Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040314
Aimen Abbas Khan, B. Abbas, Asma Jabeen, Faheem Uddin Syed, Ghaffar Ali, M. Faisal, Ahtasham Saleem
This research determines, how the customers intend on buying and how their perceptions of currency values are affecting their shopping experiences in Pakistan To do so, a questionnaire with a sample size of 360 respondents. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative investigation was conducted. Information was gathered from malls and a few supermarkets in Multan. According to this study, a buyer’s repurchase represents found a key indicator of their status, amusement, idea, and level of satisfaction. The association between the study and the social value of the currency was found negative. However, no correlation was found between exploration and intention of purchase in the proposed study area. Furthermore, the outcome of this study showed that the value of the currency was positively influenced by repurchase objectives. This research presented novel perceptions on the nature of hedonism, repurchase intention, and the emergence of more engaging shopping strategies encouraging consumers to enjoy their goods in depth. Interventions of the study revealed an entertaining shopping mechanism with more valuable and happy footsteps. By providing a large variety of fresh things i.e., a greater selection of products, friendly sales employees, interesting shopping areas, regular access to shopping information, and a high level of service, it is recommended to boost the recreational and practical elements of shopping. The analysis showed the number of customers could steadily rise in future who repurchase the product.
{"title":"Hedonism and Repurchase: Determining Value for Money and Repurchase Intentions in Shopping Malls","authors":"Aimen Abbas Khan, B. Abbas, Asma Jabeen, Faheem Uddin Syed, Ghaffar Ali, M. Faisal, Ahtasham Saleem","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040314","url":null,"abstract":"This research determines, how the customers intend on buying and how their perceptions of currency values are affecting their shopping experiences in Pakistan To do so, a questionnaire with a sample size of 360 respondents. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative investigation was conducted. Information was gathered from malls and a few supermarkets in Multan. According to this study, a buyer’s repurchase represents found a key indicator of their status, amusement, idea, and level of satisfaction. The association between the study and the social value of the currency was found negative. However, no correlation was found between exploration and intention of purchase in the proposed study area. Furthermore, the outcome of this study showed that the value of the currency was positively influenced by repurchase objectives. This research presented novel perceptions on the nature of hedonism, repurchase intention, and the emergence of more engaging shopping strategies encouraging consumers to enjoy their goods in depth. Interventions of the study revealed an entertaining shopping mechanism with more valuable and happy footsteps. By providing a large variety of fresh things i.e., a greater selection of products, friendly sales employees, interesting shopping areas, regular access to shopping information, and a high level of service, it is recommended to boost the recreational and practical elements of shopping. The analysis showed the number of customers could steadily rise in future who repurchase the product.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115188407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-11DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040303
Hera Sajid, S. Haider, M. Haider
The present study was conducted in 2020-2021 to record the inventory and altitudinal distributions of plants and biodiversity in Nalter valley. The study area is situated at 36 N and 74 E, with 27,206 ha area in the Karakoram highlands. It is 40km away from Gilgit city. The purpose was to explore the natural floral inventory, life-form structure, and the biological spectrum of the plant biodiversity. This study recorded 126 species belonging to 106 genera and 48 families. The life forms of the collected species were 40 Hemicryptophytes (H), 8 Therophytes, 50 Chaemephyte, and geophytes 3 species, and 25 phanerophytes. While the habit categories of the recorded flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The categories of the recorded flora were 88 herbs, 113 shrubs,9 subshrubs, and 18 trees which contribute to the flora of the study area. The phytosociological studies were also carried out to recognize the dominant taxa, habit category, and the dominant life form in the study area. For this study, we divided the study area into three stands. In each stand, we placed 20 quartets to recognize the dominant taxa based on IVI. The phytosociological studies provided the required information from each stand like dominant habit categories, life forms, and dominant taxa along the Nalter expressway.
