Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gwk.01.2022.01.05
Temitayo Olamide Ale
The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the geotechnical properties of natural soils and stabilised soils. Soil samples were taken along Supare Akoko- Emure Ekiti road from three locations at the depth of 1m each. Soil sample for location 1 soil was taken from a stable section while soil samples from locations 2 & 3 were taken from the failed portions of the road. The following laboratory analysis were conducted on the soil samples; atterberg limit test, grain size analysis, Linear shrinkage, Specific gravity, Compaction test and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR). The results show that sampled soil from location 1 has better engineering properties than soil samples from Loc. 2 and 3. This is an indication that the soils of locations 2 & 3 contributed to the failing of the failed part. These three soil samples were further tested by adding 6% (of the total weight of the sampled soils) of Saw dust ash (SDA) and Fine Palm kernel shells (FPKSA) to the soil as stabilisers. Both the index and strength properties improved upon the addition of stabilizers with SDA proving to be a better stabiliser. Under varying temperature of pretest drying with stabilisers (SDA and FKPSA) and without stabiliser; the same engineering properties were considered. The results show that temperature plays a major role to better the properties of the soil.
{"title":"EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF STABILISED AND NATURAL SOILS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION","authors":"Temitayo Olamide Ale","doi":"10.26480/gwk.01.2022.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2022.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the geotechnical properties of natural soils and stabilised soils. Soil samples were taken along Supare Akoko- Emure Ekiti road from three locations at the depth of 1m each. Soil sample for location 1 soil was taken from a stable section while soil samples from locations 2 & 3 were taken from the failed portions of the road. The following laboratory analysis were conducted on the soil samples; atterberg limit test, grain size analysis, Linear shrinkage, Specific gravity, Compaction test and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR). The results show that sampled soil from location 1 has better engineering properties than soil samples from Loc. 2 and 3. This is an indication that the soils of locations 2 & 3 contributed to the failing of the failed part. These three soil samples were further tested by adding 6% (of the total weight of the sampled soils) of Saw dust ash (SDA) and Fine Palm kernel shells (FPKSA) to the soil as stabilisers. Both the index and strength properties improved upon the addition of stabilizers with SDA proving to be a better stabiliser. Under varying temperature of pretest drying with stabilisers (SDA and FKPSA) and without stabiliser; the same engineering properties were considered. The results show that temperature plays a major role to better the properties of the soil.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82157100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2022.65.72
Mabrouka Shahat Younis Elfargani, Ahmed Fthallh Mhmmed, Aimen Emragha Abd alatilati Abd allah, Abd aullah Mansor Algedo, Hamad Fryaj Hamad Amer, Youssf Tiher Abobker Hasan
The Success in the use of the Primavera P6 Software to schedule the project depends on the size of the project, the level of its complexity the time allocated for its execution and the requirements dictated by owner of the project……etc. The basic idea behind the proposed system is the use of software set up for this purpose in order to delineate start- finish time by applying Critical Path Method, the Primavera P6 Software for scheduling single constrained resource in projects. They may only of solutions start by scheduling and analyzing the resource time period by time period, and resource by resource when the amount of the resources available is exceeded the method of tasks is examined and rare resources are then allocated according is the levels of priority. A major position arises then: how to increase the time necessary for the completion of the project with the remaining minimum with due respect to the labor limitations. The answer lies in the application of the Primavera P6 Software which is used in practical situations, so as to avoid mathematical complications which are characteristics of perfect model methods. In order to achieve the best solution, activities are re- scheduled based on labor constraints according to various numerous bases. These were applied on a project for the construction of a small size Gas Station, classified under small construction projects which include 29 activities. The 3 stages of implementation were applied tested to the project mainly planning, scheduling and control. We obtained the desired results with an increase in the time allocated for the completion of the project with strictest minimum possible while respecting labor constraints.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF PRIMAVERA P6 SOFTWARE FOR SCHEDULING SINGLE CONSTRAINED RESOURCE IN SMALL GAS STATION PROJECT","authors":"Mabrouka Shahat Younis Elfargani, Ahmed Fthallh Mhmmed, Aimen Emragha Abd alatilati Abd allah, Abd aullah Mansor Algedo, Hamad Fryaj Hamad Amer, Youssf Tiher Abobker Hasan","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2022.65.