperation, development financing does play a useful complementary role by proving counter-cyclical or at least stable financing during crises, when private financing for developing countries dries up.
{"title":"Regional Monetary Cooperation in Latin America","authors":"J. Ocampo, D. Titelman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2128437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2128437","url":null,"abstract":"Latin American has the longest history of regional integration efforts in the developing world. This paper analyzes the experience of regional monetary cooperation in Latin America over the past three decades. This experience has been overall successful but also uneven, both in terms of country coverage and services provided. Although strictly not a form of monetary cooperation, development financing does play a useful complementary role by proving counter-cyclical or at least stable financing during crises, when private financing for developing countries dries up.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123031208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Lustig, George Gray-Molina, S. Higgins, M. Jaramillo, W. Jiménez, Veronica C. Paz, Claudiney Pereira, C. Pessino, John Scott, E. Yáñez
We apply a standard tax and benefit incidence analysis to estimate the impact on inequality and poverty of direct taxes, indirect taxes and subsidies, and social spending (cash and food transfers and in-kind transfers in education and health). The extent of inequality reduction induced by direct taxes and transfers is rather small (2 percentage points on average) especially when compared with that found in Western Europe (15 percentage points on average). What prevents Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil from achieving similar reductions in inequality is not the lack of revenues but the fact that they spend less on cash transfers especially transfers that are progressive in absolute terms - as a share of GDP. Indirect taxes result in that net contributors to the fiscal system start at the fourth, third and even second decile on average, depending on the country. When in-kind transfers in education and health are added, however, the bottom six deciles are net recipients. The impact of transfers on inequality and poverty reduction could be higher if spending on direct cash transfers that are progressive in absolute terms is increased, leakages to the nonpoor are reduced and coverage of the extreme poor by direct transfer programs is expanded.
{"title":"The Impact of Taxes and Social Spending on Inequality and Poverty in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and Peru: A Synthesis of Results","authors":"N. Lustig, George Gray-Molina, S. Higgins, M. Jaramillo, W. Jiménez, Veronica C. Paz, Claudiney Pereira, C. Pessino, John Scott, E. Yáñez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2135600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2135600","url":null,"abstract":"We apply a standard tax and benefit incidence analysis to estimate the impact on inequality and poverty of direct taxes, indirect taxes and subsidies, and social spending (cash and food transfers and in-kind transfers in education and health). The extent of inequality reduction induced by direct taxes and transfers is rather small (2 percentage points on average) especially when compared with that found in Western Europe (15 percentage points on average). What prevents Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil from achieving similar reductions in inequality is not the lack of revenues but the fact that they spend less on cash transfers especially transfers that are progressive in absolute terms - as a share of GDP. Indirect taxes result in that net contributors to the fiscal system start at the fourth, third and even second decile on average, depending on the country. When in-kind transfers in education and health are added, however, the bottom six deciles are net recipients. The impact of transfers on inequality and poverty reduction could be higher if spending on direct cash transfers that are progressive in absolute terms is increased, leakages to the nonpoor are reduced and coverage of the extreme poor by direct transfer programs is expanded.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131726115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given current evidence of potential tangible benefits, in terms of public expenditure sustainability, efficiency and effectiveness, from more efficient utilization of budgeting for results, how can we explain the uneven development of this process in Latin America and the Caribbean? This paper analyzes the conditions that favor its implementation (institutional conditions, motivation, capacities, and legal support), and provides policy recommendations aimed at increasing the likelihood that countries will eventually introduce budgeting for results and in its total utilization once these systems are in course.
{"title":"Budgeting for Results in Latin America: Conditions for its Deployment and Development","authors":"Gabriel Filc, Carlos Scartascini","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2149058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2149058","url":null,"abstract":"Given current evidence of potential tangible benefits, in terms of public expenditure sustainability, efficiency and effectiveness, from more efficient utilization of budgeting for results, how can we explain the uneven development of this process in Latin America and the Caribbean? This paper analyzes the conditions that favor its implementation (institutional conditions, motivation, capacities, and legal support), and provides policy recommendations aimed at increasing the likelihood that countries will eventually introduce budgeting for results and in its total utilization once these systems are in course.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121908867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Cabrera-Martinez, Paula Andrea Lopez-Lopez, C. Méndez
El proposito de esta investigacion es senalar las fases que debe tener una metodologia sobre la competitividad de pequenas y medianas empresas. Para ello, el documento revisa los conceptos de competitividad utilizados en las disciplinas economica y administrativa.Un aporte del trabajo es la sintesis sobre diversos acercamientos para medir la competitividad; asi, el documento destaca los criterios utilizados y las variables que se orientan a medir la competitividad en el mundo y en particular, en Colombia.A partir del criterio basico de esta investigacion, el estudio de las organizaciones complejas, se plantea un metodo de estudio de las organizaciones, con el objeto de encontrar las variables fundamentales que, ademas de consolidar una metodologia, son utiles para la gestion de la competitividad de las pequenas y medianas empresas.The purpose of this research is to determine the phases that a methodology about the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises should have. To attain this, the document reviews the concepts of competitiveness used in economic and business disciplines.A contribution of this work is the synthesis of the diverse approaches to measure competitiveness. The document remarks the criteria that have been used and the variables aimed to measure competitiveness in Colombia and the world.Based on the research basic criterion, the study of complex organisations, a method of studying the organisations is proposed with the objective of finding the main variables which, apart from consolidating a methodology, are useful for managing competitiveness in SMEs.
{"title":"La Competitividad Empresarial: Un Marco Conceptual Para Su Estudio (Corporate Competitiveness: A Conceptual Framework for its Study)","authors":"A. Cabrera-Martinez, Paula Andrea Lopez-Lopez, C. Méndez","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2016597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2016597","url":null,"abstract":"El proposito de esta investigacion es senalar las fases que debe tener una metodologia sobre la competitividad de pequenas y medianas empresas. Para ello, el documento revisa los conceptos de competitividad utilizados en las disciplinas economica y administrativa.Un aporte del trabajo es la sintesis sobre diversos acercamientos para medir la competitividad; asi, el documento destaca los criterios utilizados y las variables que se orientan a medir la competitividad en el mundo y en particular, en Colombia.A partir del criterio basico de esta investigacion, el estudio de las organizaciones complejas, se plantea un metodo de estudio de las organizaciones, con el objeto de encontrar las variables fundamentales que, ademas de consolidar una metodologia, son utiles para la gestion de la competitividad de las pequenas y medianas empresas.The purpose of this research is to determine the phases that a methodology about the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises should have. To attain this, the document reviews the concepts of competitiveness used in economic and business disciplines.A contribution of this work is the synthesis of the diverse approaches to measure competitiveness. The document remarks the criteria that have been used and the variables aimed to measure competitiveness in Colombia and the world.Based on the research basic criterion, the study of complex organisations, a method of studying the organisations is proposed with the objective of finding the main variables which, apart from consolidating a methodology, are useful for managing competitiveness in SMEs.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122828821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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