{"title":"Inventory and Altitudinal Distribution of Plant Biodiversity Along the Nalter Expressway in Nalter Valley Gilgit Baltistan","authors":"Hera Sajid, S. Haider, M. Haider","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040303","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted in 2020-2021 to record the inventory and altitudinal distributions of plants and biodiversity in Nalter valley. The study area is situated at 36 N and 74 E, with 27,206 ha area in the Karakoram highlands. It is 40km away from Gilgit city. The purpose was to explore the natural floral inventory, life-form structure, and the biological spectrum of the plant biodiversity. This study recorded 126 species belonging to 106 genera and 48 families. The life forms of the collected species were 40 Hemicryptophytes (H), 8 Therophytes, 50 Chaemephyte, and geophytes 3 species, and 25 phanerophytes. While the habit categories of the recorded flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The categories of the recorded flora were 88 herbs, 113 shrubs,9 subshrubs, and 18 trees which contribute to the flora of the study area. The phytosociological studies were also carried out to recognize the dominant taxa, habit category, and the dominant life form in the study area. For this study, we divided the study area into three stands. In each stand, we placed 20 quartets to recognize the dominant taxa based on IVI. The phytosociological studies provided the required information from each stand like dominant habit categories, life forms, and dominant taxa along the Nalter expressway.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123537584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-03DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040302
Nadeem H. Malik, S. Altaf, Muhammad Azeem Abbas
Overtaking at high speeds, especially on non-divided roadways, is a leading cause of traffic accidents. During overtaking maneuvers, humans are more likely to make mistakes due to factors that cannot be predicted. For overtaking operations in autonomous vehicles, prior research focused on image processing and distant sensing of the driving environment, which didn't consider the speed of the surrounding traffic, the size of the approaching vehicles, or the fact that they could not see beyond impediments in the road. The past researches didn't focus on the speed of the surrounding traffic or the size of the approaching vehicles. Moreover, most of the techniques were based on single agent systems where one agent manages the source vehicle's (autonomous) mobility within its surroundings. This research conducts a feasibility study on a remote Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication framework based on Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) to improve overtaking safety. This work also tries to improve safety by introducing a blockchain-based safety model called BCAS (Blockchain-based Collision Avoidance System). The proposed multi-agent technique strengthens the ability of real-time, high-speed vehicles to make decisions by allocating the total computation of processing responsibilities to each agent. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the proposed approach performs better than existing techniques and efficiently covers the limitations of existing studies.
{"title":"BCAS: A Blockchain Model for Collision Avoidance to Prevent Overtaking Accidents on Roads","authors":"Nadeem H. Malik, S. Altaf, Muhammad Azeem Abbas","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040302","url":null,"abstract":"Overtaking at high speeds, especially on non-divided roadways, is a leading cause of traffic accidents. During overtaking maneuvers, humans are more likely to make mistakes due to factors that cannot be predicted. For overtaking operations in autonomous vehicles, prior research focused on image processing and distant sensing of the driving environment, which didn't consider the speed of the surrounding traffic, the size of the approaching vehicles, or the fact that they could not see beyond impediments in the road. The past researches didn't focus on the speed of the surrounding traffic or the size of the approaching vehicles. Moreover, most of the techniques were based on single agent systems where one agent manages the source vehicle's (autonomous) mobility within its surroundings. This research conducts a feasibility study on a remote Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication framework based on Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) to improve overtaking safety. This work also tries to improve safety by introducing a blockchain-based safety model called BCAS (Blockchain-based Collision Avoidance System). The proposed multi-agent technique strengthens the ability of real-time, high-speed vehicles to make decisions by allocating the total computation of processing responsibilities to each agent. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the proposed approach performs better than existing techniques and efficiently covers the limitations of existing studies.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"62 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126366021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040321
Muhammad Hassan Ali Shah, U. Rafi, R. Yasmeen, Mubashar Ahmad
Hog deer (Axis porcinus) is one of the least studied animal species in Pakistan. It belongs to Order Artiodactyla and the family Cervidae. IUCN classified Axis porcinus as an endangered species in 2008. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of varying environmental exposure, genders, and seasonal changes on captive hog deer (A. porcinus) at Lahore Zoo, Safari Zoo, and Jallo Park in Lahore, Pakistan. Non-invasive techniques were used to monitor stress levels in hog deer. For sample collection, four definite months belonging to two seasons’ winter and summer were considered. A total of 48 urine and faecal samples were collected from both male and female hog deer. Seasonal fluctuations have been found to have a significant impact on faecal and urinary cortisol levels. Higher cortisol levels were found in both male and female hog deer in the summer season at all three visited sites. Fluctuations in environmental exposure at three research sites had a significant impact on faecal and urinary cortisol levels. Higher levels of cortisol were found in both male and female hog deer at Jallo park and Lahore Zoo, as compared to Safari Zoo. It was concluded that lower cortisol levels at Safari Zoo might be due to better environmental conditions and more flexible enclosure size and interaction of various species of deer. Temperature affected hog deer cortisol levels in summer, as higher levels were measured in summer compared to winter. In addition, sex did not predict any stress levels in hog deer. It has been suggested that a large enclosure size can control levels of cortisol in hog deer.