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2022.65.72","url":null,"abstract":"The Success in the use of the Primavera P6 Software to schedule the project depends on the size of the project, the level of its complexity the time allocated for its execution and the requirements dictated by owner of the project……etc. The basic idea behind the proposed system is the use of software set up for this purpose in order to delineate start- finish time by applying Critical Path Method, the Primavera P6 Software for scheduling single constrained resource in projects. They may only of solutions start by scheduling and analyzing the resource time period by time period, and resource by resource when the amount of the resources available is exceeded the method of tasks is examined and rare resources are then allocated according is the levels of priority. A major position arises then: how to increase the time necessary for the completion of the project with the remaining minimum with due respect to the labor limitations. The answer lies in the application of the Primavera P6 Software which is used in practical situations, so as to avoid mathematical complications which are characteristics of perfect model methods. In order to achieve the best solution, activities are re- scheduled based on labor constraints according to various numerous bases. These were applied on a project for the construction of a small size Gas Station, classified under small construction projects which include 29 activities. The 3 stages of implementation were applied tested to the project mainly planning, scheduling and control. We obtained the desired results with an increase in the time allocated for the completion of the project with strictest minimum possible while respecting labor constraints.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72867551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/gwk.01.2022.14.18
N. M.A
The present experimental study suggested a pool to resist the localized scour downstream of cylindrical culverts. The study was conducted with a range of intensity number of discharges 𝐹𝑝= [0.44:0.98]. The proposed pool decreased the scour by 70%. The pool of the comparative depth = 0.29 gives the minimal geometrics of the scour hole. The pool length has a significant influence on the scour depth. Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is utilized to develop predicting equations of the erosion geometrics. The proposed models were compared with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The average precision of the equations improved by 8% more than multiple linear regression equations (MLR).
{"title":"INNOVATIVE PROTECTION AGAINST THE SCOUR AT OUTLETS OF CYLINDRICAL CULVERTS AND APPLICATION USING MULTI EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE (MEP)","authors":"N. M.A","doi":"10.26480/gwk.01.2022.14.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2022.14.18","url":null,"abstract":"The present experimental study suggested a pool to resist the localized scour downstream of cylindrical culverts. The study was conducted with a range of intensity number of discharges 𝐹𝑝= [0.44:0.98]. The proposed pool decreased the scour by 70%. The pool of the comparative depth = 0.29 gives the minimal geometrics of the scour hole. The pool length has a significant influence on the scour depth. Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is utilized to develop predicting equations of the erosion geometrics. The proposed models were compared with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The average precision of the equations improved by 8% more than multiple linear regression equations (MLR).","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72496395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2021.58.64
Adekunle Moses Adekeye, Olabode Olabanji Olofinyo, Temitayo Olamide Ale
This research is aimed at examining the strength properties of subsoil at Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria so as to determine its competence as foundation material. A total of 45 soil samples: 30 disturbed samples and 15 undisturbed samples were taken for different tests and analysis. These samples were subjected to laboratory tests of grain size analysis, atterberg limits for the disturbed samples while density, triaxial compression test, permeability, unconfined compression test and odometer consolidation test for the undisturbed samples. The liquid limit of the soil samples at Pit A, Pit B, Pit C, Pit D and Pit E range from 34.57% to 46.20%, 42.43%-48.02%, 40.20%-50.14%, 35.21%-46.04% and 43.04%-47.62% respectively. The plasticity indexes of the soil samples at all pit points range from 16.90%-22.70%. The specific gravity of the subsoil ranges from 2.55 to 2.65. This shows that these sampled soils are either sand or silty sand. The coarse contents of the sampled soil ranges from 33.7% to 61.2% while the fine contents ranges from 38.8% to 66.3%. Samples in pit A fall within the A-7-6 and A-6, samples in pit B and E falls within A-7-6, samples in pit C falls within A-7-6 and A-7-5 while most samples in pit D falls within A-7-6 and A-6. This implies that the soil samples are rated between fair to poor sub-grade materials. They general fall under clayey soils. The coefficient of permeability for the soils ranged from 6.45 × 10-8cm to 1.4 × 10-9cm which classified them as practically impermeable soils. Again, the values of the shear strength parameters are; the angle of internal friction ranged from 11.90 to 37.50, the cohesion ranges from 4.7 kPa to 84.9kPa.
