Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744160
A. Azad, M. Islam
Traffic jam is the most important factor of the urban road networks for making advanced travel plans, estimating traffic density and proactively managing the traffic flow. It causes adversely affect the social life, country economy, human health and is sometimes unable to manage traffic flow and signal. We explore the stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) network model to perform the multi-step ahead traffic speed prediction by employing Google Maps real-time and historical traffic data of three different types of urban road sections. After that, a Time-dependent correlation algorithm is used to map the predicted speed into the predicted traffic flow. The experimental results explored that, propose stacked LSTM model’s multi-step advanced predicted traffic flow mean relative error is varying between 8.25% ~14.09%. Also, results showed that the prediction accuracy improves and is stable with the freeway and identical traffic flow.
{"title":"Traffic Flow Prediction Model Using Google Map and LSTM Deep Learning","authors":"A. Azad, M. Islam","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744160","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic jam is the most important factor of the urban road networks for making advanced travel plans, estimating traffic density and proactively managing the traffic flow. It causes adversely affect the social life, country economy, human health and is sometimes unable to manage traffic flow and signal. We explore the stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) network model to perform the multi-step ahead traffic speed prediction by employing Google Maps real-time and historical traffic data of three different types of urban road sections. After that, a Time-dependent correlation algorithm is used to map the predicted speed into the predicted traffic flow. The experimental results explored that, propose stacked LSTM model’s multi-step advanced predicted traffic flow mean relative error is varying between 8.25% ~14.09%. Also, results showed that the prediction accuracy improves and is stable with the freeway and identical traffic flow.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133763155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744227
Sanchita Sarker, M. A. Arefin, Mohammad Rubbyat Akram, Md. Kabirul Islam
A hexagonal shape elliptical core microstructured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been designed and numerically studied. Propagation characteristics of the introduced PCF have been rigorously investigated through full vector finite element method (FV-FEM). The numerical investigation has been carefully carried out over the wavelength range from 1.3 μm - 2.00 μm by adopting the anisotropic perfectly matched layer (APML) as boundary condition. By tuning the global geometric parameters of PCF model, various performance parameters such as birefringence, effective mode area, dispersion, power fraction and nonlinearity have been inquired. This design has been simultaneously achieved high nonlinearity, ultra-high nonlinearity and large negative dispersion. Moreover, this hexagonal PCF structure can be more easily fabricated by sol-gel technique compared to other existing PCFs. Now it can be affirmed that, this PCF model has nifty potential in high-performance optical devices and applications.
{"title":"High Nonlinearity and Ultra High Birefringence Silicon Core Photonic Crystal Fiber","authors":"Sanchita Sarker, M. A. Arefin, Mohammad Rubbyat Akram, Md. Kabirul Islam","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744227","url":null,"abstract":"A hexagonal shape elliptical core microstructured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been designed and numerically studied. Propagation characteristics of the introduced PCF have been rigorously investigated through full vector finite element method (FV-FEM). The numerical investigation has been carefully carried out over the wavelength range from 1.3 μm - 2.00 μm by adopting the anisotropic perfectly matched layer (APML) as boundary condition. By tuning the global geometric parameters of PCF model, various performance parameters such as birefringence, effective mode area, dispersion, power fraction and nonlinearity have been inquired. This design has been simultaneously achieved high nonlinearity, ultra-high nonlinearity and large negative dispersion. Moreover, this hexagonal PCF structure can be more easily fabricated by sol-gel technique compared to other existing PCFs. Now it can be affirmed that, this PCF model has nifty potential in high-performance optical devices and applications.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125585063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744154
Md. Ahasan Habib, M. Anower
In this article, a novel flint glass injected fused silica-based photonic crystal fiber is presented and numerically investigated for lower effective area and high numerical aperture applications. Commonly used finite element method based software is employed to extract the guiding characteristics of the reported optical waveguide. The wavelength-dependent refractive index is considered for both core and cladding materials to ensure higher accuracy. The numerical investigation ensures that a large amount of total power can be transferred through a small portion of the core due to the injection of high indexed glass at core with conventional optical fiber. Moreover, the proposed optical waveguide offers high numerical aperture with negligible confinement loss due to the smaller propagation area of the electromagnetic signal. The structure of this optical fiber is very simple which can be fabricated by utilizing any modern fabrication technique.
