In this paper, we argue that the combination of task modeling with abstract prototyping improves the effectiveness of the user interface design at an early stage of the development process. Currently there is no effective way to connect popular task and presentation based formalisms (e.g. ConcurTask Trees -- CTTs and Canonical Abstract Prototypes -- CAPs) in interactive system development. Here we present and illustrate an approach that relates CTTs with CAPs under the common semantics of the UML 2.0. We find that an abstract prototype is more suitable as a starting point to represent and infer the task structure that supports the user interaction. Our approach is supported by the DialogSketch tool, which enables the creation, design and editing of a UML version of CAPs and CTTs that can be co-edited and simulated in an innovative way that leverages effective and usable simulation of abstract user-interfaces.
{"title":"DialogSketch: dynamics of the canonical prototypes","authors":"Leonel Nóbrega, N. Nunes, H. Coelho","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122940","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we argue that the combination of task modeling with abstract prototyping improves the effectiveness of the user interface design at an early stage of the development process. Currently there is no effective way to connect popular task and presentation based formalisms (e.g. ConcurTask Trees -- CTTs and Canonical Abstract Prototypes -- CAPs) in interactive system development. Here we present and illustrate an approach that relates CTTs with CAPs under the common semantics of the UML 2.0. We find that an abstract prototype is more suitable as a starting point to represent and infer the task structure that supports the user interaction. Our approach is supported by the DialogSketch tool, which enables the creation, design and editing of a UML version of CAPs and CTTs that can be co-edited and simulated in an innovative way that leverages effective and usable simulation of abstract user-interfaces.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128823985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper takes a pragmatic approach to the design of a task analysis support tool. Instead of proposing a new approach to analysis, it looks at the common requirements for providing support to a wide range of task analysis practitioners, each applying their own style of analysis. The paper describes the range of activities undertaken when practicing what is commonly referred to as "task analysis". It is proposed that users will only tolerate a level of syntactical complexity in a tool that is sufficient to meet their task analysis needs. Further complexity becomes a barrier to use. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) is selected as the method to be supported because it is a widely used, generic approach that is also the basis of a number of more specialized methods. A commercial tool supporting these requirements is described along with the benefits that may be accrued through its use.
{"title":"TaskArchitect: taking the work out of task analysis","authors":"Jonathan Stuart, Richard Penn","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045473","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes a pragmatic approach to the design of a task analysis support tool. Instead of proposing a new approach to analysis, it looks at the common requirements for providing support to a wide range of task analysis practitioners, each applying their own style of analysis. The paper describes the range of activities undertaken when practicing what is commonly referred to as \"task analysis\". It is proposed that users will only tolerate a level of syntactical complexity in a tool that is sufficient to meet their task analysis needs. Further complexity becomes a barrier to use. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) is selected as the method to be supported because it is a widely used, generic approach that is also the basis of a number of more specialized methods. A commercial tool supporting these requirements is described along with the benefits that may be accrued through its use.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121255025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a Multiple User Interfaces (MUI) context, several models must be defined and adapted (tasks, user, domain...). Abstract models are progressively enriched in concrete models using pattern libraries and filtering processes. In this paper, we define the central role of the interaction model in MUI design and specification. This model manages the interaction between the user and the application, and ensures the link between task models, abstract interfaces and the functional core of the application. In our approach, we use AMF, a multi-agent and multi-facet architecture, to define the interaction model. We describe the structure and behavior of an AMF-based interactive system that provides multiple user interfaces.
{"title":"Task models and interaction models in a multiple user interfaces generation process","authors":"Kinan Samaan, F. Tarpin-Bernard","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045471","url":null,"abstract":"In a Multiple User Interfaces (MUI) context, several models must be defined and adapted (tasks, user, domain...). Abstract models are progressively enriched in concrete models using pattern libraries and filtering processes. In this paper, we define the central role of the interaction model in MUI design and specification. This model manages the interaction between the user and the application, and ensures the link between task models, abstract interfaces and the functional core of the application. In our approach, we use AMF, a multi-agent and multi-facet architecture, to define the interaction model. We describe the structure and behavior of an AMF-based interactive system that provides multiple user interfaces.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"363 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121650304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much information and knowledge work (with and without information technology) can be characterised as multitasking and interrupt driven. A whole host of characterisations and buzzwords imply an increase in the number of roles, tasks/activities, IT artefacts, interruptions and exceptions that people have to deal with. This provides a challenge for Task Analysis approaches as they have historically focussed around single tasks and users.A preliminary version of a composite modelling approach (the Composite Multitasking Model) is presented that draws from approaches that model task, events, interruptions, exceptions and the temporal aspects of tasks. As well consideration of how information about multiple tasks is elicited, we apply the approach to the modelling of data from our own studies.