{"title":"ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND STRENGTH EVALUATION OF SUBSOIL IN EDE NORTH, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA: ITS COMPETENCE FOR FOUNDATION PURPOSES","authors":"Adekunle Moses Adekeye, Olabode Olabanji Olofinyo, Temitayo Olamide Ale","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2021.58.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.58.64","url":null,"abstract":"This research is aimed at examining the strength properties of subsoil at Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria so as to determine its competence as foundation material. A total of 45 soil samples: 30 disturbed samples and 15 undisturbed samples were taken for different tests and analysis. These samples were subjected to laboratory tests of grain size analysis, atterberg limits for the disturbed samples while density, triaxial compression test, permeability, unconfined compression test and odometer consolidation test for the undisturbed samples. The liquid limit of the soil samples at Pit A, Pit B, Pit C, Pit D and Pit E range from 34.57% to 46.20%, 42.43%-48.02%, 40.20%-50.14%, 35.21%-46.04% and 43.04%-47.62% respectively. The plasticity indexes of the soil samples at all pit points range from 16.90%-22.70%. The specific gravity of the subsoil ranges from 2.55 to 2.65. This shows that these sampled soils are either sand or silty sand. The coarse contents of the sampled soil ranges from 33.7% to 61.2% while the fine contents ranges from 38.8% to 66.3%. Samples in pit A fall within the A-7-6 and A-6, samples in pit B and E falls within A-7-6, samples in pit C falls within A-7-6 and A-7-5 while most samples in pit D falls within A-7-6 and A-6. This implies that the soil samples are rated between fair to poor sub-grade materials. They general fall under clayey soils. The coefficient of permeability for the soils ranged from 6.45 × 10-8cm to 1.4 × 10-9cm which classified them as practically impermeable soils. Again, the values of the shear strength parameters are; the angle of internal friction ranged from 11.90 to 37.50, the cohesion ranges from 4.7 kPa to 84.9kPa.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79523945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2021.45.48
Hannatu K. Ali, K. C. Udaiyakumar
People in developing nations, like INDIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH, SRILANKA, AFRICA, THAILAND and Developing Countries etc., face a great deal of issues as far as sewage the executives. This is on the grounds that sanitation arrangement is horribly insufficient. A great many people don’t approach clean toilets, and a lot of fecal waste are released to the earth without satisfactory treatment. In perspective on this, an investigation was done with the point of surveying information, practices, observations, and encounters of family unit on sanitation and sewage the executives in Chennai. The aim of this project is to treat the waste water and reuse the waste water for domestic purpose such as flushing and gardening with minimum cost. The family unit overview results demonstrate that the sewage system stays immature, and there is no reasonable vision to improve the framework created in the family unit isn’t re- utilized, it is for the most part discharged outside. In the tempest water seepage framework legitimately. Sewage treatment from the treatment plants is depleted into surface water bodies, for example, waterways and the sea.
