Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2022.49.53
Abbey M. E, Onyebueke D. E
A geophysical study comprising vertical electrical soundings was carried out in four (4) locations (Udi 1, Udi 2, Udi 3 and Udi 4) in Udi L.G.A. to assess groundwater potentials. The method involves the use of resistivity equipment (ABEM Terrameter), the field data were obtained utilizing Schlumberger configuration. The WINRESIST software was utilized in the data processing. According to the study’s findings, the geological formations present in these locations contain five to seven layers. Layers 1 has resistivity values ranging from 158.1 – 418.1 m at depths of 0.6 – 1.6 m, layer 2 has resistivity values ranging from 1103.9 – 41387.3 m at depths of 0.8 – 8.9 m, layer 3 has resistivity values ranging from 313.0 – 4782.9 m at depths of 6.9 – 28.2 m, layer 4 has resistivity values ranging from 1847.9 – 6956.8 m at depths of 11.8 – 154.6 m, layer 5 has resistivity values ranging from 115.0 – 2838.4 m at depths of 101.2 – 219.2 m, layer 6 has resistivity values ranging from 51.1 – 261.7 m at a depth 190.6 m, and layer 7 have a resistivity value of 47.1 m at an unknown depth. Layer 4 from all locations shows a prolific aquifer where enormous groundwater can be explored due to its high resistivity values, depth and thickness. The aquifer is estimated to be at the depths of 90.0 – 120.0 m. The results of this geophysical examination revealed that the studied region has good groundwater potential, which if properly utilized, will go a long way toward alleviating the effects of water insufficiency in Udi L.G.A.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIALS AT UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Abbey M. E, Onyebueke D. E","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.49.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.49.53","url":null,"abstract":"A geophysical study comprising vertical electrical soundings was carried out in four (4) locations (Udi 1, Udi 2, Udi 3 and Udi 4) in Udi L.G.A. to assess groundwater potentials. The method involves the use of resistivity equipment (ABEM Terrameter), the field data were obtained utilizing Schlumberger configuration. The WINRESIST software was utilized in the data processing. According to the study’s findings, the geological formations present in these locations contain five to seven layers. Layers 1 has resistivity values ranging from 158.1 – 418.1 m at depths of 0.6 – 1.6 m, layer 2 has resistivity values ranging from 1103.9 – 41387.3 m at depths of 0.8 – 8.9 m, layer 3 has resistivity values ranging from 313.0 – 4782.9 m at depths of 6.9 – 28.2 m, layer 4 has resistivity values ranging from 1847.9 – 6956.8 m at depths of 11.8 – 154.6 m, layer 5 has resistivity values ranging from 115.0 – 2838.4 m at depths of 101.2 – 219.2 m, layer 6 has resistivity values ranging from 51.1 – 261.7 m at a depth 190.6 m, and layer 7 have a resistivity value of 47.1 m at an unknown depth. Layer 4 from all locations shows a prolific aquifer where enormous groundwater can be explored due to its high resistivity values, depth and thickness. The aquifer is estimated to be at the depths of 90.0 – 120.0 m. The results of this geophysical examination revealed that the studied region has good groundwater potential, which if properly utilized, will go a long way toward alleviating the effects of water insufficiency in Udi L.G.A.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2022.22.26
Haidar Salim Anan
Lenticubella n. gen. is introduced here to include the Paleocene benthic Lagenid Foraminiferids from some Tethyan localities (Poland and Egypt) that characterized by symmetrical planispirally enrolled hyaline calcareous test in the early stage, followed by later uniserial stage, moderately involute chambers, smooth surface, radiate aperture, with periphery keeled in some individuals. Some representatives of the new genus have been previously assigned to the genus Darbyella, or Lenticulina, or Robulus. The new genus has a compiled characters between its lenticular test (as the genus Lenticulina Lamarck (with its symmetrical planispirally enrolled test, and smooth surface), and also another genus Darbyella Howe and Wallace (which has planispiral-uniserial test with inclined positon on the uniserial part on the early planispiral direction). Two Paleocene species of the new genus are described from Poland in the Northern Tethys (L. irregularis and L. polonica), and another two species from Egypt in the Southern Tethys (L. kurkurensis and L. misrensis). The Polonian species have flush or slightly depressed sutures, while the Egyptian species have raised sutures, mainly in the planispiral stage, but slightly depressed sutures in the uniserial stage.
