Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.01.06
Haidar Salim Anan
The present study is a part of the comprehensive works concerned with the complete record of the Paleogene small benthic foraminiferal content in the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan. The first part was concerned with the Miliolina and Lagenina foraminiferal assemblage of Haque from Pakistan, and followed by the second part which concerned with the Rotaliid assemblage of the same author of Pakistan. The third part is concerned with the Textulariid part and presented in this study. Twenty one Early Paleogene Pakistanian smaller Textulariid (Agglutinated) benthic foraminiferal species and subspecies from the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan have been studied and are systematically listed. This systematic description provides a list of modern synonyms, short remarks about morphological features, and some annotations about taxa with problematic generic status. These species are: Spiroplectinella ushbali, Gaudryina nitida, Siphogaudryina daviesi, S. elongata, S. nammalensis, Verneuilina laevigata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Dorothia nammalensis, Marssonella nammalensis, Bigenerina khirthari, B. metingensis, B. nodosa, Textularia crookshanki, T. haquei, T. punjabensis, Clavulinoides lakiensis, C. spatha, C. symmetrica, Valvulina n. nammalensis, V. nammalensis longa. Most of the recorded species are an endemic to Pakistan, except five species Siphogaudryina elongata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Textularia crookshanki and T. punjabensis are recorded in some Northern Tethys (France, Hungary) and Southern Tethys (India, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Algeria). The paleoenvironmental interpretations of the identified species in the study area of Pakistan were deposited in somewhat deep water and open-marine environments. The abundance of pelagic Pakistanian benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate an open connection to the Tethys, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m depth) and shows an affinity with the Atlantic-Tethyan Regions: “Midway Type Fauna “.
本研究是全面记录巴基斯坦纳玛尔峡谷、盐和索尔山脉拉尼科特组和拉基组古近系小底栖有孔虫含量的一部分。第一部分是关于巴基斯坦Haque的mililiina和Lagenina有孔虫组合，第二部分是关于巴基斯坦同一作者的Rotaliid组合。第三部分是本研究的文本部分。对巴基斯坦纳玛尔峡谷、盐和索尔山脉的拉尼科特组和拉基组的21种早古近纪较小的底栖有孔虫种和亚种进行了系统的研究。这个系统的描述提供了一个现代同义词的列表，关于形态特征的简短评论，以及关于有问题的分类群的一些注释。这些物种是:乌什巴利螺旋体、牛毛螺旋体、大毛螺旋体、长绒螺旋体、南马尔螺旋体、长绒螺旋体、林巴塔螺旋体、南马尔多萝西螺旋体、南马尔马尔马尔氏马氏螺旋体、比格里纳螺旋体、梅肯氏螺旋体、白斑螺旋体、克罗山氏螺旋体、haquei螺旋体、旁遮普螺旋体、lakulinides lakiensis、C. spatha、C. symmetrica、nammalensis Valvulina n. nammalensis longa。除了在北特提斯(法国、匈牙利)和南特提斯(印度、伊朗、阿联酋、埃及、阿尔及利亚)有记录的五种外，大部分记录种为巴基斯坦特有种。巴基斯坦研究区已鉴定物种的古环境解释沉积在较深的水域和开阔的海洋环境中。巴基斯坦远洋底栖有孔虫组合的丰富表明其与特提斯有开放的联系，代表了中-外浅海环境(100-200米深)，并显示出与大西洋-特提斯地区的亲和力:“中间型动物群”。
{"title":"PALEONTOLOGY, PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EARLY PALEOGENE PAKISTANIAN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES OF HAQUE – SUBORDER TEXTULARIINA (AGGLUTINATED FORAMINIFERA)","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is a part of the comprehensive works concerned with the complete record of the Paleogene small benthic foraminiferal content in the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan. The first part was concerned with the Miliolina and Lagenina foraminiferal assemblage of Haque from Pakistan, and followed by the second part which concerned with the Rotaliid assemblage of the same author of Pakistan. The third part is concerned with the Textulariid part and presented in this study. Twenty one Early Paleogene Pakistanian smaller Textulariid (Agglutinated) benthic foraminiferal species and subspecies from the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan have been studied and are systematically listed. This systematic description provides a list of modern synonyms, short remarks about morphological features, and some annotations about taxa with problematic generic status. These species are: Spiroplectinella ushbali, Gaudryina nitida, Siphogaudryina daviesi, S. elongata, S. nammalensis, Verneuilina laevigata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Dorothia nammalensis, Marssonella nammalensis, Bigenerina khirthari, B. metingensis, B. nodosa, Textularia crookshanki, T. haquei, T. punjabensis, Clavulinoides lakiensis, C. spatha, C. symmetrica, Valvulina n. nammalensis, V. nammalensis longa. Most of the recorded species are an endemic to Pakistan, except five species Siphogaudryina elongata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Textularia crookshanki and T. punjabensis are recorded in some Northern Tethys (France, Hungary) and Southern Tethys (India, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Algeria). The paleoenvironmental interpretations of the identified species in the study area of Pakistan were deposited in somewhat deep water and open-marine environments. The abundance of pelagic Pakistanian benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate an open connection to the Tethys, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m depth) and shows an affinity with the Atlantic-Tethyan Regions: “Midway Type Fauna “.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2022.54.59
