In the post-Enron years, corporate governance has shifted from its focus on agency conflicts to address issues of ethics, accountability, transparency, and disclosure. Moreover, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has increasingly focused on corporate governance as a vehicle for incorporating social and environmental concerns into the business decision-making process, benefiting not only financial investors but also employees, consumers, and communities. Currently, corporate governance is being linked more and more with business practices and public policies that are stakeholder-friendly. This article examines these developments and their impact on the formulation of a hybridized body of business legal norms by proceeding in three stages: First, the article explores the recent transformations in the regulation of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility and the shifts these two fields have experienced after Enron. Second, it reads these transformations as a convergence that encompasses both corporate self-regulation and the efforts by various social groups to make it more effective ('meta-regulation'). Third, the article discusses the prospects and challenges of this convergence by outlining a series of conceptual and methodological inquiries as well as policy ramifications to be pursued by scholars and practitioners in the field of law and corporate conduct.
{"title":"Corporate Governance as Social Responsibility: A Research Agenda","authors":"A. Gill","doi":"10.15779/Z38MS9P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38MS9P","url":null,"abstract":"In the post-Enron years, corporate governance has shifted from its focus on agency conflicts to address issues of ethics, accountability, transparency, and disclosure. Moreover, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has increasingly focused on corporate governance as a vehicle for incorporating social and environmental concerns into the business decision-making process, benefiting not only financial investors but also employees, consumers, and communities. Currently, corporate governance is being linked more and more with business practices and public policies that are stakeholder-friendly. This article examines these developments and their impact on the formulation of a hybridized body of business legal norms by proceeding in three stages: First, the article explores the recent transformations in the regulation of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility and the shifts these two fields have experienced after Enron. Second, it reads these transformations as a convergence that encompasses both corporate self-regulation and the efforts by various social groups to make it more effective ('meta-regulation'). Third, the article discusses the prospects and challenges of this convergence by outlining a series of conceptual and methodological inquiries as well as policy ramifications to be pursued by scholars and practitioners in the field of law and corporate conduct.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128459059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
23 Berkeley Journal of International Law (BJIL) 112 (2005)This Article details my experience introducing clinical legal education into three Iraqi law schools. I highlight some of the cultural, legal and logistical obstacles that existed, and the means my colleagues and I used to circumvent them. By and large we considered our project at least modestly successful and certainly garnered the interest of many faculty and nearly all students who participated. Nevertheless, the extent of our success depended largely on the cooperation of the faculty and administration at the law schools with which we worked, and we were able to achieve the most at those institutions where cooperation was highest. Unfortunately, however, our project was limited necessarily in both scope and duration, and further efforts must be undertaken in order for experiential legal education to gain a firmer foothold in Iraq.
{"title":"Toward a Rule of Law Society in Iraq: Introducing Clinical Legal Education into Iraqi Law Schools","authors":"H. Hamoudi","doi":"10.15779/Z38Q06R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38Q06R","url":null,"abstract":"23 Berkeley Journal of International Law (BJIL) 112 (2005)This Article details my experience introducing clinical legal education into three Iraqi law schools. I highlight some of the cultural, legal and logistical obstacles that existed, and the means my colleagues and I used to circumvent them. By and large we considered our project at least modestly successful and certainly garnered the interest of many faculty and nearly all students who participated. Nevertheless, the extent of our success depended largely on the cooperation of the faculty and administration at the law schools with which we worked, and we were able to achieve the most at those institutions where cooperation was highest. Unfortunately, however, our project was limited necessarily in both scope and duration, and further efforts must be undertaken in order for experiential legal education to gain a firmer foothold in Iraq.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126802208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the legal challenges for implementing settlements for Holocaust reparation claims to Swiss bank accounts. It specifically discusses the activities related to the settlement of these claims undertaken by the Independent Committtee of Eminent Persons (Volcker Commission). The article's first section presents historical information about Holocaust claims against Swiss banks. Specifically, it attempts to answer the question of why it has taken so long for Holocaust reparation claims against Swiss banks to be processed. The author blames this delay primarily on the "obfuscation by the Swiss banks and the inattention of the Swiss government[,]" which is indicated by the fact that a complete accounting of the banks' Holocaust-era activities was not publicized until the mid 1990's under the direction of the Volcker Commission. Next, the article provides information about the Claims Resolution Tribunal's claims resolution procedures. This tribunal, established by the Volcker Commission, was charged with arbitrating Holocaust reparation claims brought by private citizens against Swiss banks. It explains how claims resolutions procedures were modified throughout the history of the tribunal to expedite the process and ensure that the tribunal focused only on those claims that were truly related to losses caused by the Holocaust. This is followed by an analysis of the most challenging legal issues related to resolving Holocaust claims against Swiss banks, including burden of proof and plausibility problems, choice of law conflicts, and difficulties in determining whether claimants were truly descended from Holocaust victims. The article concludes with a discussion of what reparation and restitution claims accomplish in terms of "moral accounting" to the families of the victims, and the damage done to all the parties involved by the banks' failure to address their moral responsibilities related to Holocaust claims in a timely matter.
