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The application of logical decision trees to the decision-making process in ill-structured problems 逻辑决策树在结构不良问题决策过程中的应用
Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.7266
Milena Sadowińska-Kałuża, Paweł Kałuża
Decision-making is a process which has accompanied the human being since time immemorial and in various areas of their activity. It should result in making a choice that meets the expectations (conditions) of the decision maker to the greatest extent. Decisions can be made on the basis of information which is not always complete and reliable. Sometimes it may happen that it is incomplete and reliable or complete but unreliable. Then, it concerns ill-structured problems. The purpose of this article is to verify whether ill-structured problems can be solved/supported in a way based on an operating algorithm. In the article, a case study with complete but unreliable information as well as with complete and reliable information was used. Logical decision trees were employed in the study. The result of the study allowed for, among others, establishing that the analysis of an ill-structured problem using logical decision trees consists in performing steps which follow one another in a logical sequence creating thus a sequence of operations, and therefore an operating algorithm, which confirms that solving ill-structured problems can be supported/implemented using an algorithm.
决策是一个自古以来就伴随着人类及其活动各个领域的过程。它应该导致做出最大程度满足决策者期望(条件)的选择。可以根据并不总是完整和可靠的信息做出决定。有时,它可能会发生不完整和可靠或完整但不可靠的情况。然后,它涉及结构不良的问题。本文的目的是验证是否可以以基于操作算法的方式解决/支持结构不良的问题。在这篇文章中,使用了一个信息完整但不可靠以及信息完整可靠的案例研究。本研究采用了逻辑决策树。该研究的结果允许,除其他外,确定使用逻辑决策树对结构不良问题的分析包括执行在逻辑序列中一个接一个的步骤,从而创建操作序列,并因此创建操作算法,该操作算法确认可以使用算法来支持/实现解决结构不良问题。
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引用次数: 0
Risk management as a determining factor for the safetyof a sapper patrol 风险管理是工兵巡逻安全的决定性因素
Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.7271
Waldemar Zakrzewski
Risk identification and risk assessment is a constant aspect of the decision-making process by sappers of the sapper patrol in their daily operations related to the collection and neutralization of unexploded munitions, misfires, explosives and other dangerous objects of military origin. This is a very difficult task, resulting from the lack of complete and reliable information about the dangerous object found. However, the sapper patrol must manage the risks in their operations properly in order to safely and effectively carry out their tasks. The article is a survey in the field of risk assessment and decision making by the sapper patrol commander during the implementation of tasks related to the taking and neutralization of explosive and dangerous objects. The report presents the issue of threats generated by pollution of the country's territory by unexploded munitions, misfires and other dangerous materials of military origin. Definitions of explosive and dangerous objects were also presented. The procedures for taking and neutralizing explosive and dangerous objects and the decision-making process of the sapper patrol commander during the activities related to taking these objects are described. Various factors that influence the decisions of the patrol commander when taking and neutralizing explosive and dangerous objects were indicated.
风险识别和风险评估是工兵巡逻队工兵在收集和消除未爆弹药、哑弹、爆炸物和其他军事来源危险物体的日常行动中决策过程的一个持续方面。这是一项非常困难的任务,因为缺乏关于所发现危险物体的完整可靠信息。然而,工兵巡逻队必须妥善管理行动中的风险,以便安全有效地执行任务。这篇文章是工兵巡逻指挥官在执行与爆炸物和危险物的获取和中和有关的任务期间在风险评估和决策领域的调查。报告介绍了未爆弹药、哑弹和其他军事来源的危险材料对该国领土造成的污染所产生的威胁问题。还介绍了爆炸物和危险物体的定义。描述了获取和中和爆炸物和危险物体的程序,以及工兵巡逻指挥官在获取这些物体相关活动中的决策过程。指出了影响巡逻指挥官在获取和中和爆炸物和危险物体时作出决定的各种因素。
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引用次数: 0
A comparison of the stability of standing shooting stance in expert and novice mountain infantry shooters 山地步兵射击专家与新手站立射击姿势稳定性的比较
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4102
Mariusz Ratajczyk, Arkadiusz Homańczuk, Sławomir Pacześny, M. Sobera
This study compares balance control in standing shooting stance in expert and novice military shooters among mountain infantry soldiers. Balance control was assessed using AccuSway (AMTI, USA) force platforms in terms of the range of the centre of pressure (COP) displacements in the mediolateral (RANGE(ML)) and anteroposterior direction (RANGE(AP)), the standard deviation of COP displacements in the mediolateral (SD(ML)) and anteroposterior direction (SD(AP)), the sway area of COP displacements (ELLIPSE), the average velocity of COP displacements (AVG VEL) and the COP path length (LENGTH). The participants (expert shooters, N=10; novice shooters, N=15) adopted tactical standing shooting stance wearing the field uniform, with a rifle on force platforms (one for each lower limb), over a period of 10 seconds, with sampling frequency of 100Hz. The statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant difference between the studied groups, taking into account the ELLIPSE and the AVG VEL variables values for the dominant leg only. It was concluded that the expert shooters showed better stability than novice shooters. This study presents implications regarding biomechanical aspects of standing shooting stance stability.