这里介绍的Lenticubella n. genera包括古新世底栖Lagenid有孔虫，它们来自特提斯的一些地方(波兰和埃及)，其特征是早期对称的平螺旋状透明钙质试验，随后是单列阶段，适度渐开线腔，表面光滑，辐射孔，一些个体的外围有龙骨。新属的一些代表以前被分配到Darbyella属，或Lenticulina，或Robulus属。新属的透镜试验(如Lenticulina Lamarck属，具有对称的平螺旋登记试验，表面光滑)和Darbyella Howe and Wallace属(具有平螺旋-单轴试验，单轴部分在平螺旋方向的早期倾斜位置)之间的性状比较完整。在特提斯北部的波兰发现了两个新属的古新世种(L. irregularis和L. polonica)，在特提斯南部的埃及发现了另外两个新属(L. kurkurensis和L. misrensis)。波洛尼亚种有平直或略凹陷的缝线，而埃及种有凸起的缝线，主要在平螺旋阶段，但在单螺旋阶段有略凹陷的缝线。
{"title":"LENTICUBELLA: A NEW TETHYAN LAGENID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.22.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.22.26","url":null,"abstract":"Lenticubella n. gen. is introduced here to include the Paleocene benthic Lagenid Foraminiferids from some Tethyan localities (Poland and Egypt) that characterized by symmetrical planispirally enrolled hyaline calcareous test in the early stage, followed by later uniserial stage, moderately involute chambers, smooth surface, radiate aperture, with periphery keeled in some individuals. Some representatives of the new genus have been previously assigned to the genus Darbyella, or Lenticulina, or Robulus. The new genus has a compiled characters between its lenticular test (as the genus Lenticulina Lamarck (with its symmetrical planispirally enrolled test, and smooth surface), and also another genus Darbyella Howe and Wallace (which has planispiral-uniserial test with inclined positon on the uniserial part on the early planispiral direction). Two Paleocene species of the new genus are described from Poland in the Northern Tethys (L. irregularis and L. polonica), and another two species from Egypt in the Southern Tethys (L. kurkurensis and L. misrensis). The Polonian species have flush or slightly depressed sutures, while the Egyptian species have raised sutures, mainly in the planispiral stage, but slightly depressed sutures in the uniserial stage.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2022.66.71
Haidar Salim Anan
Two hundred and twenty-seven Maastrichtian-Early Paleogene benthic foraminiferal species were recorded from three widely separated surface Jordanian sections: Wadi Arab in the north, Muwaqqar in the center, and Tell Burma in the south. Forty-two species and subspecies were listed. Fifteen diagnostic species of them are treated by him as new species, which recorded and illustrated in this study. The paleogeographic distribution of them in some other countries in the Southern Tethys are recorded: United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Tunisia, Tanzania and Angola. One of the original species of Futyan: Siphogenerinoides elnaggari is considered here as a junior synonym of another species Orthokarstenia higazyi (Nakkady). The paratype of the recorded species Vaginulinopsis wadiarabensis Futyan is considered recently, by the present author, as a new genus and species: Lenticuzonaria hodae, while the holotype of it was regarded to be the holotype of the new genus Percultalina. As a token of appreciation of his outstanding career and faunal contributions, one species was recently erected: Pseudoclavulina futyani. Most of the recorded species (10 species) are endemic to Jordan, while others were recorded in other countries in the Southern Tethys. Most of these species are used to introduce an evolutionary trend marked by changes in the morphology and other characters of these benthic foraminiferal test. The Jordanian assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100 m ~ 200 m depth) and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF).