{"title":"Monitoring of Cortisol Levels in Hog Deer with Varying Environment Exposure","authors":"Muhammad Hassan Ali Shah, U. Rafi, R. Yasmeen, Mubashar Ahmad","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040321","url":null,"abstract":"Hog deer (Axis porcinus) is one of the least studied animal species in Pakistan. It belongs to Order Artiodactyla and the family Cervidae. IUCN classified Axis porcinus as an endangered species in 2008. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of varying environmental exposure, genders, and seasonal changes on captive hog deer (A. porcinus) at Lahore Zoo, Safari Zoo, and Jallo Park in Lahore, Pakistan. Non-invasive techniques were used to monitor stress levels in hog deer. For sample collection, four definite months belonging to two seasons’ winter and summer were considered. A total of 48 urine and faecal samples were collected from both male and female hog deer. Seasonal fluctuations have been found to have a significant impact on faecal and urinary cortisol levels. Higher cortisol levels were found in both male and female hog deer in the summer season at all three visited sites. Fluctuations in environmental exposure at three research sites had a significant impact on faecal and urinary cortisol levels. Higher levels of cortisol were found in both male and female hog deer at Jallo park and Lahore Zoo, as compared to Safari Zoo. It was concluded that lower cortisol levels at Safari Zoo might be due to better environmental conditions and more flexible enclosure size and interaction of various species of deer. Temperature affected hog deer cortisol levels in summer, as higher levels were measured in summer compared to winter. In addition, sex did not predict any stress levels in hog deer. It has been suggested that a large enclosure size can control levels of cortisol in hog deer.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127982079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using tailored searches based on our study topic. We completed all SLR processes, including periodic reviews as SLR. Researchers may find out about the justification, the review procedure, and the research question by using search keywords. This paper describes the trial approach to elaborate the search keywords, resources, restrictions, and validations that were, and explores search strategies made. The reviews are carried out by assessing the publication's quality, devising a data extraction approach, and synthesizing the results. All four research questions were used to analyze the papers concerning the findings. Finally, reports on the categorization of computer malware were analyzed for their detection methods, factors, and how they infiltrate computer systems have been published. SLR identifies the element, characteristics, and detection techniques that are explained in this research paper. Computer malware infects the computer system. This comprehensive literature review's is mainly based on recommendations by earlier studies.
{"title":"Computer Malware Classification, Factors, and Detection Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR)","authors":"Asad Hussain, Sunila Fatima Ahmad, Mishal Tanveer, Ansa Sameen Iqbal","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040320","url":null,"abstract":"A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using tailored searches based on our study topic. We completed all SLR processes, including periodic reviews as SLR. Researchers may find out about the justification, the review procedure, and the research question by using search keywords. This paper describes the trial approach to elaborate the search keywords, resources, restrictions, and validations that were, and explores search strategies made. The reviews are carried out by assessing the publication's quality, devising a data extraction approach, and synthesizing the results. All four research questions were used to analyze the papers concerning the findings. Finally, reports on the categorization of computer malware were analyzed for their detection methods, factors, and how they infiltrate computer systems have been published. SLR identifies the element, characteristics, and detection techniques that are explained in this research paper. Computer malware infects the computer system. This comprehensive literature review's is mainly based on recommendations by earlier studies.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133785996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040319
N. Hussain, Muhammad Adil
Background: Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) is due to multiple gestations and reproductive-assisted techniques. Neonatal complications mainly arise in infants with VLBW and Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW). The main objective was to study the risk factors associated with VLBW and to conduct a meta-analysis. Methods: A meta-analysis was done to present the most recent risk variables for VLBW. Electronic databases were searched for information on the suggested topic. Using STATA version 14, the relevant data was extracted, and statistical analysis was conducted. Results: A total number of 112 studies have been conducted on the topic of VLBW worldwide from 2000 to 2020. Information from many parts of the world was evaluated in which GDP or per capita income, age, and education were followed in prominent regions of the world. As GDP and education level improved, the nutritional status also improved. Fifteen studies have been identified, with five meeting the inclusion criteria for the metanalysis of VLBW <1500g in developing countries. Illiteracy, poverty, mother occupation, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia were the common risk factors of VLBW (<0.05). Conclusion: It was identified that per-capita GDP is inversely proportional to VLBW throughout the world. VLBW in America was found to be significant when compared with central Europe (<0.005), similarly with Southern Europe (<0.03), Northern Europe (<0.00001), Asia (<0.0001), and Africa (<0.0001). Unlike per capita GDP, VLBW was insignificantly related to maternal age in all regions except Africa, where VLBW was significantly associated with maternal age (p<0.0001). In developing countries, illiteracy, poverty, mother occupation, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia are the common risk factors for VLBW (<0.05) as the complications related to VLBW are at a high-risk rate, so it is recommended that VLBW babies require special care at the time of birth, especially in poor economic countries.