本研究比较了山地步兵中专业和新手军事射击运动员站立射击姿势的平衡控制。使用AccuSway(AMTI,USA)力平台根据压力中心(COP)在内侧方向和前后方向的位移范围(range(ML))、COP在内侧方向(SD(ML),COP位移的平均速度(AVG VEL)和COP路径长度(length)。参与者(专业射击运动员,N=10;新手射击运动员,N=15)采用战术站立射击姿势,身穿野战制服,在部队平台上(每个下肢一支)放置一支步枪,持续10秒,采样频率为100Hz。使用Mann-Whitney U检验的统计分析显示,仅考虑优势腿的ELLIPSE和AVG VEL变量值,研究组之间存在显著差异。得出的结论是,专业射手比新手射手表现出更好的稳定性。这项研究提出了关于站立射击姿势稳定性的生物力学方面的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Moral dilemmas of defence decisions in situations of threats of physical aggression comparative analysis between 1999 and 2018 1999年至2018年身体攻击威胁情况下防御决策的道德困境比较分析
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4100
R. Kałużny
In this article, the author interprets the results of research on moral dilemmas of making decisions as to how to defend oneself against physical aggression. In one instance, aggression is directed against the respondent with the intent to kill, in the other, against a bystander with no clear intent. Research conducted by the author both in 1999 and in 2018 involved 1st year military school students (basic training period). The conducted comparative analysis of empirical data allows the author to conclude that the morality of decisions concerning defensive actions in situations of threats of physical aggression depends primarily on the person against whom the aggression is directed (respondent, bystander) and the intensity of aggression. The analysis also gives grounds for postulating a thesis that between 1999 and 2018, there has been a positive change in the moral awareness of candidates for the Officer Corps of the Polish Armed Forces.
在这篇文章中,作者解释了关于如何保护自己免受身体攻击的道德困境的研究结果。在一种情况下,针对被告的攻击意图是杀人,在另一种情况下,针对旁观者的攻击没有明确的意图。作者在1999年和2018年分别对军校一年级学生(基础训练期)进行了研究。对经验数据进行的比较分析使作者得出结论,在受到人身攻击威胁的情况下,有关防御行动的决定的道德性主要取决于攻击所针对的人(被调查者、旁观者)和攻击的强度。该分析还为假设一个论点提供了依据,即在1999年至2018年期间,波兰武装部队军官团候选人的道德意识发生了积极变化。
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引用次数: 0
Distinguishing attributes of a commander in the light of selected views of military theorists of different eras 从不同时代军事理论家的观点中辨析指挥官的特征
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4103
M. Kalisiak
In this article, the author seeks to answer the question what attributes should a commander possess?, defining a commanders attributes as a set of qualities, skills and abilities that they should possess in order to command effectively. The main analysed materials were the works of famous representatives of the art of war, Generals: Sun-Tzu, Carl von Clauzewitz and Franciszek Skibiski. The analysis of the views contained in the works under consideration indicates that the main attributes that distinguish a commander should be wisdom, character and physical fitness. A generals wisdom is the ability to make good use of knowledge obtained from reading and experience. Character is a set of qualities, which include above all: goodness, strictness, reliability and the cardinal virtues: fortitude, prudence, justice and temperance. Physical fitness is understood more broadly as a general state of health, which is a fundamental prerequisite for efficient command and should be shaped for command purposes mainly through combat sports.