{"title":"TREATMENT PLANT FOR DOMESTIC EFFLUENT DISCHARGE – (HOUSING AREA)","authors":"Hannatu K. Ali, K. C. Udaiyakumar","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2021.45.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.45.48","url":null,"abstract":"People in developing nations, like INDIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH, SRILANKA, AFRICA, THAILAND and Developing Countries etc., face a great deal of issues as far as sewage the executives. This is on the grounds that sanitation arrangement is horribly insufficient. A great many people don’t approach clean toilets, and a lot of fecal waste are released to the earth without satisfactory treatment. In perspective on this, an investigation was done with the point of surveying information, practices, observations, and encounters of family unit on sanitation and sewage the executives in Chennai. The aim of this project is to treat the waste water and reuse the waste water for domestic purpose such as flushing and gardening with minimum cost. The family unit overview results demonstrate that the sewage system stays immature, and there is no reasonable vision to improve the framework created in the family unit isn’t re- utilized, it is for the most part discharged outside. In the tempest water seepage framework legitimately. Sewage treatment from the treatment plants is depleted into surface water bodies, for example, waterways and the sea.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75529778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2021.49.52
A. Zahoor, Ch. Arslan, Muhammad Mohsin Tahir, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Shoaib, M. Saqlain, M. Safdar, Noman Ahmad
Due to increase in demand our conventional resources are insufficient to fulfill the world energy demand. Renewable techniques are extremely economical due to converting useless waste into energy. To achieve that purpose anaerobic digestion was performed on banana peels with co digested with biogas slurry. Input feedstock to anaerobic plant was banana peels which already passed through four pretreatments such as, glycerol, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and acetic acid at variable conditions. Glycerol treatment give most efficient results due to more removal of lignin up to 87%. Anaerobic digestion is completely environmental friendly with no carbon dioxide emission and due to benefits it can adopted more in future on industrial and domestic scale. 6 liter capacity tank was installed at 4 liter with 10% TS level to giving space at top for biogas production. Trails was performed at two temperature 37°C and 55°C but more biogas produced at 55 °C with retention time period of eighteen days. In slurry tank manually stirring was provided and produced gas was calculated through water displacement method. This study help to decrease city waste by installing anaerobic plants. In that way we can achieve sustainability and waste can also be controlled.
{"title":"EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF BANANA PEELS CO DIGESTED WITH BIOGAS SLURRY IN ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR","authors":"A. Zahoor, Ch. Arslan, Muhammad Mohsin Tahir, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Shoaib, M. Saqlain, M. Safdar, Noman Ahmad","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2021.49.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.49.52","url":null,"abstract":"Due to increase in demand our conventional resources are insufficient to fulfill the world energy demand. Renewable techniques are extremely economical due to converting useless waste into energy. To achieve that purpose anaerobic digestion was performed on banana peels with co digested with biogas slurry. Input feedstock to anaerobic plant was banana peels which already passed through four pretreatments such as, glycerol, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and acetic acid at variable conditions. Glycerol treatment give most efficient results due to more removal of lignin up to 87%. Anaerobic digestion is completely environmental friendly with no carbon dioxide emission and due to benefits it can adopted more in future on industrial and domestic scale. 6 liter capacity tank was installed at 4 liter with 10% TS level to giving space at top for biogas production. Trails was performed at two temperature 37°C and 55°C but more biogas produced at 55 °C with retention time period of eighteen days. In slurry tank manually stirring was provided and produced gas was calculated through water displacement method. This study help to decrease city waste by installing anaerobic plants. In that way we can achieve sustainability and waste can also be controlled.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84266199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2021.65.74
Ovua D. Hope
