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Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.07
Mateusz Napierała
The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.
这篇文章的目的是介绍铁在古埃及的使用,直到后期开始。通过对保存下来的物品及其碎片的分析,可以展示这种金属的冶金发展,这些物品和碎片显示了人们对这种新原料的学习和逐渐采用各种铁加工方法的后续阶段。由于在后期之前没有任何铁加工车间的痕迹,对保存下来的铁制品的分析将使这种金属冶金发展的后续阶段得以重建。与物品同样重要的是埃及人获得铁的来源和进口铁的路线,因为它们的存在是冶金学发展和传播的基本要求之一。在研究铁治疗的发展过程中,有描述铁的术语的文献也会有所帮助。此外,通过审查其使用背景,将有可能丰富有关这种金属的冶金知识。对上述各点的分析将使我们对埃及的铁冶金有一个完整的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Ceramika malowana z wczesnej epoki żelaza vs. nowożytna ceramika biała. Rozważania o magii i o „odczarowaniu świata”
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.06
M. Markiewicz
The article contrasts two chronologically distinct groups of artifacts: painted ceramics from the Hallstatt period and the so-called white ceramics, produced until the end of modernity. They are related by means of the technique of covering a bright surface with colorful patterns and the stylistic similarity of certain geometric motifs. However, the ideas behind creating these pictorial representations were completely different. In the article, painted vessels from the Hallstatt period and modernity will be the starting point for detailed studies on magical and rational thinking about the world. It was in the Renaissance that, according to the concept of the sociologist and philosopher Max Weber (1864‒1920), a “disenchantment of the world”, took place ‒ e.g. the departure from the magical understanding of reality. Early Iron Age and Modernity ceramics will illustrate this process.
这篇文章对比了两组按时间顺序不同的文物:哈尔施塔特时期的彩绘陶瓷和所谓的白色陶瓷,直到现代性结束才生产出来。它们通过用彩色图案覆盖明亮表面的技术以及某些几何图案的风格相似性而联系起来。然而,在创造这些图像表现背后的想法是完全不同的。在本文中,哈尔施塔特时期和现代的彩绘容器将成为详细研究魔法和理性思考世界的起点。根据社会学家和哲学家马克斯·韦伯(1864-1920)的概念,正是在文艺复兴时期,发生了“对世界的祛魅”——例如,脱离了对现实的神奇理解。早期铁器时代和现代陶瓷将说明这一过程。
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引用次数: 0
Use-wear analysis of copper-alloy artifacts. A window of opportunity or a dead end? 铜合金工件的使用磨损分析。机会之窗还是死胡同?
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.04
Marcin Kasprowicz
A world seen through the lenses of a microscope can lead to exceptional discoveries. Regarding archaeology, it can grant us knowledge about the possible usage of certain artifacts in the past. Previously unrecognized and unclassified fragments of flint and bone can be reinterpreted as a completely different item. Throughout the years there were a small few astounding scientist who laid foundations and improved on this part of archaeology. In this already tight-knit group of researchers there is an even smaller group of people who are interested in applying use-wear analysis to copper-alloy artifacts. It is quite a different approach. You still look for signs of usage or any other traces but the difference in material and overall structure of an artifact makes for quite a difficult task. The multiple issues and setbacks such as corrosion, acidity of the soil, the composition of alloys, conservation or simple mismanagement of an artifact can lead to a lot of misleading conclusions. Despite all those problem you can still gather data from use-wear analysis on metal. But can it be used in forming any sort of narrative or is just a “collection of pretty pictures”?
通过显微镜镜头看到的世界可以带来非凡的发现。关于考古学,它可以让我们了解某些文物在过去的可能用途。以前未被识别和分类的燧石和骨头碎片可以被重新解释为完全不同的物品。多年来,有一小部分令人惊叹的科学家奠定了基础,并改进了这部分考古学。在这个已经紧密结合的研究小组中,还有一个更小的小组对将使用磨损分析应用于铜合金制品感兴趣。这是一种完全不同的方法。你仍然在寻找使用的迹象或任何其他痕迹,但是在材料和整体结构上的差异使得这项任务变得相当困难。诸如腐蚀、土壤酸度、合金成分、文物保护或简单的管理不善等多重问题和挫折可能导致许多误导性的结论。尽管存在这些问题,你仍然可以从金属的使用磨损分析中收集数据。但它能被用来形成任何形式的叙事,还是只是一个“漂亮的图片集合”?