S. A., Udensi E.E., Salako K.A., Unuevho, C.I.
This study utilized the interpretation of the airborne magnetic and radiometric data to delineate the potential structures that are associated with gold mineralization of the Minna and its environs, Northcentral Nigeria. The total field anomaly data was reduced to pole and upward continued in a bid to well positioned and enhanced the shallow (high pass) magnetic structures. The high pass structural lineaments were extracted and the resulting prominent E-W and NE-SW tectonic trends were revealed which are perhaps related to Eburnean (D1) and Pan-African (D2) deformation events respectively. Subsequently, numerous regions with relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects were unraveled from the line density analysis of the high pass lineaments. The 3-D Euler deconvolution technique provides a synonymous trend pattern with the HP lineaments as well as estimate the depth extents to the potential structures with values varying between 82.7 and 211.9 m. It was found that the mineralized structures associated with gold over the study area interact with the hydrothermal fluids alongside/adjacent to the structurally deformed (relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects) regions. The observed regions with coincident, of the hydrothermally altered and structurally deformed are therefore marked as the resourceful, structures for gold mineralization. Hence, the derived evidence from this study has updated the information on the structures that are associated with gold mineralization and also acts a mitigation major against the indiscriminate excavations of the studied region.
{"title":"DELINEATION OF AIRBORNE MAGNETIC AND RADIOMETRIC STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH GOLD MINERALIZATION OF MINNA AND ITS ENVIRONS, NORTHCENTRAL NIGERIA","authors":"S. A., Udensi E.E., Salako K.A., Unuevho, C.I.","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.54.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.54.59","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized the interpretation of the airborne magnetic and radiometric data to delineate the potential structures that are associated with gold mineralization of the Minna and its environs, Northcentral Nigeria. The total field anomaly data was reduced to pole and upward continued in a bid to well positioned and enhanced the shallow (high pass) magnetic structures. The high pass structural lineaments were extracted and the resulting prominent E-W and NE-SW tectonic trends were revealed which are perhaps related to Eburnean (D1) and Pan-African (D2) deformation events respectively. Subsequently, numerous regions with relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects were unraveled from the line density analysis of the high pass lineaments. The 3-D Euler deconvolution technique provides a synonymous trend pattern with the HP lineaments as well as estimate the depth extents to the potential structures with values varying between 82.7 and 211.9 m. It was found that the mineralized structures associated with gold over the study area interact with the hydrothermal fluids alongside/adjacent to the structurally deformed (relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects) regions. The observed regions with coincident, of the hydrothermally altered and structurally deformed are therefore marked as the resourceful, structures for gold mineralization. Hence, the derived evidence from this study has updated the information on the structures that are associated with gold mineralization and also acts a mitigation major against the indiscriminate excavations of the studied region.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2022.72.82
Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Ajayi Christopher Ayodele, Bayode Sunday, Aderemi Sunday Adeoye, A. Babatunde A., Talabi Abel Ojo., Ojo Olufemi Felix, Talabi Joseph Ifeoluwa