{"title":"STRATIGRAPHY, TAXONOMICAL CONSIDERATION AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS OF FUTYAN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL JORDANIAN SPECIES","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.66.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.66.71","url":null,"abstract":"Two hundred and twenty-seven Maastrichtian-Early Paleogene benthic foraminiferal species were recorded from three widely separated surface Jordanian sections: Wadi Arab in the north, Muwaqqar in the center, and Tell Burma in the south. Forty-two species and subspecies were listed. Fifteen diagnostic species of them are treated by him as new species, which recorded and illustrated in this study. The paleogeographic distribution of them in some other countries in the Southern Tethys are recorded: United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Tunisia, Tanzania and Angola. One of the original species of Futyan: Siphogenerinoides elnaggari is considered here as a junior synonym of another species Orthokarstenia higazyi (Nakkady). The paratype of the recorded species Vaginulinopsis wadiarabensis Futyan is considered recently, by the present author, as a new genus and species: Lenticuzonaria hodae, while the holotype of it was regarded to be the holotype of the new genus Percultalina. As a token of appreciation of his outstanding career and faunal contributions, one species was recently erected: Pseudoclavulina futyani. Most of the recorded species (10 species) are endemic to Jordan, while others were recorded in other countries in the Southern Tethys. Most of these species are used to introduce an evolutionary trend marked by changes in the morphology and other characters of these benthic foraminiferal test. The Jordanian assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100 m ~ 200 m depth) and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF).","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69336319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2021.52.55
Sadia Allah Ditta, Tayyaba Suhail, Altaf Ali Siyal, K. Ansari
Ramsar sites are important habitats for the locals as well as for migratory birds that visit these sites across the borders every year. Langh and Drigh lakes were selected as the study area for this research. Drigh Lake is one of the important Ramsar sites, and Langh Lake is an important wildlife sanctuary of national importance. For the past few decades, these lakes are degrading due to anthropogenic activities. To quantify these variations, present study was carried out to detect the land use and land cover change in these lakes and their surrounding areas from 1988 to 2020. Level-2 imageries of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 were downloaded and analyzed using hybrid classification, and results were mapped in ArcMap. Accuracy assessment of the results of selected years was done to check the accuracy of results using the Kappa coefficient. Kappa coefficient resulted between 0.82 and 0.95 for this study. Classification results depicted a significant increase in the vegetation area which is 72% and 32% for langh and drigh lakes respectively since 1988. Results show an increase in the buildup area and a decrease in the barren land. The presence of dense vegetation in the lakes near their boundaries verifies encroachment of lakes by the local farmers.
{"title":"ANALYSING THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES OF LANGH AND DRIGH LAKES DUE TO ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES","authors":"Sadia Allah Ditta, Tayyaba Suhail, Altaf Ali Siyal, K. Ansari","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2021.52.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.52.55","url":null,"abstract":"Ramsar sites are important habitats for the locals as well as for migratory birds that visit these sites across the borders every year. Langh and Drigh lakes were selected as the study area for this research. Drigh Lake is one of the important Ramsar sites, and Langh Lake is an important wildlife sanctuary of national importance. For the past few decades, these lakes are degrading due to anthropogenic activities. To quantify these variations, present study was carried out to detect the land use and land cover change in these lakes and their surrounding areas from 1988 to 2020. Level-2 imageries of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 were downloaded and analyzed using hybrid classification, and results were mapped in ArcMap. Accuracy assessment of the results of selected years was done to check the accuracy of results using the Kappa coefficient. Kappa coefficient resulted between 0.82 and 0.95 for this study. Classification results depicted a significant increase in the vegetation area which is 72% and 32% for langh and drigh lakes respectively since 1988. Results show an increase in the buildup area and a decrease in the barren land. The presence of dense vegetation in the lakes near their boundaries verifies encroachment of lakes by the local farmers.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46412046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2021.68.75