{"title":"The Claims Resolution Tribunal and Holocaust Claims Against Swiss Banks","authors":"R. Alford","doi":"10.15779/Z38C069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38C069","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the legal challenges for implementing settlements for Holocaust reparation claims to Swiss bank accounts. It specifically discusses the activities related to the settlement of these claims undertaken by the Independent Committtee of Eminent Persons (Volcker Commission). The article's first section presents historical information about Holocaust claims against Swiss banks. Specifically, it attempts to answer the question of why it has taken so long for Holocaust reparation claims against Swiss banks to be processed. The author blames this delay primarily on the \"obfuscation by the Swiss banks and the inattention of the Swiss government[,]\" which is indicated by the fact that a complete accounting of the banks' Holocaust-era activities was not publicized until the mid 1990's under the direction of the Volcker Commission. Next, the article provides information about the Claims Resolution Tribunal's claims resolution procedures. This tribunal, established by the Volcker Commission, was charged with arbitrating Holocaust reparation claims brought by private citizens against Swiss banks. It explains how claims resolutions procedures were modified throughout the history of the tribunal to expedite the process and ensure that the tribunal focused only on those claims that were truly related to losses caused by the Holocaust. This is followed by an analysis of the most challenging legal issues related to resolving Holocaust claims against Swiss banks, including burden of proof and plausibility problems, choice of law conflicts, and difficulties in determining whether claimants were truly descended from Holocaust victims. The article concludes with a discussion of what reparation and restitution claims accomplish in terms of \"moral accounting\" to the families of the victims, and the damage done to all the parties involved by the banks' failure to address their moral responsibilities related to Holocaust claims in a timely matter.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126658415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article articulates the potentially fatal consequences of administrative barriers to the goal of developing poor countries and suggests retooling the current trade norms and policies in a developmentally-friendly manner. The article constructs the concept of administrative barriers centering on domestic regulations, i.e., antidumping measures, regulatory standards, and rules of origin, which have the most potential to obstruct development. It then highlights developmental hazards of these administrative barriers. It observes that both protectionist antidumping duties and the excruciating investigative procedures tend to offset developing countries' comparative advantages in favor of developed countries' domestic producers. It then argues that under-capacitated developing countries suffer from developed countries' high-end regulatory standards which are often disguised protectionism. The article also contends that most preferential trade agreements between developed and developing countries are not a solution but yet another problem to development because of their complicated rules of origin which cancel out most opportunities for development through beneficial trade. The article then suggests retooling the current trade norms and policies to remedy this situation. It proposes that antidumping investigations be suspended or curtailed for low-income developing countries, that regulatory dialogue be pursued between rich importing countries and poor exporting countries in order to streamline standards and build capacity, and that rules of origin be loosened and simplified to offer developing countries expanded access to rich countries' markets. The article concludes that addressing administrative barriers will mainstream the once marginalized world poor in the currents of global commerce and thus help them help themselves, which eventually tends to promote global peace and security.