背景:极低出生体重(VLBW)是由于多胎妊娠和生殖辅助技术所致。新生儿并发症主要发生在VLBW和极低出生体重儿(ELBW)。主要目的是研究与VLBW相关的危险因素并进行荟萃分析。方法:荟萃分析显示了VLBW的最新风险变量。在电子数据库中搜索了关于所建议专题的资料。使用STATA version 14提取相关数据，并进行统计分析。结果:从2000年到2020年，全球共开展了112项关于VLBW的研究。对来自世界许多地方的信息进行了评估，其中世界主要地区的国内生产总值或人均收入、年龄和教育程度紧随其后。随着国民生产总值和教育水平的提高，营养状况也有所改善。已确定15项研究，其中5项符合发展中国家VLBW <1500g荟萃分析的纳入标准。文盲、贫困、母亲职业、低钙、低血糖是VLBW的常见危险因素(<0.05)。结论:在世界范围内，人均GDP与VLBW成反比。与中欧(<0.005)、南欧(<0.03)、北欧(<0.00001)、亚洲(<0.0001)和非洲(<0.0001)相比，美洲的VLBW具有显著性。与人均GDP不同，除非洲外，所有地区的产妇体重与产妇年龄均不显著相关，非洲地区的产妇体重与产妇年龄显著相关(p<0.0001)。在发展中国家，文盲、贫困、母亲职业、低钙血症、低血糖是VLBW的常见危险因素(<0.05)，与VLBW相关的并发症发生率较高，因此建议VLBW婴儿在出生时需要特殊护理，特别是在经济落后的国家。
{"title":"Risk Factors Associated with Very Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"N. Hussain, Muhammad Adil","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040319","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) is due to multiple gestations and reproductive-assisted techniques. Neonatal complications mainly arise in infants with VLBW and Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW). The main objective was to study the risk factors associated with VLBW and to conduct a meta-analysis.\u0000\u0000Methods: A meta-analysis was done to present the most recent risk variables for VLBW. Electronic databases were searched for information on the suggested topic. Using STATA version 14, the relevant data was extracted, and statistical analysis was conducted.\u0000\u0000Results: A total number of 112 studies have been conducted on the topic of VLBW worldwide from 2000 to 2020. Information from many parts of the world was evaluated in which GDP or per capita income, age, and education were followed in prominent regions of the world. As GDP and education level improved, the nutritional status also improved. Fifteen studies have been identified, with five meeting the inclusion criteria for the metanalysis of VLBW <1500g in developing countries. Illiteracy, poverty, mother occupation, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia were the common risk factors of VLBW (<0.05).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: It was identified that per-capita GDP is inversely proportional to VLBW throughout the world. VLBW in America was found to be significant when compared with central Europe (<0.005), similarly with Southern Europe (<0.03), Northern Europe (<0.00001), Asia (<0.0001), and Africa (<0.0001). Unlike per capita GDP, VLBW was insignificantly related to maternal age in all regions except Africa, where VLBW was significantly associated with maternal age (p<0.0001). In developing countries, illiteracy, poverty, mother occupation, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia are the common risk factors for VLBW (<0.05) as the complications related to VLBW are at a high-risk rate, so it is recommended that VLBW babies require special care at the time of birth, especially in poor economic countries.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115428448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040318
M. Fahad, T. Javid, Hira Beenish
Ontology is becoming a famous technique for converting unstructured data into meaningful data which acts as a key factor for decision-making, planning, and implementation in many areas, and agriculture is one of them. There are a lot of issues in agriculture practices e.g., farming, application of pesticides, and provision/ distribution of water to crops. However, some of the issues are critical and need to be resolved urgently to save cultivation from big hazards. In this paper, we have analyzed a few issues based on available literature. A variety of issues are faced in agriculture constantly and need to be resolved on an urgent basis. We have discussed the various ontology systems to acquire more precise results. Since ontology is based on a relation of data through which a user can get the maximum efficiency. Among all the challenges in agriculture, the lack of context-aware agriculture employs ontology with high concerns. This paper proposes a model to fill the gap in a service-oriented architecture.