Muhammad Haziq Khan, Hamza Sharafat, Tajammil Hussain raja, Syed Basit Kazmi
Study area concedes the compressional stresses caused by the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates molded the northwest- southeast trending faults which are Riasi Fault (RF), Palandri Fault (PF), Godri Badshah Fault (GBF) and Chhechhan Fault (CF). This study intended to analyze the Kamlial sandstone as an aggregate problem for construction industry while sedimentary structure, stratigraphic sequence and geology of the study area were also destined. The study area comprised Nakar, Chhechhan, Holar, Tallian and Sarsawah of Palandri Azad Kashmir. The Impact value, Los Angeles Abrasion resistance, Specific gravity and Water absorption test were evaluated for kamlial sandstone. The samples were collected from Garata Sarsawa, Panjeera, Telyan, Kharran, Jabbri kass, Kand Gora, Parasgali, Garrala, Hollar, Chhechann and Nakar near Pallandri. Impact value of Kamlial Sandstone recorded 25.2, Abrasion Resistance of Kamlial Sandstones is 41.4 % which is less than AASHTO value i.e 50 percent. The Apparent Specific gravity initiate 2.1 percent which is less than ASTM standards i.e between 2.6-2.9. and the Water Absorption value recorded 2.24%. The results intimate that the Kamlial sandstone does not qualify ASTM specification for aggregate.
{"title":"KAMLIAL SANDSTONE AS AN AGGREGATE PROBLEM FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, PALANDRI AZAD KASHMIR","authors":"Muhammad Haziq Khan, Hamza Sharafat, Tajammil Hussain raja, Syed Basit Kazmi","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2021.68.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.68.75","url":null,"abstract":"Study area concedes the compressional stresses caused by the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates molded the northwest- southeast trending faults which are Riasi Fault (RF), Palandri Fault (PF), Godri Badshah Fault (GBF) and Chhechhan Fault (CF). This study intended to analyze the Kamlial sandstone as an aggregate problem for construction industry while sedimentary structure, stratigraphic sequence and geology of the study area were also destined. The study area comprised Nakar, Chhechhan, Holar, Tallian and Sarsawah of Palandri Azad Kashmir. The Impact value, Los Angeles Abrasion resistance, Specific gravity and Water absorption test were evaluated for kamlial sandstone. The samples were collected from Garata Sarsawa, Panjeera, Telyan, Kharran, Jabbri kass, Kand Gora, Parasgali, Garrala, Hollar, Chhechann and Nakar near Pallandri. Impact value of Kamlial Sandstone recorded 25.2, Abrasion Resistance of Kamlial Sandstones is 41.4 % which is less than AASHTO value i.e 50 percent. The Apparent Specific gravity initiate 2.1 percent which is less than ASTM standards i.e between 2.6-2.9. and the Water Absorption value recorded 2.24%. The results intimate that the Kamlial sandstone does not qualify ASTM specification for aggregate.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43568359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2021.48.51
Tayyaba Suhail, Sadia Allah Ditta, A. A. Siyal, K. Ansari
The riparian zone is an ecological corridor for the rivers, forests, and lakes where the transition of water occurs between flora, fauna, and alluvial soil. It functions as a barrier to protect the riparian cities from floods, a retainer to hold the sediments transported in the water body, and a purifier in an order to adsorb the harmful dissolved solids present in the river flow. At some rivers, where the riparian zone has been degraded, the natural vegetation is observed to be under-functioning, consequently decreasing the water quality. The anthropogenic activities on river beds e.g agriculture are a reason for riparian degradation. In this study, the riparian zone of River Indus’s reach between the Sukkur and Kotri barrages is observed to identify the varying land covers and land temperature ranges due to agricultural invasion that could threaten the river ecosystem and sustainability. In a low flood period, less moisture on the river bed facilitates the detection of mature Rabi crops through the Landsat satellite. Acquired Imageries were classified for natural vegetation and agricultural area using the Visible bands. Land Surface Temperature (LST) was calculated from the pixels of the Thermal band. The images for 1999, 2003, 2010, 2015, 2018, and 2019 for February were utilized for the processing. Results demonstrated that in 1999, the 45.4% area of the Sukkur-Kotri reach was under the natural vegetation cover and decreased up to 14.2% area in 2019. In 1999, 22.5% of the reach area was under agricultural farming and increased up to 60% of the area in 2019. Analysis of surface temperature demonstrated that the areas having high temperatures are under natural vegetation cover, which is being reduced. And the areas having low temperatures are under agricultural farming, which is being increased inside the riparian zone.