{"title":"Towards a composite modelling approach for multitasking","authors":"P. Wild, P. Johnson, H. Johnson","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045452","url":null,"abstract":"Much information and knowledge work (with and without information technology) can be characterised as multitasking and interrupt driven. A whole host of characterisations and buzzwords imply an increase in the number of roles, tasks/activities, IT artefacts, interruptions and exceptions that people have to deal with. This provides a challenge for Task Analysis approaches as they have historically focussed around single tasks and users.A preliminary version of a composite modelling approach (the Composite Multitasking Model) is presented that draws from approaches that model task, events, interruptions, exceptions and the temporal aspects of tasks. As well consideration of how information about multiple tasks is elicited, we apply the approach to the modelling of data from our own studies.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127160070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usability evaluation of an information visualization technique can only be done by the joint evaluation of both the visual representation and the interaction techniques. This work proposes task models as a key element for carrying out such evaluations in a structured way. We base our work on a taxonomy abstracting from rendering functions supported by information visualization techniques. CTTE is used to model these abstract visual tasks as well as to generate scenarios from this model for evaluation purposes. We conclude that the use of task models allows generating test scenarios which are more effective than informal and unstructured evaluations.
{"title":"Tasks and scenario-based evaluation of information visualization techniques","authors":"M. Winckler, Philippe A. Palanque, C. Freitas","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045475","url":null,"abstract":"Usability evaluation of an information visualization technique can only be done by the joint evaluation of both the visual representation and the interaction techniques. This work proposes task models as a key element for carrying out such evaluations in a structured way. We base our work on a taxonomy abstracting from rendering functions supported by information visualization techniques. CTTE is used to model these abstract visual tasks as well as to generate scenarios from this model for evaluation purposes. We conclude that the use of task models allows generating test scenarios which are more effective than informal and unstructured evaluations.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125186483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the emergence of the pattern approach for software design researchers, software engineers and designers have started an intense discussion on patterns. This topic gained currency and is still evident in recent publications. Since then, debate has contained many conflicting theories, approaches, and ideas on the nature of patterns and their use in making the software development process more efficient.
{"title":"Different types of patterns for online-booking systems","authors":"C. Teuber, P. Forbrig","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045464","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of the pattern approach for software design researchers, software engineers and designers have started an intense discussion on patterns. This topic gained currency and is still evident in recent publications. Since then, debate has contained many conflicting theories, approaches, and ideas on the nature of patterns and their use in making the software development process more efficient.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115369065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What is the point of modelling anything - why don't we simply get on with the job of designing and building interactive systems using our intuitions, creative genius, experience and knowledge. This is an argument often put forward in certain areas. We do use all the above when we design and build systems and we still get them wrong, often in serious ways that mostly only cost in terns of time or money. Models do not necessarily allow us to avoid the mistakes and pitfalls of design, a model is only an abstraction over detail, a representation of something that we believe is of relevance, interest and/or concern. We have to be creative, ingenius, experienced and knowledgeable in our development and use of models in design. Models do not exist for themselves, and people who engage in developing and using models are not doing that purely for the purpose of developing or perpetuating the use of a particular model. In my view modelling is a way to further understanding, and as our understanding progresses so should the models we use. In this respect I want to consider how my understanding of interaction has progressed and with that my attempts to model aspects of interaction that I am trying to understand so that I might use that understanding to improve interaction design. That means that while task modelling has been and still is important it is not a be all and end all.