This research work asses the problems of building foundation within Sagari Estate, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, using remotely sensed data and geophysical methods. The slope, lineament, hill, and contour map were generated using terrain analysis in ArcGIS 10.5 environment. Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Very Low Frequency (EM-VLF) Electromagnetic methods were used in this study. The ER method involves the use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with Schlumberger configuration. The initial geoelectric parameters obtained from the fifty three (53) VES station points interpretation (layer resistivities and thicknesses) were used to generate geoelectric maps. The variation of strata and physical strength information within the investigated area were determined from the integrated results of the three methods. Results revealed that substantial portion of the areas studied is relatively unsuitable for high rise civil engineering foundations. However, it was showed that the northern and southern parts of the investigated area were more suitable for foundations. The dominant presence of lineaments, steep slopes , fractures, streams, and thick clayey topsoil as well as weathered layers within the western, eastern, and the central portions reveals susceptibility to subsidence if adequate structural supports mitigate the effect of the persistent foundation failure are not provided.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF PROBABLE FOUNDATION PROBLEMS USING GEOPHYSICAL AND REMOTELY SENSED DATA IN A TYPICAL BASEMENT COMPLEX, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.","authors":"Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Ajayi Christopher Ayodele, Bayode Sunday, Aderemi Sunday Adeoye, A. Babatunde A., Talabi Abel Ojo., Ojo Olufemi Felix, Talabi Joseph Ifeoluwa","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.72.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.72.82","url":null,"abstract":"This research work asses the problems of building foundation within Sagari Estate, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, using remotely sensed data and geophysical methods. The slope, lineament, hill, and contour map were generated using terrain analysis in ArcGIS 10.5 environment. Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Very Low Frequency (EM-VLF) Electromagnetic methods were used in this study. The ER method involves the use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with Schlumberger configuration. The initial geoelectric parameters obtained from the fifty three (53) VES station points interpretation (layer resistivities and thicknesses) were used to generate geoelectric maps. The variation of strata and physical strength information within the investigated area were determined from the integrated results of the three methods. Results revealed that substantial portion of the areas studied is relatively unsuitable for high rise civil engineering foundations. However, it was showed that the northern and southern parts of the investigated area were more suitable for foundations. The dominant presence of lineaments, steep slopes , fractures, streams, and thick clayey topsoil as well as weathered layers within the western, eastern, and the central portions reveals susceptibility to subsidence if adequate structural supports mitigate the effect of the persistent foundation failure are not provided.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69336346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geoelectrical investigation was carried out in Otuo Community of Edo State, Southern Nigeria, with the aim of delineating the best aquifer bearing zone, and as well the vertical and lateral variation of subsurface lithology with depth and distance respectively. Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed in obtaining four (4) VES data. In determining the capacity bearing rating and groundwater potential of the area, the Dar Zarruk Parameters were tools used in characterizing the aquifer viz: Resistivity Contrast (RC), Resistivity Reflection Coefficient (RRC), Total Transverse Resistance (T) and Total Longitudinal Conductance (S). From the results obtained, VES 3 is the showed high potential source for groundwater compared to other VES points. It has the highest T value of 73,050.27 Ωm2 (showing a very good transmissivity of the layer), RC (3.045) and RRC (0.500), however, all parameters fell within good prospect for groundwater development. VES 1, 2 and 4 having values of 4787.22, 4003.95 and 28106.1005 (ohm-m2) respectively. The results obtained also show that VES 3 had the highest fracture thickness of 61.26 m meaning it has the highest groundwater potential, since VES 1, 2 and 4 having values of 22.02 m, 27.34 m, 48.91 m respectively.