{"title":"MAPPING OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL LANDUSE AND LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITE DATA- A CASE STUDY OF SUKKUR-KOTRI INDUS REACH","authors":"Tayyaba Suhail, Sadia Allah Ditta, A. A. Siyal, K. Ansari","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2021.48.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.48.51","url":null,"abstract":"The riparian zone is an ecological corridor for the rivers, forests, and lakes where the transition of water occurs between flora, fauna, and alluvial soil. It functions as a barrier to protect the riparian cities from floods, a retainer to hold the sediments transported in the water body, and a purifier in an order to adsorb the harmful dissolved solids present in the river flow. At some rivers, where the riparian zone has been degraded, the natural vegetation is observed to be under-functioning, consequently decreasing the water quality. The anthropogenic activities on river beds e.g agriculture are a reason for riparian degradation. In this study, the riparian zone of River Indus’s reach between the Sukkur and Kotri barrages is observed to identify the varying land covers and land temperature ranges due to agricultural invasion that could threaten the river ecosystem and sustainability. In a low flood period, less moisture on the river bed facilitates the detection of mature Rabi crops through the Landsat satellite. Acquired Imageries were classified for natural vegetation and agricultural area using the Visible bands. Land Surface Temperature (LST) was calculated from the pixels of the Thermal band. The images for 1999, 2003, 2010, 2015, 2018, and 2019 for February were utilized for the processing. Results demonstrated that in 1999, the 45.4% area of the Sukkur-Kotri reach was under the natural vegetation cover and decreased up to 14.2% area in 2019. In 1999, 22.5% of the reach area was under agricultural farming and increased up to 60% of the area in 2019. Analysis of surface temperature demonstrated that the areas having high temperatures are under natural vegetation cover, which is being reduced. And the areas having low temperatures are under agricultural farming, which is being increased inside the riparian zone.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48581733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2021.56.67
H. Anan
Eighty-five Early Paleogene Pakistanian smaller Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species belong to thirty-nine genera from the Ranikot, Nammal and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan have been studied. The modern taxonomic consideration and systematic description of the species is based on the diagnostic morphology, list of synonyms, short remarks about morphological features, and annotations about taxa with problematic generic status. Most of the recorded species are, so far, an endemic to Pakistan, except 19 species of them were recorded in other localities in the Southern Tethys (India, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria) and also in Northern Tethys (France, Spain, Slovenia). The high abundance of pelagic Pakistanian foraminiferal assemblage indicate open connection to the Tethys, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m depth) and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna ‘MTF’.
{"title":"PALEONTOLOGY, PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EARLY PALEOGENE PAKISTANIAN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES OF HAQUE - SUBORDER ROTALIINA","authors":"H. Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2021.56.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.56.67","url":null,"abstract":"Eighty-five Early Paleogene Pakistanian smaller Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species belong to thirty-nine genera from the Ranikot, Nammal and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan have been studied. The modern taxonomic consideration and systematic description of the species is based on the diagnostic morphology, list of synonyms, short remarks about morphological features, and annotations about taxa with problematic generic status. Most of the recorded species are, so far, an endemic to Pakistan, except 19 species of them were recorded in other localities in the Southern Tethys (India, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria) and also in Northern Tethys (France, Spain, Slovenia). The high abundance of pelagic Pakistanian foraminiferal assemblage indicate open connection to the Tethys, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m depth) and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna ‘MTF’.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48823767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.26480/esp.02.2021.76.81
T. Cahyadi, R. Ernawati, Hana Trijayanti, M. I. Ansori, I. Firmansyah
Sangon Hamlet is included in the mountains which are dominated by andesite rocks and volcanic breccias which cross each other and have a distribution of joints and faults forming a fracture. The fracture is a medium for draining water in the area. There is a difference in ground water level as seen from the well. To re-detail the groundwater flow that has been formed, a groundwater flow pattern modeling is carried out. The modeling is done by numerical method assisted by Modflow Flex Software. For building the model, it is necessary to prepare a concept model, calibration and validation. In this area there are 2 aquifer systems, namely unconfined aquifers and aquitards. Furthermore, the model was calibrated using the sensitivity analysis method. The calibration results are obtained, namely the RMS value of 8.74% with a standard error estimate of 1.27 m and a correlation coefficient of 0.98. From this model, it is known that the flow of water moves from the northwest-north area in the form of a plateau by heading to the east-southeast area which is a lower plain and towards the Plampang River.