{"title":"Fused silica based photonic crystal fiber with small modal area and high nonlinearity","authors":"Md. Ahasan Habib, M. Anower","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744154","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel flint glass injected fused silica-based photonic crystal fiber is presented and numerically investigated for lower effective area and high numerical aperture applications. Commonly used finite element method based software is employed to extract the guiding characteristics of the reported optical waveguide. The wavelength-dependent refractive index is considered for both core and cladding materials to ensure higher accuracy. The numerical investigation ensures that a large amount of total power can be transferred through a small portion of the core due to the injection of high indexed glass at core with conventional optical fiber. Moreover, the proposed optical waveguide offers high numerical aperture with negligible confinement loss due to the smaller propagation area of the electromagnetic signal. The structure of this optical fiber is very simple which can be fabricated by utilizing any modern fabrication technique.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130657895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744129
Ayse Betül Büyüksar, Mehmet Can, I. Altunbas
In this paper, we present the error performance of a distributed spatial modulation (DSM) system with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays where the communication between ground terminals and UAV relays is affected by both path loss and flat Rician-K fading. In the proposed scheme, the UAV relay node activates its data transmission, depending on both the symbol index and the success of cyclic redundancy checking (CRC). The bit error probability (BEP) for the source is derived and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of modulation technique, modulation order and, Rician-K fading channel parameter on the BEP for the source are investigated. Moreover, DSM is compared against single hop and decode and forward (DF) cooperative system, and it is shown that DSM provides a better error probability for Rayleigh fading channels.
{"title":"Error Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Modulation System with UAV Relays","authors":"Ayse Betül Büyüksar, Mehmet Can, I. Altunbas","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744129","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the error performance of a distributed spatial modulation (DSM) system with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays where the communication between ground terminals and UAV relays is affected by both path loss and flat Rician-K fading. In the proposed scheme, the UAV relay node activates its data transmission, depending on both the symbol index and the success of cyclic redundancy checking (CRC). The bit error probability (BEP) for the source is derived and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of modulation technique, modulation order and, Rician-K fading channel parameter on the BEP for the source are investigated. Moreover, DSM is compared against single hop and decode and forward (DF) cooperative system, and it is shown that DSM provides a better error probability for Rayleigh fading channels.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133116718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744180
Md. Mahdi Asef Chowdhury, Angkur Ghosh Priyam, M. K. Hasan, N. Mohammadd, S. Imam
The design of dual-narrowband absorbers and the enhancement of their performance have been studied in the research area of photonics for a very long time. The discovery of graphene boosted the advancement in this area amazingly which led to more theoretical and experimental works in subsequent days. In this paper, the enhancement of temperature tunable absorption was explored analytically using the proposed MgO-doped Lithium Niobate-based cavity. This work includes the design procedure of the cavity with highly nonlinear optical properties, and the absorption behavior was found to be dependent on various parameters such as - wavelength, polarization, angle of incidence, chemical potential of the graphene layer, temperature, etc. Absorptivity of the proposed structure was also studied in terms of peak point adjustability, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and quality (Q) factor. Based on the absorption behavior under oblique incidence, detection of the polarization of the incident light was also demonstrated at the end of this paper.
{"title":"Design of MgO-doped-LiNbO3 Based Temperature Tunable Dual-narrowband Absorber","authors":"Md. Mahdi Asef Chowdhury, Angkur Ghosh Priyam, M. K. Hasan, N. Mohammadd, S. Imam","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744180","url":null,"abstract":"The design of dual-narrowband absorbers and the enhancement of their performance have been studied in the research area of photonics for a very long time. The discovery of graphene boosted the advancement in this area amazingly which led to more theoretical and experimental works in subsequent days. In this paper, the enhancement of temperature tunable absorption was explored analytically using the proposed MgO-doped Lithium Niobate-based cavity. This work includes the design procedure of the cavity with highly nonlinear optical properties, and the absorption behavior was found to be dependent on various parameters such as - wavelength, polarization, angle of incidence, chemical potential of the graphene layer, temperature, etc. Absorptivity of the proposed structure was also studied in terms of peak point adjustability, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and quality (Q) factor. Based on the absorption behavior under oblique incidence, detection of the polarization of the incident light was also demonstrated at the end of this paper.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128967159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744237
Adnan Hosen, Benjer Islam, Habiba Khatun, Muhammad Shafiqul Islam, K.M. Sayem Bin Rahmotullah, Sheikh Rashel Al Ahmed
Earth abundant and economical chalcogenide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an encouraging active material for kesterite thin-film solar cell (TFSC) applications. However, the CZTS solar cell has drawback in performances compared to CIGS photovoltaic (PV) device due to insufficient current density and improper design. In the present work, the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS-1D) is used to model a novel heterojunction CZTS solar cell and the PV performance parameters are also evaluated numerically. Herein, we have proposed the CuS material as a hole transport layer (HTL) at the back of CZTS absorber layer, the CdS as buffer layer, and the ITO as window layer, respectively. The simulation work is performed by investigating the effects of absorber thickness, carrier concentration, and defects on cell performances. The effect of temperature on device performances is also studied. With the heterojunction structure consisting of CuS/CZTS/CdS/ITO, the best conversion efficiency of 26.53% is achieved with open circuit voltage of 1.10 V, fill-factor of 87.28%, and short-circuit current density of 27.74 mA/cm2. The overall simulated results reveal that the CuS can be utilized as a prominent HTL to obtain the high efficiency in the CZTS TFSC with low-cost and reliable fabrication.