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used to determine lithological influence on hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 10 Vertical Electrical Sounding were conducted at ten locations. The VES data were collected using ABEM terrameter SAS 300B and processed using Win-Resist Software and Microsoft Excel Sheet. The influence of the lithology on the Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were analyzed based on the Hydraulic Parameters derived from Dar–Zarrouck parameters. Result from the Vertical Electrical Sounding revealed a four to six geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity ranges from 39.40Ωm to 17290.7Ωm. Results of the Hydraulic conductivity shows range of 0.005 to 2.538cm/s with the highest value dominating in the cetral part of the study area suggesting large grain sands that can permeate groundwater flow while the transmissivity ranges from 0.22587cm/s2 to 132.487 cm/s2 with average of 19.1587cm/s2. Area with high transmissivity is identified with high groundwater potential permeable with groundwater flow is seen in the central part of the study area with range of 110 to 135 cm/s2 indicating a thick aquifer sand. Result from the nearby borehole in correlation with the VES point showed an agreement with the VES data at Ogale and Eagle Island location. The result of the study can be applied in ground water resources management, hydrological studies and provides valuable information for town planner.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY USING VES DATA IN PARTS OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Ovua D. Hope","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2021.65.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.65.74","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used to determine lithological influence on hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 10 Vertical Electrical Sounding were conducted at ten locations. The VES data were collected using ABEM terrameter SAS 300B and processed using Win-Resist Software and Microsoft Excel Sheet. The influence of the lithology on the Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were analyzed based on the Hydraulic Parameters derived from Dar–Zarrouck parameters. Result from the Vertical Electrical Sounding revealed a four to six geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity ranges from 39.40Ωm to 17290.7Ωm. Results of the Hydraulic conductivity shows range of 0.005 to 2.538cm/s with the highest value dominating in the cetral part of the study area suggesting large grain sands that can permeate groundwater flow while the transmissivity ranges from 0.22587cm/s2 to 132.487 cm/s2 with average of 19.1587cm/s2. Area with high transmissivity is identified with high groundwater potential permeable with groundwater flow is seen in the central part of the study area with range of 110 to 135 cm/s2 indicating a thick aquifer sand. Result from the nearby borehole in correlation with the VES point showed an agreement with the VES data at Ogale and Eagle Island location. The result of the study can be applied in ground water resources management, hydrological studies and provides valuable information for town planner.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80061977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.26480/gwk.02.2021.53.57
S. Shehzadi, M. Azhar Ali, M. Farid, M. Kashif
In the last few years, the rapid increase of human population are creating many environmental problems because of intensification of human activities. A huge amount of wastes are generated from industries including food and agriculture industries. It is essential to protect the natural resources. It can be done with best management practices of agriculture waste in future Composting is the best method to handle the food, agricultural and industrial waste. The main objective of this research is the design and fabrication of an indigenous composter to conserve the agriculture waste. Composter structure is based on two shells. One is inner shells which is having diameter of 48 inches and outer shell having diameter of 52 inches. Between these two shells heat in the form of steam is circulated to give high temperature for pasteurization of compost. Raw material is added in the inner shell. Two gears are attached with this composter structure. One is driving gear which is also small gear attached with motor. Other one is larger gear which is adjusted according to our desire RPM requirement. Larger gear further rotates the shaft present in the inner shell of composter. Gear motor is used having the power of 3355 Watt Watt. Material used for this composter was mild steel. A boiler was attached to this composter to flow the steam in outer shell of composter. Agriculture waste considered for this research corn straw waste. The analysis have been done in a composter for compost effecting parameters. The effect of three independent parameters pressure, RPM and feeding rate was analyzed on the composting time of waste. Results indicated that increase in the RPM the time of composting also increase because of oxygen cannot consumed fully at higher RPM. Whereas the increase in feeding rate decrease the time of composting because the greater number of microbial activities generated in the composting process and compost prepared in less time. In case of pressure, higher the pressure the time of composting decreases because at higher pressure the time rise quickly and thermophilic conditions occurs quickly. At RPM 12 and feeding rate 15kg in 62.89± 2.26 time compost was prepared it was the least time as compare to others. At 10 RPM and 1 bar pressure composting time notice was 65.33±2.60. In combination of feeding rate and pressure, at feeding rate 15kg and pressure 0.5 bar least time noticed 63.00± 2.35.