{"title":"Service oriented Architecture for Agriculture System Integration with Ontology","authors":"M. Fahad, T. Javid, Hira Beenish","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040318","url":null,"abstract":"Ontology is becoming a famous technique for converting unstructured data into meaningful data which acts as a key factor for decision-making, planning, and implementation in many areas, and agriculture is one of them. There are a lot of issues in agriculture practices e.g., farming, application of pesticides, and provision/ distribution of water to crops. However, some of the issues are critical and need to be resolved urgently to save cultivation from big hazards. In this paper, we have analyzed a few issues based on available literature. A variety of issues are faced in agriculture constantly and need to be resolved on an urgent basis. We have discussed the various ontology systems to acquire more precise results. Since ontology is based on a relation of data through which a user can get the maximum efficiency. Among all the challenges in agriculture, the lack of context-aware agriculture employs ontology with high concerns. This paper proposes a model to fill the gap in a service-oriented architecture.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114381393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040316
Wajiha Yousuf, Javaid Yousuf, S. Din, M. A. Nafees, Abdul Razaq, B. Hussain
Vegetable spoilage produces various microbes of different origins like parasites, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. This causes infections and diseases in vegetables, and later on, when humans eat these vegetables; diseases induce in humans. So, to prevent human diseases, the symptoms of various infections in vegetables must be known. Moreover, the conditions supporting the infections in vegetables must be understood. So that spoiled vegetable consumption can be prevented. Sometimes spoiled vegetables are regarded as disease free and suitable for consumption. These misconceptions sometimes lead to lethal human diseases, which in history led to major outbreaks. The antimicrobial resistance is faced by microbes which deteriorate the situation and make the cure of diseases.
{"title":"A Review on Impacts, Resistance Pattern and Spoilage of Vegetables Associated Microbes","authors":"Wajiha Yousuf, Javaid Yousuf, S. Din, M. A. Nafees, Abdul Razaq, B. Hussain","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040316","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable spoilage produces various microbes of different origins like parasites, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. This causes infections and diseases in vegetables, and later on, when humans eat these vegetables; diseases induce in humans. So, to prevent human diseases, the symptoms of various infections in vegetables must be known. Moreover, the conditions supporting the infections in vegetables must be understood. So that spoiled vegetable consumption can be prevented. Sometimes spoiled vegetables are regarded as disease free and suitable for consumption. These misconceptions sometimes lead to lethal human diseases, which in history led to major outbreaks. The antimicrobial resistance is faced by microbes which deteriorate the situation and make the cure of diseases.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128702218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.33411/ijist/20202040305
Farah Khan, Amna Hassan, Syed Alamdar Ali Shah, Najma Nazeer, Alamgir Khan, Shahid Bukhari
Antrhopogenic activities are responsible for exponential increase in temperature in recent dacades. To examine this variation, data from 30 meteorological stations in Pakistan's largest cities were examined to determine the annual average and highest temperatures between 1981 and 2020. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests, including Sen's slope estimator, the Mann-Kendall trend test, and linear regression, were utilized for the analysis. NASA Power Data Access Viewer provides historical climatic datasets which are reliable and provide promising results. We extracted historical footprints of climatic data from NASA website and mapped the trends. About 90% of the meterological stations had rising annual temperature trends, whereas 10% had declining trends. The average annual temperature increased by 0.49 °C per decade in Gilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta, and Lasbela, which was the largest rate of change. Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah, and Quetta experienced the biggest increase in annual temperature that was 0.34 °C per decade. Various indicators e.g., simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, respectively, revealed that the yearly average temperature was rising at a 0.001 % (at the 0.06 level). Annual temperatures were increasing at 27 stations and 23 stations were experiencing 0.002 level of significance (at the 0.06 level). Overall, the findings indicated that all climatic parameters were increasing, but during the study period, the annual average temperature was increasing more quickly than the annual maximum temperature.