{"title":"Device simulation of a highly efficient CZTS solar cell with CuS as hole transport layer","authors":"Adnan Hosen, Benjer Islam, Habiba Khatun, Muhammad Shafiqul Islam, K.M. Sayem Bin Rahmotullah, Sheikh Rashel Al Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744237","url":null,"abstract":"Earth abundant and economical chalcogenide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an encouraging active material for kesterite thin-film solar cell (TFSC) applications. However, the CZTS solar cell has drawback in performances compared to CIGS photovoltaic (PV) device due to insufficient current density and improper design. In the present work, the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS-1D) is used to model a novel heterojunction CZTS solar cell and the PV performance parameters are also evaluated numerically. Herein, we have proposed the CuS material as a hole transport layer (HTL) at the back of CZTS absorber layer, the CdS as buffer layer, and the ITO as window layer, respectively. The simulation work is performed by investigating the effects of absorber thickness, carrier concentration, and defects on cell performances. The effect of temperature on device performances is also studied. With the heterojunction structure consisting of CuS/CZTS/CdS/ITO, the best conversion efficiency of 26.53% is achieved with open circuit voltage of 1.10 V, fill-factor of 87.28%, and short-circuit current density of 27.74 mA/cm2. The overall simulated results reveal that the CuS can be utilized as a prominent HTL to obtain the high efficiency in the CZTS TFSC with low-cost and reliable fabrication.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114409222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744243
Md Foyez-Ul Islam, Md. Arafat Hossain, Md Masud Kaiser Mitul, J. Canning
This paper presents a smart beam profiling system capable of measuring the 3D spatial profile of laser and other collimated and non-collimated sources. The system utilizes an ESP32 camera module for portable imaging of laser beams and online computer program for collecting the images, processing and 3D plotting of the profiles. A customized smartphone app is developed for real-time monitoring the results and controlling the systems remotely thus allowing the system deployable into a large-scale profile measurements such as required for industry and hospital laser based diagnostic and surgery systems where precise and reliable profiles are maintained. The 3D profiles of a red laser diode and blue LED are characterized and beam diameter, divergence and propagation parameter are measured.
{"title":"Smartphone 3D Laser & LED Beam Profiling","authors":"Md Foyez-Ul Islam, Md. Arafat Hossain, Md Masud Kaiser Mitul, J. Canning","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a smart beam profiling system capable of measuring the 3D spatial profile of laser and other collimated and non-collimated sources. The system utilizes an ESP32 camera module for portable imaging of laser beams and online computer program for collecting the images, processing and 3D plotting of the profiles. A customized smartphone app is developed for real-time monitoring the results and controlling the systems remotely thus allowing the system deployable into a large-scale profile measurements such as required for industry and hospital laser based diagnostic and surgery systems where precise and reliable profiles are maintained. The 3D profiles of a red laser diode and blue LED are characterized and beam diameter, divergence and propagation parameter are measured.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744163
Emranul Haque, A. Al Noman, Debaleena Datta Gupta, Susmoy Kundu, Feroz Ahmed
This paper proposes a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) constructed in a simple structure to attain feasibility in practical implementation. The sensor has been implanted with a microchannel and is capable of detecting analytes within the sensing range of 1.29–1.38. To induce surface plasmon resonance in the exterior of the photonic crystal fiber, gold has been employed as the layer of plasmonic metal for the sensor externally due to its chemical stability. A circular perfectly matched layer has been administered as a boundary condition to the sensor’s outermost layer, to serve the purpose of absorbing the surface radiation. The proposed sensor has been revealed to achieve a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 88,000nm/RIU, through simulations, using numerical analysis and investigations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The sensor has also successfully acquired the maximum amplitude sensitivity of 1147 RIU−1. In addition, the minimum resolution of the proposed sensor has been obtained to be 1.14×10−6 RIU, ensuring high analyte detection accuracy. Consequently, the proposed sensor would be widely applicable in accurately detecting biochemical analytes, pharmaceutical inspections, and medical diagnosis.