{"title":"Interactions, collaborations and breakdowns","authors":"P. Johnson","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045448","url":null,"abstract":"What is the point of modelling anything - why don't we simply get on with the job of designing and building interactive systems using our intuitions, creative genius, experience and knowledge. This is an argument often put forward in certain areas. We do use all the above when we design and build systems and we still get them wrong, often in serious ways that mostly only cost in terns of time or money. Models do not necessarily allow us to avoid the mistakes and pitfalls of design, a model is only an abstraction over detail, a representation of something that we believe is of relevance, interest and/or concern. We have to be creative, ingenius, experienced and knowledgeable in our development and use of models in design. Models do not exist for themselves, and people who engage in developing and using models are not doing that purely for the purpose of developing or perpetuating the use of a particular model. In my view modelling is a way to further understanding, and as our understanding progresses so should the models we use. In this respect I want to consider how my understanding of interaction has progressed and with that my attempts to model aspects of interaction that I am trying to understand so that I might use that understanding to improve interaction design. That means that while task modelling has been and still is important it is not a be all and end all.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128648282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently very few techniques are available to support the design of Augmented and Mixed Reality (MR) systems. Task elicitation is more complex for MR systems than for traditional information systems. Having multiple sources of information and two worlds of interaction (real and virtual) involves making choices about what to attend to and when. Interaction based on traditional input and output devices is not effective in a mixed scenario. It distracts the user from the task at hand and may create a severe cognitive seam. Understanding, formalizing and modeling such aspects can help designers to assess interaction at all the stages of development. We are interested in focused applications that require the user's hand free for real world tasks and to understand how the user's task focus drives designing MR systems. The contribution of this paper is twofold: it first illustrates the specific requirements posed by such systems and then it shows through a study case that there is currently no complete support to model these aspects among the tools commonly employed for task modeling.
{"title":"Focus-based design of mixed reality systems","authors":"D. Trevisan, M. Gemo, J. Vanderdonckt, B. Macq","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045458","url":null,"abstract":"Currently very few techniques are available to support the design of Augmented and Mixed Reality (MR) systems. Task elicitation is more complex for MR systems than for traditional information systems. Having multiple sources of information and two worlds of interaction (real and virtual) involves making choices about what to attend to and when. Interaction based on traditional input and output devices is not effective in a mixed scenario. It distracts the user from the task at hand and may create a severe cognitive seam. Understanding, formalizing and modeling such aspects can help designers to assess interaction at all the stages of development. We are interested in focused applications that require the user's hand free for real world tasks and to understand how the user's task focus drives designing MR systems. The contribution of this paper is twofold: it first illustrates the specific requirements posed by such systems and then it shows through a study case that there is currently no complete support to model these aspects among the tools commonly employed for task modeling.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122299109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Furtado, Vasco Furtado, K. Sousa, J. Vanderdonckt, Q. Limbourg
This research presents a multidisciplinary approach aimed at generating multiple Abstract User Interfaces (AUIs), which are adaptable for different kinds of users, performing different tasks, using specific devices in various physical environments. The UI generation framework, called IKnowU, is based on a unified process for interactive system design, which integrates Software Engineering (SE), and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) best practices. This framework is supported by KnowiXML, a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) that facilitates the application of models and the allocation of appropriate visual elements during the generation of AUIs. These AUIs are generated by using problem solving methods studied in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Design knowledge encoded in KnowiXML uniformly manipulates models and UI specifications through the use of an User Interface Description Language (UIDL).
{"title":"KnowiXML: a knowledge-based system generating multiple abstract user interfaces in USIXML","authors":"E. Furtado, Vasco Furtado, K. Sousa, J. Vanderdonckt, Q. Limbourg","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045469","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents a multidisciplinary approach aimed at generating multiple Abstract User Interfaces (AUIs), which are adaptable for different kinds of users, performing different tasks, using specific devices in various physical environments. The UI generation framework, called IKnowU, is based on a unified process for interactive system design, which integrates Software Engineering (SE), and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) best practices. This framework is supported by KnowiXML, a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) that facilitates the application of models and the allocation of appropriate visual elements during the generation of AUIs. These AUIs are generated by using problem solving methods studied in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Design knowledge encoded in KnowiXML uniformly manipulates models and UI specifications through the use of an User Interface Description Language (UIDL).","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129667042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Participatory Task Modelling (PTM) is an approach to systems development that combines the strengths of the task analysis and participatory design traditions. This paper briefly reviews the strengths and weaknesses of standard participatory design and task analysis methods and presents PTM as a practical approach that integrates the best of both. We describe techniques for the participatory development of models of the users' current tasks and domain and models of their envisioned tasks in an enhanced domain. The paper concludes with a discussion of a range of tools and representations used in PTM.
{"title":"Participatory task modelling: users and developers modelling users' tasks and domains","authors":"E. O'Neill, P. Johnson","doi":"10.1145/1045446.1045460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045446.1045460","url":null,"abstract":"Participatory Task Modelling (PTM) is an approach to systems development that combines the strengths of the task analysis and participatory design traditions. This paper briefly reviews the strengths and weaknesses of standard participatory design and task analysis methods and presents PTM as a practical approach that integrates the best of both. We describe techniques for the participatory development of models of the users' current tasks and domain and models of their envisioned tasks in an enhanced domain. The paper concludes with a discussion of a range of tools and representations used in PTM.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131970610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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