在这篇文章中,作者试图回答这样一个问题:一个指挥官应该具备什么素质?,将指挥官的属性定义为他们为了有效指挥而应该拥有的一系列品质、技能和能力。主要分析的材料是著名的战争艺术代表的作品,将军:孙子,卡尔·冯·克劳泽维茨和弗朗西泽克·斯基比斯基。通过对所审议作品中观点的分析表明,区分指挥官的主要属性应该是智慧、品格和身体素质。将军的智慧是善于运用从阅读和经验中获得的知识的能力。性格是一系列的品质,其中最重要的包括:善良、严格、可靠,以及最基本的美德:坚忍、谨慎、公正和节制。身体健康被更广泛地理解为一种一般的健康状态,这是有效指挥的基本先决条件,应该主要通过战斗运动来实现指挥目的。
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引用次数: 0
Social capital of Kodzko County implications for the security of the region and its inhabitants 科兹科县社会资本对该地区及其居民安全的影响
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4104
S. Książek
For more than two decades, the social capital theory has attracted interest in the fields of sociology, political science and economics. Its various theoretical and empirical approaches invariably explain new and often hidden phenomena arising at the interface between institutional society and the economy. Its essence is trust built on relationships between people and between people and institutions that are the pillars for shaping security, in the broadest sense of the term, as well as the feeling of security among citizens. Social capital is also a scientific category requiring constant reconstruction and permanent attention in relation to changing social, cultural, political and economic realities. The primary (cognitive) aim of this article is to identify the characteristics of the social capital of Kodzko County, its peculiarities and implications for the security of the region and its citizens (not only in the social dimension).
二十多年来,社会资本理论在社会学、政治学和经济学领域引起了人们的兴趣。它的各种理论和实证方法总是解释在制度社会和经济之间出现的新的、往往是隐藏的现象。它的本质是建立在人与人之间、人与机构之间的关系之上的信任,这些关系是塑造最广义安全的支柱,也是公民安全感的支柱。社会资本也是一个科学范畴,需要不断重建和长期关注不断变化的社会、文化、政治和经济现实。本文的主要(认知)目的是确定科兹科县社会资本的特征、其特点以及对该地区及其公民安全的影响(不仅是在社会层面)。
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引用次数: 0
The role and place of women in the army of Ukraine in the context of gender equality 妇女在两性平等背景下在乌克兰军队中的作用和地位
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4101
L. Petrova, I. Rebrii, Hryhorii Zubrytskyi
The article is the analysis of the current issues related to gender policy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The article presents the principle of equality that has a number of manifestations, one of which is the principle of gender equality meaning equal approach to all relevant issues regardless of gender. Gender stereotypes, gender behavioural norms and problems of gender identification in the modern Ukrainian society are analysed. The problem of gender differences is associated with the fact that due to the continuous dynamic changes in the world, more and more questions arise as to the impact of certain gender stereotypes on professional activities of a person. One of the currently discussed issues is the impact of gender mainstreaming on the role of women in the military, as well as the impact on the effectiveness of military operations with their participation.The results of the research confirm that the principle of equal rights and possibilities for the service people of both genders is implemented in the army; however there is still the necessity to strengthen educational activities among the personnel, first of all, among the units and subdivisions of Ukraines Armed Forces. For the last few years, considering the fulfilment of assigned tasks in both everyday life and combat operations, the role of servicewomen has increased. To determine theoretical foundations of that problem the theoretical methods of generalisation, scientific analysis and synthesis were implemented. Corresponding software was used to process empirical data and to conduct analytical calculations. Analytical processing of information was engaged to solve the problem of scientific analysis of the events as a holistic phenomenon.