{"title":"DESIGNING, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMPOSTER FOR ECONOMICAL BIOWASTE MANAGEMENT","authors":"S. Shehzadi, M. Azhar Ali, M. Farid, M. Kashif","doi":"10.26480/gwk.02.2021.53.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2021.53.57","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few years, the rapid increase of human population are creating many environmental problems because of intensification of human activities. A huge amount of wastes are generated from industries including food and agriculture industries. It is essential to protect the natural resources. It can be done with best management practices of agriculture waste in future Composting is the best method to handle the food, agricultural and industrial waste. The main objective of this research is the design and fabrication of an indigenous composter to conserve the agriculture waste. Composter structure is based on two shells. One is inner shells which is having diameter of 48 inches and outer shell having diameter of 52 inches. Between these two shells heat in the form of steam is circulated to give high temperature for pasteurization of compost. Raw material is added in the inner shell. Two gears are attached with this composter structure. One is driving gear which is also small gear attached with motor. Other one is larger gear which is adjusted according to our desire RPM requirement. Larger gear further rotates the shaft present in the inner shell of composter. Gear motor is used having the power of 3355 Watt Watt. Material used for this composter was mild steel. A boiler was attached to this composter to flow the steam in outer shell of composter. Agriculture waste considered for this research corn straw waste. The analysis have been done in a composter for compost effecting parameters. The effect of three independent parameters pressure, RPM and feeding rate was analyzed on the composting time of waste. Results indicated that increase in the RPM the time of composting also increase because of oxygen cannot consumed fully at higher RPM. Whereas the increase in feeding rate decrease the time of composting because the greater number of microbial activities generated in the composting process and compost prepared in less time. In case of pressure, higher the pressure the time of composting decreases because at higher pressure the time rise quickly and thermophilic conditions occurs quickly. At RPM 12 and feeding rate 15kg in 62.89± 2.26 time compost was prepared it was the least time as compare to others. At 10 RPM and 1 bar pressure composting time notice was 65.33±2.60. In combination of feeding rate and pressure, at feeding rate 15kg and pressure 0.5 bar least time noticed 63.00± 2.35.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86904533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.26480/gwk.01.2021.42.44
Asiah Nabihan Ishak, Che Nurul Aini CHE AMRI, R. Shahari, Nur Shuhada Muhamad Tajudin
Leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on three selected taxa in Euphorbiaceae. The three chosen taxa were Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbia milii Des Moul. and Euphorbia hirta Linn. The methods involved procedures such as sectioning using sliding microtome, epidermal peeling and leaf micromorphology method using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim of this study is to identify the common, variation and diagnostic characteristics of leaf anatomy and micromorphology of selected species collected from Kuantan area which can give additional information for identification and classification of species. Findings in this study have shown that there were two common characters present in all the species studied which include the presence of mucilage cells and cuticular sculpturing of abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Meanwhile, several variable characters have been recorded in this study which can be useful in species differentiation such as vascular bundles arrangement in the midrib, pattern of anticlinal wall, types of stomata, waxes and trichomes. The diagnostic characteristics identified in this study are sinuous anticlinal wall pattern and anomocytic type of stomata that can only be found in E.hirta while crust of wax type and absence of trichomes can only be found in E.milii. The study reveals that leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics have taxonomic values and can be used as an additional data for identification and classification of species in Euphorbiaceae.
对大戟科3个分类群的叶片进行了解剖和显微形态学研究。选取的三个分类群为麻疯树(Jatropha curcas Linn)。大戟(Euphorbia milii Des mole)。和大戟。方法包括滑动切片机切片法、表皮剥落法和扫描电镜叶显微形态学法。本研究旨在探讨关丹地区植物叶片解剖和显微形态的共性、变异及其诊断特征，为植物的鉴定和分类提供依据。本研究结果表明，在所有被研究的物种中都存在两个共同的特征，即粘液细胞的存在和背面和正面表皮的角质层雕刻。同时，本研究还记录了中脉维管束排列、背斜壁形态、气孔、蜡和毛状体类型等可用于物种分化的变量特征。本研究发现的诊断特征是弯曲的背斜壁型和气孔异常型，只有在e.h hirta中才能发现，而蜡壳型和无毛状体只在E.milii中发现。研究表明，大戟科植物叶片解剖和微形态特征具有分类学价值，可作为大戟科植物鉴别和分类的附加资料。
