Chemical Reviews最新文献

The growing demand for ever-higher-energy-density Li-ion batteries has accelerated the development of Ni-rich transition metal (TM) oxide cathodes. Despite their potential, unsolved degradation mechanisms continue to limit their practical capacity and cycle life. Single-crystalline morphologies have emerged as a promising solution, offering superior mechanical and structural stability compared to polycrystalline cathodes. Nevertheless, degradation still occurs, driven by atomic-scale instabilities, interfacial side reactions, and particle-level mechanical strain. To address these challenges, this review systematically examines cathode development from the atomic to cell level and provides critical insight into how different material design strategies can enhance long-term performance.

For most organic chemists, glycosylation is associated with strictly anhydrous conditions. However, carbohydrate chemists may have noticed several high-impact papers on glycosylation in water or aqueous media over the past decade, highlighting its emergence as a promising area. In fact, glycosylation in water or aqueous media dates back to the earliest days of chemical glycosylation. Here we discuss the various types of glycosylation performed in the presence of water, including O-, N-, S-, C-, and Se-glycosylations. For each type, we examine the different approaches developed since the pioneering work of Koenigs and Knorr, who reported the first O-glycosylation in an aqueous medium. The reaction types span a wide range, from common substitution and addition reactions, radical-mediated processes, and anomeric O-, N-, or S-alkylations to metal-catalyzed reactions. Although glycosylations in water are more common than often assumed, the field remains underdeveloped. Protecting groups are still required in many cases; yet, dedicated strategies are lacking, and most protocols rely on glycosyl acceptors that are more nucleophilic than water or on chemistries where water is a poor competitor (e.g., radical processes). This review provides an overview of the field as of early 2025, and we hope it will inspire further development of chemical glycosylation in water.

Sodium/potassium-ion storage devices have ushered in a turning point in development, becoming a new trend in energy storage devices after lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Carbonaceous material, as a very promising negative electrode for sodium- and potassium-ion storage electrodes, has been widely studied and applied. Clarifying the energy storage mechanism of carbonaceous materials to guide the controllable synthesis of carbon is a key issue in carbon science. Electrochemical behavior is usually the most intuitive representation of the understanding of the mechanism and structural changes of material energy storage. Obtaining the regularity information on carbonaceous materials from electrochemical characteristic curves is a valuable consideration. In order to comprehensively and profoundly understand the structural properties of carbonaceous materials and the electrochemical reaction regularity characteristics brought about by carbon structure changes, this review starts with modeling electrochemical curves, systematically summarizes the structural characteristics of carbonaceous materials corresponding to each model and analyzes the transformation regulation among models, providing comprehensive insights and guidance for mastering the sodium/potassium-ion storage characteristics of carbonaceous materials. The preparation, modification, and large-scale application of carbonaceous materials have been systematically summarized. In addition, our perspectives on the future development of carbonaceous materials for energy storage applications are provided.

Heme is one of the most versatile cofactors in nature from its role in oxygen transport and sensing, bioenergetics, and enzyme catalysis and is therefore an ideal regulatory molecule in responding to the redox status of the cell. However, due to both its redox reactivity and hydrophobicity, heme requires tight regulation at the level of its synthesis and degradation. Increasingly, the role of heme as a signaling and regulatory molecule and the tight regulation of heme biosynthesis and degradation beg the question of how heme is trafficked for optimal distribution and biological function. Herein we review the current understanding of heme trafficking in the context of its role as a regulatory molecule, the labile exchange of heme, and its integration into the overall regulation of heme biosynthesis and degradation. Additionally, the critical role of heme in metabolic regulation, cardiovascular function, and the immune response underscores a greater need to understand the complex regulatory roles of heme and the consequence of its dysregulation in a variety of disease states.