{"title":"Analysis of the Historical Temperature of Different Cities of Pakistan to Determine the Trends and Shift in Temperature","authors":"Farah Khan, Amna Hassan, Syed Alamdar Ali Shah, Najma Nazeer, Alamgir Khan, Shahid Bukhari","doi":"10.33411/ijist/20202040305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/20202040305","url":null,"abstract":"Antrhopogenic activities are responsible for exponential increase in temperature in recent dacades. To examine this variation, data from 30 meteorological stations in Pakistan's largest cities were examined to determine the annual average and highest temperatures between 1981 and 2020. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests, including Sen's slope estimator, the Mann-Kendall trend test, and linear regression, were utilized for the analysis. NASA Power Data Access Viewer provides historical climatic datasets which are reliable and provide promising results. We extracted historical footprints of climatic data from NASA website and mapped the trends. About 90% of the meterological stations had rising annual temperature trends, whereas 10% had declining trends. The average annual temperature increased by 0.49 °C per decade in Gilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta, and Lasbela, which was the largest rate of change. Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah, and Quetta experienced the biggest increase in annual temperature that was 0.34 °C per decade. Various indicators e.g., simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, respectively, revealed that the yearly average temperature was rising at a 0.001 % (at the 0.06 level). Annual temperatures were increasing at 27 stations and 23 stations were experiencing 0.002 level of significance (at the 0.06 level). Overall, the findings indicated that all climatic parameters were increasing, but during the study period, the annual average temperature was increasing more quickly than the annual maximum temperature.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131370053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040307
R. Yasmeen, Ehtisham Ali, M. Amjad, S. S. Bokhari
Biodiversity is representative of a healthy ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities, including habitat degradation, hunting, and fragmentation, are major circumstances which results in species extinction. The present study was conducted to explore avian fauna and role of Daphar Forest Sanctuary, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakistan, in its conseration. Study was carried out for 12 months, and 12 visits were made during 1st January 2020 – 31st December 2020. The visits were paused during periods of rain or high wind. Sampling was done by direct count method. A total of 2999 avian population were observed during the study. An overall population was composed of 12 orders, 20 families, 28 genera, and 32 species. Relative Abundance was calculated highest for family Sturnidae, 12.94% (N = 388) of birds, and order Passerine 54.95% (N = 1648). Simpson Diversity index (SDI) value was 0.95, Shannon Weiner Diversity Index value was 3.224 that, showed high diversity of avian fauna. However, evenness was 0.78, which showed an even distribution was found among birds population. It was noticed that Sanctuary faces drastic pollution which results in complications for the native wildlife. It was concluded scientific activities and researches were legalized in the respective wildlife sanctuary so that more information is gathered about the wildlife thriving in these areas.
{"title":"Diversity and Conservation of Avian Fauna in Daphar Forest Sanctuary, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakistan","authors":"R. Yasmeen, Ehtisham Ali, M. Amjad, S. S. Bokhari","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040307","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity is representative of a healthy ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities, including habitat degradation, hunting, and fragmentation, are major circumstances which results in species extinction. The present study was conducted to explore avian fauna and role of Daphar Forest Sanctuary, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakistan, in its conseration. Study was carried out for 12 months, and 12 visits were made during 1st January 2020 – 31st December 2020. The visits were paused during periods of rain or high wind. Sampling was done by direct count method. A total of 2999 avian population were observed during the study. An overall population was composed of 12 orders, 20 families, 28 genera, and 32 species. Relative Abundance was calculated highest for family Sturnidae, 12.94% (N = 388) of birds, and order Passerine 54.95% (N = 1648). Simpson Diversity index (SDI) value was 0.95, Shannon Weiner Diversity Index value was 3.224 that, showed high diversity of avian fauna. However, evenness was 0.78, which showed an even distribution was found among birds population. It was noticed that Sanctuary faces drastic pollution which results in complications for the native wildlife. It was concluded scientific activities and researches were legalized in the respective wildlife sanctuary so that more information is gathered about the wildlife thriving in these areas.","PeriodicalId":326014,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 3","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132747131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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