{"title":"Highly Sensitive PCF Based Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor","authors":"Emranul Haque, A. Al Noman, Debaleena Datta Gupta, Susmoy Kundu, Feroz Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) constructed in a simple structure to attain feasibility in practical implementation. The sensor has been implanted with a microchannel and is capable of detecting analytes within the sensing range of 1.29–1.38. To induce surface plasmon resonance in the exterior of the photonic crystal fiber, gold has been employed as the layer of plasmonic metal for the sensor externally due to its chemical stability. A circular perfectly matched layer has been administered as a boundary condition to the sensor’s outermost layer, to serve the purpose of absorbing the surface radiation. The proposed sensor has been revealed to achieve a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 88,000nm/RIU, through simulations, using numerical analysis and investigations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The sensor has also successfully acquired the maximum amplitude sensitivity of 1147 RIU−1. In addition, the minimum resolution of the proposed sensor has been obtained to be 1.14×10−6 RIU, ensuring high analyte detection accuracy. Consequently, the proposed sensor would be widely applicable in accurately detecting biochemical analytes, pharmaceutical inspections, and medical diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130417789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744213
Md. Mayrazul Hoque, Md. Zunaid Baten, Md. Abdullah Zubair, R. Sajjad
A novel application of thin-film photovoltaics is the Semi-Transparent Photovoltaics (STPV) for building integrated applications, where CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based solar cells can be a major candidate. To get the optimum efficiency for a given visible transparency, each layer in the thin-film stack needs to be optimized. In this paper, we optimize the cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer for the CIGS based STPV using the chemical bath deposition technique. Several samples are deposited on clear glass and the highest visible transparency (71%) is found for the deposition time of 20 minutes, solution temperature of 80°C, stirring rate of 200 rpm and cadmium-sulfur reactant ratio of 1:10. The thickness measured from SEM micrograph is found to be 66 nm, which is the range of optimum thickness for this type of application.
{"title":"Optimizing chemical bath deposition of cadmium sulfide for CuInGaSe based semi-transparent photovoltaics","authors":"Md. Mayrazul Hoque, Md. Zunaid Baten, Md. Abdullah Zubair, R. Sajjad","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744213","url":null,"abstract":"A novel application of thin-film photovoltaics is the Semi-Transparent Photovoltaics (STPV) for building integrated applications, where CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based solar cells can be a major candidate. To get the optimum efficiency for a given visible transparency, each layer in the thin-film stack needs to be optimized. In this paper, we optimize the cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer for the CIGS based STPV using the chemical bath deposition technique. Several samples are deposited on clear glass and the highest visible transparency (71%) is found for the deposition time of 20 minutes, solution temperature of 80°C, stirring rate of 200 rpm and cadmium-sulfur reactant ratio of 1:10. The thickness measured from SEM micrograph is found to be 66 nm, which is the range of optimum thickness for this type of application.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124662389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744147
Kasfia Zaman, M. Mowla
Radio access networks (RAN) are going through a paradigm shift by introducing disaggregation towards 5G and beyond (B5G) for providing customer support in the terminal of the wireless networks. Recently, several efforts are running on implementing open RAN (O-RAN) architecture introduced by O-RAN allinace. The fronthaul link between distributed unit (DU) and radio unit (RU) needs high capacity solutions for upcoming traffic demands emerged from new applications and use cases. Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is considered as a high capacity solutions from last couple of years in the wireless domain for its enormous bandwidth but still faces challenges for channel modeling due to its inherent characteristics of absorption and path loss. In this research, mmWave fronthauling in an O-RAN architecture has been considered with flexible reconfigured RU states with movable DU placements. Human obstruction has a drastic effect on mmWave links. Thus, it has been studied briefly in this scenario considering different mmWave bands (28 GHz, 60 GHz, and 73 GHz). The received power variation along with channel capacity and path loss have been investigated with respect to several RUs and DUs separation distance. These investigations may be utilized to demonstrate the potential of using mmWave bands and its suitability in fronthauling design for future B5G networks.
{"title":"A Millimeter Wave Fronthauling Solution for Open RAN Paradigm in 5G and Beyond Networks","authors":"Kasfia Zaman, M. Mowla","doi":"10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTP53732.2021.9744147","url":null,"abstract":"Radio access networks (RAN) are going through a paradigm shift by introducing disaggregation towards 5G and beyond (B5G) for providing customer support in the terminal of the wireless networks. Recently, several efforts are running on implementing open RAN (O-RAN) architecture introduced by O-RAN allinace. The fronthaul link between distributed unit (DU) and radio unit (RU) needs high capacity solutions for upcoming traffic demands emerged from new applications and use cases. Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is considered as a high capacity solutions from last couple of years in the wireless domain for its enormous bandwidth but still faces challenges for channel modeling due to its inherent characteristics of absorption and path loss. In this research, mmWave fronthauling in an O-RAN architecture has been considered with flexible reconfigured RU states with movable DU placements. Human obstruction has a drastic effect on mmWave links. Thus, it has been studied briefly in this scenario considering different mmWave bands (28 GHz, 60 GHz, and 73 GHz). The received power variation along with channel capacity and path loss have been investigated with respect to several RUs and DUs separation distance. These investigations may be utilized to demonstrate the potential of using mmWave bands and its suitability in fronthauling design for future B5G networks.","PeriodicalId":328336,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130034098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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