{"title":"LEAF ANATOMY AND MICROMORPHOLOGY OF SELECTED EUPHORBIACEAE SPECIES IN KUANTAN, PAHANG, MALAYSIA","authors":"Asiah Nabihan Ishak, Che Nurul Aini CHE AMRI, R. Shahari, Nur Shuhada Muhamad Tajudin","doi":"10.26480/gwk.01.2021.42.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2021.42.44","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on three selected taxa in Euphorbiaceae. The three chosen taxa were Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbia milii Des Moul. and Euphorbia hirta Linn. The methods involved procedures such as sectioning using sliding microtome, epidermal peeling and leaf micromorphology method using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim of this study is to identify the common, variation and diagnostic characteristics of leaf anatomy and micromorphology of selected species collected from Kuantan area which can give additional information for identification and classification of species. Findings in this study have shown that there were two common characters present in all the species studied which include the presence of mucilage cells and cuticular sculpturing of abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Meanwhile, several variable characters have been recorded in this study which can be useful in species differentiation such as vascular bundles arrangement in the midrib, pattern of anticlinal wall, types of stomata, waxes and trichomes. The diagnostic characteristics identified in this study are sinuous anticlinal wall pattern and anomocytic type of stomata that can only be found in E.hirta while crust of wax type and absence of trichomes can only be found in E.milii. The study reveals that leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics have taxonomic values and can be used as an additional data for identification and classification of species in Euphorbiaceae.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83182142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.26480/gwk.01.2021.12.21
Syed Lakhte Hyder, Luo Feng, Zil-e Huma
This paper analyzes the amalgamation of two different urban forms in the context of twin cities and their conservation according to the contemporary approaches. Despite high interdependence and close connectedness of Islamabad and Rawalpindi as its twin city in Pakistan, their urban forms weave inverse physiognomies, which is vulnerable to amalgamate due to the conurbations process. Both city were conceptualized as “Dyna-metropolis” by Greek architect C.A Doxiadis based on ekistics determinant but deteriorated due to governance issues. The methodological approach for conservation outlines the criteria that protect the future controlled growth and quality to human life, which is not possible through a static form of the old city. Therefore, the adopted method examined Islamabad on two scales like micro (neighborhood-scale) and macro (city-scale) through analysing existing literatures, maps, photographs, case studies and questionnaires to identify the causes of diversion from original Ekistics variables such as modulus and dynapolis. This study argues that conservation is significant not only from the theoretical perspective but also because Islamabad is the first large-scale application of ekistics, designed as ‘city of future’. This study identified several challenges hindering urban development such as rapid urbanization, demand and supply gap of housing, Unaffordable land value, imbalance of ekistics elements and less mix use. The solutions are proposed through the revision of the ekistics logarithm scale for modulus and a new dimension to dynapolis. Finally, if the conservation method is not proposed at the right time, it will not only produce adverse effects on the physical morphology but also affects sensitivity to the science of human settlement.
{"title":"CONSERVATION OF EKISTICS-BASED URBAN FORM: CONTROLLING AMALGAMATION OF TWIN CITY GROWTH PATTERN","authors":"Syed Lakhte Hyder, Luo Feng, Zil-e Huma","doi":"10.26480/gwk.01.2021.12.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2021.12.21","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the amalgamation of two different urban forms in the context of twin cities and their conservation according to the contemporary approaches. Despite high interdependence and close connectedness of Islamabad and Rawalpindi as its twin city in Pakistan, their urban forms weave inverse physiognomies, which is vulnerable to amalgamate due to the conurbations process. Both city were conceptualized as “Dyna-metropolis” by Greek architect C.A Doxiadis based on ekistics determinant but deteriorated due to governance issues. The methodological approach for conservation outlines the criteria that protect the future controlled growth and quality to human life, which is not possible through a static form of the old city. Therefore, the adopted method examined Islamabad on two scales like micro (neighborhood-scale) and macro (city-scale) through analysing existing literatures, maps, photographs, case studies and questionnaires to identify the causes of diversion from original Ekistics variables such as modulus and dynapolis. This study argues that conservation is significant not only from the theoretical perspective but also because Islamabad is the first large-scale application of ekistics, designed as ‘city of future’. This study identified several challenges hindering urban development such as rapid urbanization, demand and supply gap of housing, Unaffordable land value, imbalance of ekistics elements and less mix use. The solutions are proposed through the revision of the ekistics logarithm scale for modulus and a new dimension to dynapolis. Finally, if the conservation method is not proposed at the right time, it will not only produce adverse effects on the physical morphology but also affects sensitivity to the science of human settlement.","PeriodicalId":32518,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Heritage Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88522442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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