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引用次数: 0
„Fortece na bagnach”. Pierwsze interdyscyplinarne badania stanowiska z późnej epoki brązu w Jatwiezi Dużej (Polska północno-wschodnia)
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.10
K. Żurek, A. Wawrusiewicz, T. Kalicki, Jakub Niebieszczański, A. Piasecki, Cezary Bahyrycz
The phenomenon of functioning of fortified settlements of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in northern Podlasie (North-Eastern Poland) is a relatively new research problem, on which the knowledge is a result of research conducted in the last several years. The aim of the paper is to present the preliminary results of the interdisciplinary research of the Jatwieź Duża site (district of Suchowola, Sokółka County, Podlaskie voivodeship). The research area is located in the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Brzozówka valley (left tributary of Biebrza River), in the Biebrza Basin. The described site is characterized by an oval form of anthropogenic origin, which indicates a permanent or temporary settlement in the prehistory. This object is one of many similar forms currently being discovered in Podlasie region.This form is build by two distinct trench rings separated by earth embankment and a central flat elevation with a diameter of about 60 m. A geophysical survey (geomagnetic and GPR) was carried out. They registered a series of anomalies, forming two rings which relate to the relief of the site. Archaeological excavation was made in the north-west direction. It was 25 m long and 2 m wide, crossing the embankment and both trenches.. In the course of archaeological excavations, ten objects were discovered with fragments of ceramics and a few flint tools. Preliminary results of archaeological research indicate that this structure was use by the communities of Urnfield culture in the Bronze Age.
波德拉西北部(波兰东北部)青铜时代晚期和铁器时代早期的强化定居点的功能现象是一个相对较新的研究问题,这方面的知识是过去几年研究的结果。本文的目的是介绍jatwie波兰Duża站点(Sokółka县Suchowola区,Podlaskie省)跨学科研究的初步结果。研究区位于别布尔扎盆地Brzozówka山谷(别布尔扎河左支流)的Podlaskie省。所描述的遗址的特点是人类起源的椭圆形,这表明在史前有一个永久或临时的定居点。这个天体是目前在波德拉西地区发现的许多类似形式之一。这种形式由两个截然不同的沟环组成,由土堤防和直径约60米的中央平坦海拔隔开。进行了地球物理调查(地磁和探地雷达)。他们记录了一系列异常现象,形成了两个环,这与该遗址的起伏有关。考古发掘是在西北方向进行的。它长25米,宽2米,横跨堤岸和两条壕沟。在考古发掘过程中,发现了十件带有陶瓷碎片和一些燧石工具的物品。考古研究的初步结果表明,在青铜时代,这个结构被恩菲尔德文化社区所使用。
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引用次数: 0
Archeological and anthropological approaches to the ontology of the Dewil Valley landscapes (Palawan, Philippines) 德威尔山谷景观本体的考古学和人类学研究方法(菲律宾巴拉望岛)
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.05
Z. Kowalczyk
This paper is a discussion of the theoretical conceptualization of past landscapes and the limitations of archaeology in providing objectivistic interpretations. Analyzing a case study of the Dewil Valley landscape I will argue that the sciences about the past emerged based on the “Western” research paradigm. Therefore, local ontologies are often overlooked in archaeological narratives. In this article, I will present the ontologies of the indigenous Tagbanua people, contemporary beliefs related to the landscape, and theoretical approaches presented by researchers. I will argue that ontology can be complex and ambivalent, and that archaeological sources do not always indicate these dynamics.