{"title":"GEOELECTRICAL EVALUATION FOR GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT AT OWAN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA, USING SCHLUMBERGER ARRAY","authors":"Bassey, Peter, Idonije- Elabor, Isuan Airaoa, Ehinlaiye, Ayamezimi Oziofu, O. Abdulmajeed","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.60.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.60.65","url":null,"abstract":"Geoelectrical investigation was carried out in Otuo Community of Edo State, Southern Nigeria, with the aim of delineating the best aquifer bearing zone, and as well the vertical and lateral variation of subsurface lithology with depth and distance respectively. Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed in obtaining four (4) VES data. In determining the capacity bearing rating and groundwater potential of the area, the Dar Zarruk Parameters were tools used in characterizing the aquifer viz: Resistivity Contrast (RC), Resistivity Reflection Coefficient (RRC), Total Transverse Resistance (T) and Total Longitudinal Conductance (S). From the results obtained, VES 3 is the showed high potential source for groundwater compared to other VES points. It has the highest T value of 73,050.27 Ωm2 (showing a very good transmissivity of the layer), RC (3.045) and RRC (0.500), however, all parameters fell within good prospect for groundwater development. VES 1, 2 and 4 having values of 4787.22, 4003.95 and 28106.1005 (ohm-m2) respectively. The results obtained also show that VES 3 had the highest fracture thickness of 61.26 m meaning it has the highest groundwater potential, since VES 1, 2 and 4 having values of 22.02 m, 27.34 m, 48.91 m respectively.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69336305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.07.16
Benjamin Ntieche, Wokwenmendam Nguet Pauline, Eric José Messi Ottou, Mahomed Aziz Mounjouohou, Zakari Nchouwet, Minamou Guy Bertin, Daouda Mfepat, Amidou Moundi
Field and petrographic studies of the Makenene area in the Central African Fold Belt in Cameroon reveals several features testifying the mafic and felsic magmas interactions and their coeval nature. They are: (1) the Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MMEs) scattered throughout the Makenene granitoid pluton and displaying sub-rounded shape and back veining, (2) flow structures consisting of schlierens at the tails of MMEs, folded MMEs along with felsic host granitoids with hinge indicating the flow direction, (3) irregular or cuspate boundary between MMEs and host granitoids, (4) quenching of apatite and biotites minerals, (5) MMEs enclosing other MMEs or felsic host granitoids. The mafic magma injection operated during at least four stages (from early to late crystallization state of the host magma) leading respectively to the formation of homogenized granitoid; sub-spherical MMEs scattered in the pluton; dismembered dyke and undisturbed synplutonic mafic dyke. The Makenene area registered four deformation phases (D1 to D4). The first two deformation phases occurred before the magmatism and migmatization events. The third phase is coeval to the magmatism and the migmatization period (at the Eburnean orogeny (2.08-2.07 Ga)). The fourth phase is related to the Panafrican orogeny.
{"title":"FIELD AND PETROGRAPHIC EVIDENCES OF GRANITOIDS AND MAFIC MAGMAS INTERACTION IN THE NEOPROTEROZOIC CENTRAL AFRICAN FOLD BELT IN CAMEROON (MAKENENE AREA)","authors":"Benjamin Ntieche, Wokwenmendam Nguet Pauline, Eric José Messi Ottou, Mahomed Aziz Mounjouohou, Zakari Nchouwet, Minamou Guy Bertin, Daouda Mfepat, Amidou Moundi","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.07.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.07.16","url":null,"abstract":"Field and petrographic studies of the Makenene area in the Central African Fold Belt in Cameroon reveals several features testifying the mafic and felsic magmas interactions and their coeval nature. They are: (1) the Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MMEs) scattered throughout the Makenene granitoid pluton and displaying sub-rounded shape and back veining, (2) flow structures consisting of schlierens at the tails of MMEs, folded MMEs along with felsic host granitoids with hinge indicating the flow direction, (3) irregular or cuspate boundary between MMEs and host granitoids, (4) quenching of apatite and biotites minerals, (5) MMEs enclosing other MMEs or felsic host granitoids. The mafic magma injection operated during at least four stages (from early to late crystallization state of the host magma) leading respectively to the formation of homogenized granitoid; sub-spherical MMEs scattered in the pluton; dismembered dyke and undisturbed synplutonic mafic dyke. The Makenene area registered four deformation phases (D1 to D4). The first two deformation phases occurred before the magmatism and migmatization events. The third phase is coeval to the magmatism and the migmatization period (at the Eburnean orogeny (2.08-2.07 Ga)). The fourth phase is related to the Panafrican orogeny.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.30.35
Amina Manzoor, Haroon Rashid, A. Nasir, Hafiz Moeen Ud Din, A. ., Ahsan Saif ullah, Anam Maqsood
In developing nations like Pakistan, the dumping of untreated industrial effluents into drains is a major source of subsurface pollution. This research was carried out at the area of Chokera, Faisalabad and focused on the Paharrang drain to examine its impact on groundwater quality since companies in the area discharge untreated sewage into the drain at various points along its length. It was primarily concerned with determining the impact of the outflow on groundwater quality and observing discharge rate fluctuations. The goal of this study was to assess the toxicity of the drain’s effluent and treatment plant on groundwater quality. Physio-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Cl, Arsenic, Lead, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc were measured in the collected samples. The findings of these samples were compared to WHO recommendations. The values of these data were represented using ArcView GIS v10.2 and a mapping of quality parameters. None of the values in the wastewater samples were determined to be within the WHO acceptable limit. Similarly, groundwater investigation revealed that all samples were unsuitable for human consumption. Drinking groundwater directly might be hazardous to one’s health.