{"title":"GROUNDWATER MODELING IN SANGON HAMLET AND SURROUNDING AREAS USING FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD","authors":"T. Cahyadi, R. Ernawati, Hana Trijayanti, M. I. Ansori, I. Firmansyah","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2021.76.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.76.81","url":null,"abstract":"Sangon Hamlet is included in the mountains which are dominated by andesite rocks and volcanic breccias which cross each other and have a distribution of joints and faults forming a fracture. The fracture is a medium for draining water in the area. There is a difference in ground water level as seen from the well. To re-detail the groundwater flow that has been formed, a groundwater flow pattern modeling is carried out. The modeling is done by numerical method assisted by Modflow Flex Software. For building the model, it is necessary to prepare a concept model, calibration and validation. In this area there are 2 aquifer systems, namely unconfined aquifers and aquitards. Furthermore, the model was calibrated using the sensitivity analysis method. The calibration results are obtained, namely the RMS value of 8.74% with a standard error estimate of 1.27 m and a correlation coefficient of 0.98. From this model, it is known that the flow of water moves from the northwest-north area in the form of a plateau by heading to the east-southeast area which is a lower plain and towards the Plampang River.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42659438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2021.33.37
Hafsa Muzammal, L. Anjum, M. U. Farid
Lower Bari Doab Canal is the oldest irrigation system, however LBDC inequitably distribute the water from head to tail end. Spatial climate variability across the command area of LBDC has impact on reallocation of canal water supply and usage of irrigated water from head end to the tail end. The irrigation demand is increased with the increasing of cropping intensity due to increase of population, hence the surface water supply and rainfall do not fulfilled the crop water requirement then farmer abstracted more groundwater for fulfilled these requirement. At the tail end of LBDC, farmer extracted more water is causing groundwater mining due to lack of technical knowledge related to the management of groundwater. Now to management of this problem using simulation water balance approached from the data 2017- 2018 year. The water balance result show that total inflow in to system is 8197.13MCM from considering the parameter of recharge is 4006.278 MCM, supply from the canal is 4190.85 MCM but the total annual outflow is 18487.872 MCM from considering the parameter of evapotranspiration and groundwater abstraction. The change in water storage is (-10290.74MCM). The future scenarios result show that Scenario1: Due to climate change and uneven rainfall my cause to the now condition of groundwater and canal is not fulfill the crop water requirement. Scenario 2: Due to increase of groundwater the water table abstraction more decline at the end of the tail as compared to the head, the water abstraction falling at the 2.06m as compared to the head end 1.2m from the year 2017-2018 then it also effect on the water balance (-1131.31 MCM) to (- 12812.44). The result suggested that to manage the canal water supply, to build the storage system from saving the water at head end then to easily provide this to tail end and to avoid those crops which required more irrigation water and to use the artificial technique for the recharge of groundwater.