本文讨论了过去景观的理论概念化以及考古学在提供客观解释方面的局限性。通过对德威尔山谷景观的一个案例分析,我将论证关于过去的科学是基于“西方”研究范式出现的。因此,地方本体在考古叙事中往往被忽视。在这篇文章中,我将介绍土著塔巴努阿人的本体论,与景观有关的当代信仰,以及研究人员提出的理论方法。我将论证本体论可能是复杂和矛盾的,而且考古资料并不总是表明这些动态。
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引用次数: 0
Problem sztuki naskalnej w Polsce
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.08
M. Pankiewicz
It is assumed that occurrence of Palaeolithic cave art in Central and Eastern Europe is not typical for this part of the continent, as it is difficult to consider its few examples as a result of solely poor preservation. Looking into this issue from the perspective of region of modern Poland, several questions arise: Why is it registered on so few sites, and is it truly an atypical phenomenon for the region? In problem discussion, there are three key elements: research interest, state of preservation, and competences needed for making a discovery. These elements, covered in following paper, explicitly suggest that in terms of Polish cave sites, we do not possess enough information to conclude which type of occurrence we are dealing with.
据推测,旧石器时代洞穴艺术在中欧和东欧的出现在欧洲大陆的这一部分并不具有代表性,因为很难将其为数不多的例子视为仅仅是保存不良的结果。从现代波兰地区的角度来看这个问题,会产生几个问题:为什么它在这么少的网站上注册,它真的是该地区的非典型现象吗?在问题讨论中,有三个关键要素:研究兴趣、保存状态和做出发现所需的能力。以下文件所述的这些因素明确表明,就波兰洞穴遗址而言,我们没有足够的资料来断定我们正在处理的是哪种类型的事件。
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引用次数: 0
Popularyzacja archeologii na przykładzie rezerwatu archeologicznego w Kaliszu-Zawodziu 以卡利什-扎沃济考古保护区为例普及考古学
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.09
Paulina Przepiórka
The subject of this article is the analysis of the activities conducted by the Archaeological Reserve in Kalisz-Zawodzie and its role in education and popularization of archaeology. It is based on the results of conducted quantitative and qualitative research surveys among visitors to the reserve and residents of Kalisz, including students of one of the primary schools, and interviews with experts. On their basis, the profile of visitors, the motivation they were guided by and their perception of the reserve and its offer were determined. In order to improve the image of the reserve and develop an appropriate offer, an original program and organizational concept for the discussed facility was created on the basis of the collected information.
本文的主题是分析卡利兹-扎沃齐考古保护区开展的活动及其在考古教育和普及中的作用。该报告是根据对保护区游客和Kalisz居民(包括一所小学的学生)进行的定量和定性研究调查的结果以及对专家的采访得出的。在此基础上,确定了游客的概况、他们被引导的动机以及他们对保护区及其提供的服务的看法。为了改善保护区的形象并提供适当的服务,在收集到的信息的基础上,为讨论的设施创建了一个原始的计划和组织概念。
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引用次数: 0
Instruments for diagnostic and treatment purposes from the la Tène period in Central Europe. 中欧la t<e:1>时期用于诊断和治疗的仪器。
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.02
L. Buresova
Sources of knowledge of treatment practices in the La Tène period in Central Europe are limited. Archaeologists very often classify findings on the basis of their personal opinions which are not substantiated by evidence. The theories that have been proposed so far are not widely accepted by the academics. Artefacts that are expected to be used for diagnostics and treatment are not usually chosen to deduce the form and processes of therapeutic practice in the La Tène period. The main issue of the topic is the possibility to distinguish between tools for therapeutic procedures and artefacts created for other purposes. However, there is also the question of whether it is possible to distinguish between tools originating from Central Europe and tools originating in the Roman or Greek environment, artefacts which originated in the studied period from medieval or modern objects, and the real artefacts, for which there are no suitable analogies, from counterfeits created in the 18th‒19th centuries. For this purpose, specific debatable sets of artefacts are used. The goal of the research is to clarify the real purpose of the examined artefacts, for which it was previously proposed that they were used for therapy or diagnostics in the La Tène period. The results of the review and analysis of the artefacts have their explanatory ability about the state of practice in the studied geographical area.