{"title":"IMPACT OF BIOLOGICALWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND PAHARRANG DRAIN ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND ITS HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT","authors":"Amina Manzoor, Haroon Rashid, A. Nasir, Hafiz Moeen Ud Din, A. ., Ahsan Saif ullah, Anam Maqsood","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.30.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.30.35","url":null,"abstract":"In developing nations like Pakistan, the dumping of untreated industrial effluents into drains is a major source of subsurface pollution. This research was carried out at the area of Chokera, Faisalabad and focused on the Paharrang drain to examine its impact on groundwater quality since companies in the area discharge untreated sewage into the drain at various points along its length. It was primarily concerned with determining the impact of the outflow on groundwater quality and observing discharge rate fluctuations. The goal of this study was to assess the toxicity of the drain’s effluent and treatment plant on groundwater quality. Physio-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Cl, Arsenic, Lead, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc were measured in the collected samples. The findings of these samples were compared to WHO recommendations. The values of these data were represented using ArcView GIS v10.2 and a mapping of quality parameters. None of the values in the wastewater samples were determined to be within the WHO acceptable limit. Similarly, groundwater investigation revealed that all samples were unsuitable for human consumption. Drinking groundwater directly might be hazardous to one’s health.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.36.42
Michael T. Asubiojo, Kazeem O. Olomo, Olawatoyin K. Olaleye, Joshua B. Olatunbosun
The analysis of the discovered base metal elements in Itagunmodi, Southwest, Ife-Ilesha schist belts, Nigeria, with a case study of Amuta, was carried out to ascertain the likelihood of these elements forming ore bodies that might sustain mining activity in the area alongside gold. The aim is to determine the economic viability potentials of the detected base metals’ mineralisation to support mining activities in the study area. The geochemical analysis results indicated that the concentrations of these elements copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (pb), and zinc (Zn) are substantial in the majority of the locations when compared to the area’s typical concentrations. When the copper 614.2, nickel 705.1, lead 47.1, and zinc 987.8 threshold values were compared to their recoverable concentrations, it was determined that these elements, with the exception of lead in location 4, are not anomalous in the area. When these elements’ concentration factors were compared to their usual crustal abundance values, it was determined that they are not enough concentrated to form ore bodies in the studied location. Electrical geophysical methods utilizing induced polarization were used to determine the locations of selected stream samples. The results from the five locations typically indicated a significant IP signature with chargeability values ranging from 8 to 18 msec, confirming the occurrence of base metals mineralization in the study region. This indicates that the ore deposit is uneven and distributed within fault/fracture zones. As a result, the detected base metals’ mineralisation potentials in the study region are not economically viable to support mining activities. Thus, it is concluded that, while the studied area is mineralized in base metals, its ore body formation propensity is extremely low, and thus cannot sustain economically viable mining activities.