{"title":"Beyond Doha's Promises: Administrative Barriers as an Obstruction to Development","authors":"Sungjoon Cho","doi":"10.15779/Z38K06C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38K06C","url":null,"abstract":"This article articulates the potentially fatal consequences of administrative barriers to the goal of developing poor countries and suggests retooling the current trade norms and policies in a developmentally-friendly manner. The article constructs the concept of administrative barriers centering on domestic regulations, i.e., antidumping measures, regulatory standards, and rules of origin, which have the most potential to obstruct development. It then highlights developmental hazards of these administrative barriers. It observes that both protectionist antidumping duties and the excruciating investigative procedures tend to offset developing countries' comparative advantages in favor of developed countries' domestic producers. It then argues that under-capacitated developing countries suffer from developed countries' high-end regulatory standards which are often disguised protectionism. The article also contends that most preferential trade agreements between developed and developing countries are not a solution but yet another problem to development because of their complicated rules of origin which cancel out most opportunities for development through beneficial trade. The article then suggests retooling the current trade norms and policies to remedy this situation. It proposes that antidumping investigations be suspended or curtailed for low-income developing countries, that regulatory dialogue be pursued between rich importing countries and poor exporting countries in order to streamline standards and build capacity, and that rules of origin be loosened and simplified to offer developing countries expanded access to rich countries' markets. The article concludes that addressing administrative barriers will mainstream the once marginalized world poor in the currents of global commerce and thus help them help themselves, which eventually tends to promote global peace and security.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121687036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information has been described as the "cornerstone of a democratic society and market economy,"1 and enhanced technologies for using personal data have arguably transformed financial services into an "information industry." 2 Walter Wriston, former chairman of Citicorp, asserted that "information standards" have replaced money in global financial markets. 3 Information today is fundamentally global. The technologies that carry it ignore national borders. Multinational corporations and consortiums of organizations that share data dot the globe. In the case of the Internet, multinational banking networks... , credit and financial services networks ... , and stock and commodities networks .... it is virtually meaningless to talk of national privacy law. What consumers and service providers alike need are common standards applicable throughout the world. Commonality does not require identical laws but rather legal regimes that, while still reflecting national contexts, are based on shared principles. The sheer technological power of the digital age, offering huge advances in the type and quality of products offered in the economic marketplace, also poses unprecedented threats to personal safety and autonomy if privacy is not adequately protected. In response to mounting privacy concerns in an era of
{"title":"Financial Privacy in the United States and the European Union: A Path to Transatlantic Regulatory Harmonization","authors":"V. Boyd","doi":"10.15779/Z381360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z381360","url":null,"abstract":"Information has been described as the \"cornerstone of a democratic society and market economy,\"1 and enhanced technologies for using personal data have arguably transformed financial services into an \"information industry.\" 2 Walter Wriston, former chairman of Citicorp, asserted that \"information standards\" have replaced money in global financial markets. 3 Information today is fundamentally global. The technologies that carry it ignore national borders. Multinational corporations and consortiums of organizations that share data dot the globe. In the case of the Internet, multinational banking networks... , credit and financial services networks ... , and stock and commodities networks .... it is virtually meaningless to talk of national privacy law. What consumers and service providers alike need are common standards applicable throughout the world. Commonality does not require identical laws but rather legal regimes that, while still reflecting national contexts, are based on shared principles. The sheer technological power of the digital age, offering huge advances in the type and quality of products offered in the economic marketplace, also poses unprecedented threats to personal safety and autonomy if privacy is not adequately protected. In response to mounting privacy concerns in an era of","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134634623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On May 1st, 2004, the European Union (EU) welcomed to its fold ten new members: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.I Fireworks erupted across the continent at 12:01 a.m. while newly minted EU citizens celebrated to the triumphant strains of Beethoven's "Ode to Joy," the EU anthem. Europeans drank toasts, traveled across newly relaxed borders, and attended concerts and parties.' The next morning, representatives from all 25 EU Member States gathered in Dublin for a symbolic ceremony to raise the flags of the new members besides those of the fifteen previous members. 3 EU and national leaders addressed messages of celebration, unification, and welcome to the new countries. "Welcome to the new Europe," declared Romano Prodi, President of the European Commission. "Today Europeans are celebrating the fact that they are no longer kept apart by phony ideological barriers." 4 The Chancellor of Germany, Gerhard Schrrder, proclaimed: "Today we have the unique chance to change this Europe into a
{"title":"Welcome to Europe, but Please Stay Out: Freedom of Movement and the May 2004 Expansion of the European Union","authors":"Natalie Shimmel","doi":"10.15779/Z38NW8R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38NW8R","url":null,"abstract":"On May 1st, 2004, the European Union (EU) welcomed to its fold ten new members: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.I Fireworks erupted across the continent at 12:01 a.m. while newly minted EU citizens celebrated to the triumphant strains of Beethoven's \"Ode to Joy,\" the EU anthem. Europeans drank toasts, traveled across newly relaxed borders, and attended concerts and parties.' The next morning, representatives from all 25 EU Member States gathered in Dublin for a symbolic ceremony to raise the flags of the new members besides those of the fifteen previous members. 3 EU and national leaders addressed messages of celebration, unification, and welcome to the new countries. \"Welcome to the new Europe,\" declared Romano Prodi, President of the European Commission. \"Today Europeans are celebrating the fact that they are no longer kept apart by phony ideological barriers.\" 4 The Chancellor of Germany, Gerhard Schrrder, proclaimed: \"Today we have the unique chance to change this Europe into a","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116804542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Substantive Review of ICSID Awards: Is the Desire for Accuracy Sufficient to Compromise Finality","authors":"T. W. Walsh","doi":"10.15779/Z38336P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38336P","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129744947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After years of disregard, the law and economics movement has finally taken note of the field of choice of law. However, up until today most of the contributions have focused on specific topics - such as the applicable law in contracts, torts or product liability - and skipped the underlying fundamental issues that determine the general design of choice of law rules: (1) Should courts apply foreign law at all or should they always resort to their own law? (2) Should courts create multistate substantive law specifically designed for international transactions or should they apply the law of one of the states involved? (3) Should choice of law rules resort to the unilateral method and define the reach of forum law only or should they apply the multilateral method and determine the reach of both forum and foreign law? (4) Should courts search for material justice or rather for conflicts justice? (5) Should choice of law strive for legal certainty or rather for flexibility? This article provides a comparative overview as well as an economic analysis of the answers legal scholarship has provided to these questions over time and across countries. It argues that courts should (1) be open towards application of foreign law, (2) apply the law of one of the states involved (3) determine the reach of both foreign and forum law, (4) strive for conflicts justice, and (5) apply rules instead of standards.