这篇文章分析了乌克兰武装部队目前与性别政策有关的问题。该条提出了有多种表现形式的平等原则,其中之一是性别平等原则,即不分性别平等对待所有相关问题。分析了现代乌克兰社会中的性别陈规定型观念、性别行为规范和性别认同问题。性别差异问题与以下事实有关:由于世界的持续动态变化,越来越多的问题出现,即某些性别陈规定型观念对一个人的职业活动的影响。目前讨论的问题之一是将性别观点纳入主流对妇女在军队中的作用的影响,以及对妇女参与军事行动的有效性的影响。研究结果证实,男女服役人员权利和可能性平等的原则在军队中得到了落实;然而,仍然有必要加强人员中的教育活动,首先是乌克兰武装部队各单位和分部的教育活动。在过去几年里,考虑到在日常生活和作战行动中完成指定任务,女军人的作用有所增加。为了确定这个问题的理论基础,采用了概括、科学分析和综合的理论方法。使用相应的软件处理经验数据并进行分析计算。对信息进行分析处理是为了解决将事件作为一种整体现象进行科学分析的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Systems engineering – synergy of science, knowledge and applied technology 系统工程-科学,知识和应用技术的协同作用
Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.1763
K. Ficoń, W. Sokołowski, Marcin Zięcina
The following paper presents the theoretical foundations and selected practical applications of systems engineering. To begin with, the concept and subject of systems engineering is defined and embedded in the family of systems sciences. It also outlines the systems approach methodology applied in the systems engineering and the strong interdependencies that exist between systems theory and the practice of building systems applications. The matter of presenting selected categories of systems engineering, such as requirements engineering, environmental engineering, safety engineering, medical engineering, genetic engineering, management engineering, financial engineering, software engineering and social engineering was pivotal element of the paper. The paper has a form of a synthesis and an overview and contributes to further discussions within the framework of promoting a universal systems approach in the praxeological disciplines of the different categories of technical and non-technical, tangible and intangible, but always innovative and creative engineering.
下文介绍了系统工程的理论基础和选定的实际应用。首先,系统工程的概念和学科被定义并嵌入系统科学家族。它还概述了系统工程中应用的系统方法论,以及系统理论和构建系统应用程序的实践之间存在的强大的相互依赖性。介绍系统工程的选定类别,如需求工程、环境工程、安全工程、医学工程、基因工程、管理工程、金融工程、软件工程和社会工程,是本文的关键内容。本文采用综合和概述的形式,有助于在不同类别的技术和非技术、有形和无形但始终具有创新性和创造性的工程的实践学科中推广通用系统方法的框架内进行进一步讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Diplomacy in the context of international security – retrospection and present day 国际安全背景下的外交——回顾与现状
Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.1766
Martyna Kroczak
The research conducted for this article aimed to explore the development of diplomacy (the research subject) over the years in the context of its influence on international security.The paper characterizes diplomacy and explores its development, including examples of international security activities undertaken by the international community applying diplomacy.The analysis of Polish and foreign literature sources and domestic and international law acts, with the use of content analysis technique, was employed as a research method.
本文的研究旨在探讨外交(研究主题)在其对国际安全影响的背景下多年来的发展。本文描述了外交的特点,探讨了外交的发展,包括国际社会运用外交开展的国际安全活动的例子。本文采用内容分析技术,对波兰和外国文献来源以及国内和国际法律行为进行分析。
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引用次数: 0
The outcomes of the activities of the Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław in the perspective of cultural security from the local point of view in the years 2015-2019 2015-2019年弗罗茨瓦夫省文物保护办公室从地方角度看文化安全的活动成果
Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.1762
T. Landmann
The aim of the article is to determine and evaluate the effects of the activities of the Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław related to the implementation of tasks in selected areas of protection and care of monuments in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship in the years 2015-2019.In the study, research methods such as critical analysis of the scientific literature, analysis of legal acts and – to a large extent – analysis of documents are applied.The diversity of the outcomes of the activities of the Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław in the described area was determined. Administrative activities concerned the necessity to enter non-movable monuments into the register of monuments at the request of the owner or the entity in charge of that monument, making new entries in the voivodeship register of monuments or recommending changes in local spatial development plans to local government units. Issuing of permits for conducting archaeological research dominated the issues related to the regulation of other legally permitted activities in relation to monuments. The great activity of the Voivode-ship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław related to issuing conservation recommendations has been demonstrated.
本文的目的是确定和评估2015年至2019年期间,弗罗茨瓦夫省古迹保护办公室的活动对多尔诺ślńskie省古迹保护和照料选定领域任务的执行情况的影响,对法律行为的分析以及在很大程度上对文件的分析都适用。确定了弗罗茨瓦夫省古迹保护办公室在所述地区活动成果的多样性。行政活动涉及必须应纪念碑所有者或负责该纪念碑的实体的要求,将不可移动的纪念碑列入纪念碑登记册,在省级纪念碑登记册中进行新的登记,或向地方政府单位建议修改地方空间发展计划。颁发进行考古研究的许可证是与监管与古迹有关的其他合法活动有关的主要问题。弗罗茨瓦夫省文物保护办公室在发布保护建议方面的巨大活动已经得到证明。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces
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