{"title":"CHARACTERISATION OF GOLD-ASSOCIATED BASE METALS IN ITAGUNMODI, ILESHA SCHIST BELTS, NIGERIA, TO ASCERTAIN THEIR ORE BODY FORMATION TRENDS","authors":"Michael T. Asubiojo, Kazeem O. Olomo, Olawatoyin K. Olaleye, Joshua B. Olatunbosun","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.36.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.36.42","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the discovered base metal elements in Itagunmodi, Southwest, Ife-Ilesha schist belts, Nigeria, with a case study of Amuta, was carried out to ascertain the likelihood of these elements forming ore bodies that might sustain mining activity in the area alongside gold. The aim is to determine the economic viability potentials of the detected base metals’ mineralisation to support mining activities in the study area. The geochemical analysis results indicated that the concentrations of these elements copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (pb), and zinc (Zn) are substantial in the majority of the locations when compared to the area’s typical concentrations. When the copper 614.2, nickel 705.1, lead 47.1, and zinc 987.8 threshold values were compared to their recoverable concentrations, it was determined that these elements, with the exception of lead in location 4, are not anomalous in the area. When these elements’ concentration factors were compared to their usual crustal abundance values, it was determined that they are not enough concentrated to form ore bodies in the studied location. Electrical geophysical methods utilizing induced polarization were used to determine the locations of selected stream samples. The results from the five locations typically indicated a significant IP signature with chargeability values ranging from 8 to 18 msec, confirming the occurrence of base metals mineralization in the study region. This indicates that the ore deposit is uneven and distributed within fault/fracture zones. As a result, the detected base metals’ mineralisation potentials in the study region are not economically viable to support mining activities. Thus, it is concluded that, while the studied area is mineralized in base metals, its ore body formation propensity is extremely low, and thus cannot sustain economically viable mining activities.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2022.43.48
Haidar Salim Anan
Percultalina n. gen. is introduced here to include the Early Paleogene benthic Lagenid foraminiferids from Jordan and Egypt (Southern Tethys) that characterized by its large lenticular initial portion followed by two or more uniserial elongate erected or inclined inflated rounded chambers, ornamented surface by elevated sutures with a row of tubercles or nodes along the sutures, and spinose surface. This new genus has been previously assigned to different genera: Vaginulinopsis Reuss, or Percultazonaria Loeblich & Tappan, or Marginulinopsis Silvestri. Three Early Paleogene species of the new genus are described here from two countries in Jordan: Percultalina wadiarabensis (Futyan) with rectilinear uniserial portion of the test (the genotype of the new genus), and Egypt: Percultalina misrensis Anan (n. sp.), and P. sinaensis with inclined uniserial portion of the test. Moreover, varied and diverse genera of the Lagenid benthic foraminifera are attempted here to study the holotypes of seven diagnostic genera of this group: Lenticulina Lamarck, Cribrolenticulina Haman, Marginulinopsis Silvestri, Percultazonaria Anan, Leticuzonaria Anan, Lenticubella Anan and Percultalina Anan. The taxonomic revision of these seven genera will greatly aid paleontologists and biostratigraphers to helpfully understanding.
{"title":"PERCULTALINA: A NEW LAGENID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.43.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.43.48","url":null,"abstract":"Percultalina n. gen. is introduced here to include the Early Paleogene benthic Lagenid foraminiferids from Jordan and Egypt (Southern Tethys) that characterized by its large lenticular initial portion followed by two or more uniserial elongate erected or inclined inflated rounded chambers, ornamented surface by elevated sutures with a row of tubercles or nodes along the sutures, and spinose surface. This new genus has been previously assigned to different genera: Vaginulinopsis Reuss, or Percultazonaria Loeblich & Tappan, or Marginulinopsis Silvestri. Three Early Paleogene species of the new genus are described here from two countries in Jordan: Percultalina wadiarabensis (Futyan) with rectilinear uniserial portion of the test (the genotype of the new genus), and Egypt: Percultalina misrensis Anan (n. sp.), and P. sinaensis with inclined uniserial portion of the test. Moreover, varied and diverse genera of the Lagenid benthic foraminifera are attempted here to study the holotypes of seven diagnostic genera of this group: Lenticulina Lamarck, Cribrolenticulina Haman, Marginulinopsis Silvestri, Percultazonaria Anan, Leticuzonaria Anan, Lenticubella Anan and Percultalina Anan. The taxonomic revision of these seven genera will greatly aid paleontologists and biostratigraphers to helpfully understanding.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.27.29
Etim D. Uko, Abdullateef H. Abidemi, Olatunji S. Ayanninuola
Seismic refraction data was acquired in the Middle Benue Trough which is located in the north central Nigeria with latitude 07.5-08.5oN and longitude 08.00-09.30oE. The aim was to find out how velocity vary in the near-surface layers in the area using seismic refraction data. The seismic survey was investigated at 14 acquisition stations. Two overlapping reversed profiles were shot into 14 stations. Each acquisition station was primed with 0.20kg dynamite loaded at 1.5m below the surface. The recording equipment was McSeis-160MXTM, and monitor record was processed with Microsoft Excel software to determine the velocities from both the forward and reversed shot-points. The results show two distinct layers cases. The thickness of the topmost layer varies between 2.75m and 5.45m with a mean of 4.1m. The velocity of this topmost layer varies between 399.0 ms-1 and 767.0ms-1 with a mean of 604.8ms-1. The velocity of the underlying layer (V1) varies between 1212.5ms-1 and 3257.0ms-1 with a mean of 1757.9ms-1. The velocity increases with depth into the subsurface. The results are useful in locating groundwater aquifer, and in the design of source-receiver arrays for reflection seismic.