中欧关于La t时期治疗实践的知识来源有限。考古学家经常根据他们个人的观点对发现进行分类,而这些观点没有证据支持。到目前为止提出的理论还没有被学术界广泛接受。通常不选择用于诊断和治疗的人工制品来推断La t时期治疗实践的形式和过程。该主题的主要问题是区分用于治疗程序的工具和用于其他目的的人工制品的可能性。然而,还有一个问题是,是否有可能区分源自中欧的工具和源自罗马或希腊环境的工具,在研究期间源自中世纪或现代物品的人工制品,以及真实的人工制品,没有合适的类比,来自18 - 19世纪创造的赝品。为此目的,使用了特定的有争议的工件集。这项研究的目的是澄清这些被检查的文物的真正目的,因为之前有人提出它们在La t时期被用于治疗或诊断。对文物的审查和分析结果对所研究地理区域的实践状况具有一定的解释力。
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引用次数: 0
Panowie i niewolnicy – gospodarka okresu halsztackiego
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.03
Tomasz Gralak
During the Hallstatt period in Central Europe, profound cultural, economic, and social changes occurred. This is due to the emergence of new technologies ‒ primarily iron metallurgy. Another element is the vicinity of the dominant economic system, i.e., the broadly understood Mediterranean civi-lization, especially the Etruscan cities in Italy. These asymmetrical relationships forced social changes in the areas north of the Alps. An important factor was probably the slave trade, which forced violence and armed struggle. This resulted in a progressive militarization, which is visible through the construction of defensive settlements and the strengthening of farms. The consequence was extreme social stratification and the domination of aristocratic elites. Thus, the stability of such a system depended on the relationship with the dominant partner. In a situation of disruption of relationships, a crisis must have arisen, resulting in the collapse of this culture model.
在哈尔施塔特时期,中欧发生了深刻的文化、经济和社会变革。这是由于新技术的出现-主要是铁冶金。另一个因素是靠近主导的经济体系,即被广泛理解的地中海文明,特别是意大利的伊特鲁里亚城市。这种不对称的关系迫使阿尔卑斯山以北地区发生了社会变化。一个重要的因素可能是奴隶贸易,它迫使暴力和武装斗争。这导致了逐步的军事化,这可以从防御性定居点的建设和农场的加强中看到。其结果是极端的社会分层和贵族精英的统治。因此,这样一个系统的稳定性取决于与主导伙伴的关系。在关系破裂的情况下,一定会出现危机,导致这种文化模式的崩溃。
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引用次数: 0
Eugeniusz Tomczak, Anita Szczepanek, Paweł Jarosz, Gogolin-Strzebniów, stanowisko 12. Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej na Wyżynie Śląskiej. Seria: Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne, t. 11 (red. K. Dzięgielewski)
Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.14746/fpp.2022.27.11
J. Żychlińska
Eugeniusz Tomczak, Anita Szczepanek, Paweł Jarosz, Gogolin-Strzebniów, stanowisko 12. Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej na Wyżynie Śląskiej.Seria: Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne, t. 11 (red. K. Dzięgielewski), Wydawnictwo: Stowarzyszenie Archeologów Terenowych „Stater”,  Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, Pękowice 2021Recenzowana publikacja wydana nakładem wydawnictw Stowarzyszenia Archeologów Terenowych „Stater” oraz Profil-Archeo jest jedną z trzech, poza Trestą Rządową i Radomiem-Wośnikami, monografii poświęconych nekropolom ludności kultury łużyckiej, jakie do tej pory ukazały się w serii Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne. Książka, licząca 147 stron formatu A4 wraz z 97 rycinami oraz 5 tabelami, składa się z 11 części, z czego 4 ostatnie są analizami specjalistycznymi.
Eugeniusz Tomczak, Anita Szczepanek, Paweł Jarosz, Gogolin-Strzebniów, position 12. 西里西亚高原的卢萨西亚文化墓地.系列:Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne,第 11 卷(编辑:K.Dzięgielewski), Publisher: Association of Territorial Archaeologists "Stater", Profil-Archeo Publishing House, Pękowice 2021由国土考古学家协会出版社 "Stater "和 Profil-Archeo 出版社出版的这本评论性出版物是迄今为止在《Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne》系列中出版的三本专著之一,除《Tresta Rządowa 》和《Radom-Wośniki》外,还有一本专门介绍卢萨特文化人墓地的专著。该书共 147 页 A4 纸,有 97 张图和 5 张表,由 11 个部分组成,其中最后 4 部分是专家分析。
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引用次数: 0
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Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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