Chromatin serves to organize and compact the genome but also functions as a signaling hub for the dynamic regulation of transcriptional programs that control cell type specification. The historical discovery that several pro-differentiation anti-cancer agents target chromatin regulatory enzymes buoyed early interest in developing drugs that modulate chromatin structure and function. Chromatin-based drug discovery has since flourished alongside major advances in discovery chemistry and target selection, producing a rich collection of chemical probes, drugs, and drug candidates targeting chromatin regulatory processes. The substantial growth and maturity of this field over the last several decades provides an opportunity to reflect on the successes and failures associated with translating chromatin regulatory targets into anti-cancer drugs. Taking a target-centric perspective, we discuss the motivation for pursuing specific chromatin regulatory proteins and review the chemistries that enabled small molecule discovery and development. In so doing, we hope to evaluate the strength of these targets, the agents that prosecute them, and the prospects for future efforts in this field.

Molecular spectroscopic bioassay and flow cytometry are mainstream methods for disease biomarker analysis, which gained great successes in the past. However, as rapid progresses of omics research, conventional spectroscopic methods often confront two thorny challenges. First, the molecular spectroscopic tags are often subject to spectral overlapping interference for complex multitarget analysis. Second, current bioanalytical strategies are constantly challenged by inadequate analytical sensitivity. Mass spectrometry, characterized by its high-throughput sampling method, inherent abundance of detection channels, diverse detection strategies, and high-resolution linear spectra, has been extensively utilized in biosensing and emerged as a potent tool for omics analysis. In this context, mass nanotags are considered beneficial tags to realize multiplex and sensitive analysis by mass spectrometric bioassay and mass cytometry. Nanoparticles are capable of integrating multiple mass labels in a single tag, which in turn results in high signal intensities in mass spectrometric analysis. Herein, this review summarizes strategies for the synthesis, design, and application of mass nanotags, providing a comprehensive overview of research on such mass spectrometric tags. In addition, this review describes the challenges and cutting-edge research results on the use of nanotags for mass spectrometry biosensing, providing insights into how mass nanotags could be more broadly applied to complex and challenging analytical tasks.

Polymer chains entangle when they are sufficiently long, dense, and mobile, comprising the microstructure of polymers. Entangled polymer chains cannot pass each other, but they slip and transmit tension to other polymer chains, showing unique effects on elastic and viscoelastic properties, as well as fracture properties. This review discusses recent advancements in understanding the relationship between entanglements and fracture. A summary of various fracture properties, including toughness, strength, stretchability, work of fracture, fatigue threshold, and endurance limit, across different polymeric systems, including gels, elastomers, and plastics, is provided with discussions on the role of entanglements. A thorough understanding of how entanglements affect fracture properties will enable a rational design of mechanically durable polymers and provide insights into inferring polymer structures from fracture properties.

Single-crystal materials have attracted growing interest in battery research due to their well-defined crystallographic orientation, absence of grain boundaries, and enhanced mechanical and electrochemical stability. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, structural evolution, and performance optimization of single-crystal electrodes and solid electrolytes. Particular focus is placed on the application of advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, including operando synchrotron diffraction, reciprocal space mapping, and Bragg coherent diffraction imaging, which have enabled in-depth investigations of lattice strain, cation disorder, phase transitions, and defect formation. Representative case studies across Ni-rich layered oxides, spinel-type cathodes, and garnet-based electrolytes are examined to highlight the structural features unique to single crystals. Additionally, the synergistic integration of XRD with machine learning, tomography, and spectroscopy is discussed as a powerful direction for real-time analysis and predictive modeling. These insights provide critical guidance for the rational design of high-performance single-crystal materials in lithium, sodium, and solid-state battery systems.

Extremely fast-charging (XFC) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for eliminating “charging anxiety” and accelerating the adoption of electric transportation, including electric vehicles and electric aircraft. However, two obstacles to achieving XFC in commercial LIBs are slow electrochemical kinetics and failure uncertainty, which lead to challenges such as limited capacity, rapid energy loss, and severe safety concerns under high-power charging. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of current research on XFC LIBs is essential to guide academia and industry in advancing XFC technology. This review examines the complex challenges, improvement strategies, issue detection, and advanced prediction methods related to XFC lithium-ion batteries. First, we analyze the physicochemical conflicts and key limitations affecting fast charging. Next, we discuss multiscale modulation strategies to enhance ion and electron transport. We also outline current detection and characterization techniques for diagnosing XFC failure mechanisms. To clarify safety boundaries, we explore multidimensional prediction methods for proactive risk identification. Finally, we highlight future research directions essential for further advancements in XFC technology.