{"title":"SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER NEXUS: MANAGEMENT OPTION IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF LOWER BARI DOAB CANAL USING MODELING APPROACH","authors":"Hafsa Muzammal, L. Anjum, M. U. Farid","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2021.33.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2021.33.37","url":null,"abstract":"Lower Bari Doab Canal is the oldest irrigation system, however LBDC inequitably distribute the water from head to tail end. Spatial climate variability across the command area of LBDC has impact on reallocation of canal water supply and usage of irrigated water from head end to the tail end. The irrigation demand is increased with the increasing of cropping intensity due to increase of population, hence the surface water supply and rainfall do not fulfilled the crop water requirement then farmer abstracted more groundwater for fulfilled these requirement. At the tail end of LBDC, farmer extracted more water is causing groundwater mining due to lack of technical knowledge related to the management of groundwater. Now to management of this problem using simulation water balance approached from the data 2017- 2018 year. The water balance result show that total inflow in to system is 8197.13MCM from considering the parameter of recharge is 4006.278 MCM, supply from the canal is 4190.85 MCM but the total annual outflow is 18487.872 MCM from considering the parameter of evapotranspiration and groundwater abstraction. The change in water storage is (-10290.74MCM). The future scenarios result show that Scenario1: Due to climate change and uneven rainfall my cause to the now condition of groundwater and canal is not fulfill the crop water requirement. Scenario 2: Due to increase of groundwater the water table abstraction more decline at the end of the tail as compared to the head, the water abstraction falling at the 2.06m as compared to the head end 1.2m from the year 2017-2018 then it also effect on the water balance (-1131.31 MCM) to (- 12812.44). The result suggested that to manage the canal water supply, to build the storage system from saving the water at head end then to easily provide this to tail end and to avoid those crops which required more irrigation water and to use the artificial technique for the recharge of groundwater.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48563167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.26480/esp.01.2021.16.19
Rana Noman Saleem, S. Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Safder Khan, Abdul Nasir
Nearly two-third part of earth cover by water and this water is not for drinking from this only one percent is only for human use and which is not of sufficient to fulfill the human needs as water is the base of life so to overcome this water shortage problems there are different techniques which are helpful for the treatment of water like Desalination, phytoremediation, reverse osmosis, filtration, chlorination, coagulation and flocculation. As above-described processes solar water distillation is one of the most economic and renewable technique which is easily available everywhere. Many varieties of solar still are now developed regarding design like symmetric solar still, Asymmetric solar still, inclined single slope still, double slope still Steeped solar still and vacuum tube solar still etc. There are different natural factors which effect the yield of water purification like solar radiation, water depth in the basin, ambient temperature, and wind speed. These solar still are successful in arid atmosphere like in continent Africa and some parts of Asia where there is water shortage and irradiance values are higher there. Solar still working principle is to evaporate water in the basin and condense it on glass inner surface and then collect it in the collector. Conventional solar stills are less productive as compared to stills with vacuum tubes and steeped solar still in which internal reflectors were used.
{"title":"PRODUCTIVITY COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL WITH INTERNAL REFLECTORS: AN OVERVIEW","authors":"Rana Noman Saleem, S. Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Safder Khan, Abdul Nasir","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2021.16.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2021.16.19","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly two-third part of earth cover by water and this water is not for drinking from this only one percent is only for human use and which is not of sufficient to fulfill the human needs as water is the base of life so to overcome this water shortage problems there are different techniques which are helpful for the treatment of water like Desalination, phytoremediation, reverse osmosis, filtration, chlorination, coagulation and flocculation. As above-described processes solar water distillation is one of the most economic and renewable technique which is easily available everywhere. Many varieties of solar still are now developed regarding design like symmetric solar still, Asymmetric solar still, inclined single slope still, double slope still Steeped solar still and vacuum tube solar still etc. There are different natural factors which effect the yield of water purification like solar radiation, water depth in the basin, ambient temperature, and wind speed. These solar still are successful in arid atmosphere like in continent Africa and some parts of Asia where there is water shortage and irradiance values are higher there. Solar still working principle is to evaporate water in the basin and condense it on glass inner surface and then collect it in the collector. Conventional solar stills are less productive as compared to stills with vacuum tubes and steeped solar still in which internal reflectors were used.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45247860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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