{"title":"Methods and Approaches in Choice of Law: An Economic Perspective","authors":"Giesela Rühl","doi":"10.15779/Z38J35R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38J35R","url":null,"abstract":"After years of disregard, the law and economics movement has finally taken note of the field of choice of law. However, up until today most of the contributions have focused on specific topics - such as the applicable law in contracts, torts or product liability - and skipped the underlying fundamental issues that determine the general design of choice of law rules: (1) Should courts apply foreign law at all or should they always resort to their own law? (2) Should courts create multistate substantive law specifically designed for international transactions or should they apply the law of one of the states involved? (3) Should choice of law rules resort to the unilateral method and define the reach of forum law only or should they apply the multilateral method and determine the reach of both forum and foreign law? (4) Should courts search for material justice or rather for conflicts justice? (5) Should choice of law strive for legal certainty or rather for flexibility? This article provides a comparative overview as well as an economic analysis of the answers legal scholarship has provided to these questions over time and across countries. It argues that courts should (1) be open towards application of foreign law, (2) apply the law of one of the states involved (3) determine the reach of both foreign and forum law, (4) strive for conflicts justice, and (5) apply rules instead of standards.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134624443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional wisdom holds that international occupation is a temporary byproduct of war. The international law of occupation is grounded in this assumption and consists of a substantive norm of interim administration with limited discretion on the part of the occupant and a procedural norm of unilateralism. Yet many observers of the occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan intuitively sense that modern occupations are somehow "different" and that new or changed rules apply. That intuition is correct. This Article describes the emergence of a new regime of occupation and an emerging "de facto modern law of occupation" that break dramatically from past practice and the de jure law of occupation. The substantive norm of this new model is nation-building and the procedural norm is multilateralism. The assumptions and parameters of the de jure law of occupation are outdated and incapable of providing a meaningful legal framework for modern occupations. What are the consequences of this new model of occupation and the resultant lacuna of applicable international law? The occupation of Iraq illustrates a paradigm shift in the practice of occupation and proves that the resource and legitimacy needs of modern occupations create an "invisible hand" that pushes occupying powers toward international cooperation and compliance with international norms of behavior. At the same time, however, the era of multilateral occupation contains defects because its de facto rules lack the advantages of positive law and the legal status of territory occupied by the United Nations is ambiguous.
{"title":"The Era of Multilateral Occupation","authors":"G. Harris","doi":"10.15779/Z387S8G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z387S8G","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional wisdom holds that international occupation is a temporary byproduct of war. The international law of occupation is grounded in this assumption and consists of a substantive norm of interim administration with limited discretion on the part of the occupant and a procedural norm of unilateralism. Yet many observers of the occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan intuitively sense that modern occupations are somehow \"different\" and that new or changed rules apply. That intuition is correct. This Article describes the emergence of a new regime of occupation and an emerging \"de facto modern law of occupation\" that break dramatically from past practice and the de jure law of occupation. The substantive norm of this new model is nation-building and the procedural norm is multilateralism. The assumptions and parameters of the de jure law of occupation are outdated and incapable of providing a meaningful legal framework for modern occupations. What are the consequences of this new model of occupation and the resultant lacuna of applicable international law? The occupation of Iraq illustrates a paradigm shift in the practice of occupation and proves that the resource and legitimacy needs of modern occupations create an \"invisible hand\" that pushes occupying powers toward international cooperation and compliance with international norms of behavior. At the same time, however, the era of multilateral occupation contains defects because its de facto rules lack the advantages of positive law and the legal status of territory occupied by the United Nations is ambiguous.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126221729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Critique of international political approach to winding down the ad hoc international criminal tribunals.
对国际政治途径逐步结束特设国际刑事法庭的批评。
{"title":"Strategy or Process - Closing the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda","authors":"L. M. Bingham","doi":"10.15779/Z38XD2Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38XD2Q","url":null,"abstract":"Critique of international political approach to winding down the ad hoc international criminal tribunals.","PeriodicalId":325917,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Journal of International Law","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128747939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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