{"title":"VELOCITY LAYERING IN THE MIDDLE BENUE TROUGH NIGERIA USING SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA","authors":"Etim D. Uko, Abdullateef H. Abidemi, Olatunji S. Ayanninuola","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.27.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.27.29","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic refraction data was acquired in the Middle Benue Trough which is located in the north central Nigeria with latitude 07.5-08.5oN and longitude 08.00-09.30oE. The aim was to find out how velocity vary in the near-surface layers in the area using seismic refraction data. The seismic survey was investigated at 14 acquisition stations. Two overlapping reversed profiles were shot into 14 stations. Each acquisition station was primed with 0.20kg dynamite loaded at 1.5m below the surface. The recording equipment was McSeis-160MXTM, and monitor record was processed with Microsoft Excel software to determine the velocities from both the forward and reversed shot-points. The results show two distinct layers cases. The thickness of the topmost layer varies between 2.75m and 5.45m with a mean of 4.1m. The velocity of this topmost layer varies between 399.0 ms-1 and 767.0ms-1 with a mean of 604.8ms-1. The velocity of the underlying layer (V1) varies between 1212.5ms-1 and 3257.0ms-1 with a mean of 1757.9ms-1. The velocity increases with depth into the subsurface. The results are useful in locating groundwater aquifer, and in the design of source-receiver arrays for reflection seismic.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.17.21
Minaibim Ellerton Abbey, I. Tamunoberetonari, Opiriyabo Ibim Horsfall
Groundwater is a major source of water supply throughout the world. Its dependence is at the increase, so is highly necessary to ensure that there is a significant supply of potable water with high quality. On the verge of seeing these problems, we investigated shallow aquifer in Rumuohia community in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria which aimed at utilizing seismic refraction method to delineate depth to shallow aquifer and geological structure of the terrain at five selected locations. The analysis of the result shows two layers with the presence of sand-gravel and clay lithologies. Layer 1 in all five locations is made up of clay with an average velocity of 274.83m/s with a thickness range of 4.88m to 9.98m at an average of 7m. Layer 2 in two locations is made up of sandy clay. In one location, it is clay while in the remaining two locations they are sand with gravel (dry), which infers a potential aquifer with an average velocity of 422.63m/s. The sand being present indicates a good aquifer, and clay serves as a stopper for the sand since it tends to go through compaction by overburden pressure. The study area is generally a good site for a borehole with a high tendency for potable water supply.
{"title":"AQUIFER DELINEATION USING SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD IN RUMUOHIA COMMUNITY, EMOHUA L.GA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Minaibim Ellerton Abbey, I. Tamunoberetonari, Opiriyabo Ibim Horsfall","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.17.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.17.21","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a major source of water supply throughout the world. Its dependence is at the increase, so is highly necessary to ensure that there is a significant supply of potable water with high quality. On the verge of seeing these problems, we investigated shallow aquifer in Rumuohia community in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria which aimed at utilizing seismic refraction method to delineate depth to shallow aquifer and geological structure of the terrain at five selected locations. The analysis of the result shows two layers with the presence of sand-gravel and clay lithologies. Layer 1 in all five locations is made up of clay with an average velocity of 274.83m/s with a thickness range of 4.88m to 9.98m at an average of 7m. Layer 2 in two locations is made up of sandy clay. In one location, it is clay while in the remaining two locations they are sand with gravel (dry), which infers a potential aquifer with an average velocity of 422.63m/s. The sand being present indicates a good aquifer, and clay serves as a stopper for the sand since it tends to go through compaction by overburden pressure. The study area is generally a good site for a borehole with a high tendency for potable water supply.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：