Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8977
Jacek Grzebielucha
Deterring a crisis or war requires the commitment of large forces and resources that may include armed forces, security services or other non-military defense elements. The entire crisis management system is organized by the public administration. A crisis and the threat of war necessitate the implementation of a wide range of tasks aimed at securing life, health and property. Cultural property is a special category of property protected under the Polish legal system. The Republic of Poland undertook to protect it upon accession to the Hague Convention of 1954 on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Time of an Armed Conflict. This international agreement, along with the Polish experiences of the Second World War, laid the foundations for building an efficiently functioning system for the protection of cultural property during an armed conflict. Recent years have brought an increase in global interest in this area. Asymmetric threats against cultural heritage objects forced the involvement of military entities in developing security mechanisms. The author will provide an overview of national institutions tasked with the protection of cultural property in times of peace, assess the quality of these institutions as well as propose de lege ferenda postulates that could improve their functioning.
{"title":"Role of Polish Armed Forces and Crisis Management System in Cultural Property Protection – review and analysis","authors":"Jacek Grzebielucha","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8977","url":null,"abstract":"Deterring a crisis or war requires the commitment of large forces and resources that may include armed forces, security services or other non-military defense elements. The entire crisis management system is organized by the public administration. A crisis and the threat of war necessitate the implementation of a wide range of tasks aimed at securing life, health and property. Cultural property is a special category of property protected under the Polish legal system. The Republic of Poland undertook to protect it upon accession to the Hague Convention of 1954 on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Time of an Armed Conflict. This international agreement, along with the Polish experiences of the Second World War, laid the foundations for building an efficiently functioning system for the protection of cultural property during an armed conflict. Recent years have brought an increase in global interest in this area. Asymmetric threats against cultural heritage objects forced the involvement of military entities in developing security mechanisms. The author will provide an overview of national institutions tasked with the protection of cultural property in times of peace, assess the quality of these institutions as well as propose de lege ferenda postulates that could improve their functioning.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8974
Włodzmierz Szkutnik, Tomasz Wyłuda
When facing the threat of war, one of the critical decisions the authorities are obliged to take concerns war finance. The most common methods are taxation and debt. The work addresses financing war through war bonds and the profitability of investments in these bonds from investors’ perspectives. Research has shown that parties to a conflict at the beginning of warfare can obtain cheap financing. As the conflict develops, bond yields increase but only to a certain level. Once a certain threshold is exceeded, there is no increase in the yield. The phenomenon was explained by the clientele effect, i.e., the differentiation of groups that purchase financial instruments. The first issuances of war bonds are mainly covered by investors seeking profit and the so-called “patriotic demand”. As the conflict develops, the risk increases, and only patriotic demand persists. The second regularity observed is that it is unprofitable to invest in war bonds. It appears inefficient since war bonds are below the CAPM line. The inefficiency results from patriotic demand, namely when bonds are purchased by citizens whose desire for profit is of secondary importance. The analysis also shows that countries, where no warfare is taking place are more likely to discharge their obligations. That is logical, as economies of not destroyed countries are more likely to repay their liabilities. However, it indicates that the war bond market is not efficient. Investors should consider their expectations and request higher bond yields, which has not happened so far. Another regularity noted is that, at the beginning of the conflict, bonds do not signal which side to the conflict has a better chance of winning.
{"title":"Effectiveness of investing in war bonds","authors":"Włodzmierz Szkutnik, Tomasz Wyłuda","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8974","url":null,"abstract":"When facing the threat of war, one of the critical decisions the authorities are obliged to take concerns war finance. The most common methods are taxation and debt. The work addresses financing war through war bonds and the profitability of investments in these bonds from investors’ perspectives. Research has shown that parties to a conflict at the beginning of warfare can obtain cheap financing. As the conflict develops, bond yields increase but only to a certain level. Once a certain threshold is exceeded, there is no increase in the yield. The phenomenon was explained by the clientele effect, i.e., the differentiation of groups that purchase financial instruments. The first issuances of war bonds are mainly covered by investors seeking profit and the so-called “patriotic demand”. As the conflict develops, the risk increases, and only patriotic demand persists. The second regularity observed is that it is unprofitable to invest in war bonds. It appears inefficient since war bonds are below the CAPM line. The inefficiency results from patriotic demand, namely when bonds are purchased by citizens whose desire for profit is of secondary importance. The analysis also shows that countries, where no warfare is taking place are more likely to discharge their obligations. That is logical, as economies of not destroyed countries are more likely to repay their liabilities. However, it indicates that the war bond market is not efficient. Investors should consider their expectations and request higher bond yields, which has not happened so far. Another regularity noted is that, at the beginning of the conflict, bonds do not signal which side to the conflict has a better chance of winning.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46477201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8970
Tomasz Całkowski, P. Ciepliński, T. Tarnawski, Wojciech Pałka
The article was written in consequence of works carried out in the Military Institute of Armament Technology related to the design of the artillery simulator – trainer Antracyt Plus. Research and development works focused on establishing current training needs of artillery subunits at the squadron level and proposing a simulation solution, which will enable the realization of all training undertakings in the scope of Fire Control Training and Individual Shooting Skills Training. An additional goal was to develop the simulation environment so that it would enable gunners to undertake training impossible to be realized under conditions other than combat. Given the modern battlefield conditions, several scenarios were developed to enable the realization of any fire tasks in real-time. The article describes the Missile and Artillery Forces’ training process and presents the capabilities of the simulator in this context. In conclusion, there are references to the work outside the automatic fire control system and the role of perfecting the artillery “craft” in the context of the growing role of artillery during recent armed conflicts.
{"title":"Concept of using the artillery simulator – trainer Antracyt Plus in the process of training Missile and Artillery Forces","authors":"Tomasz Całkowski, P. Ciepliński, T. Tarnawski, Wojciech Pałka","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8970","url":null,"abstract":"The article was written in consequence of works carried out in the Military Institute of Armament Technology related to the design of the artillery simulator – trainer Antracyt Plus. Research and development works focused on establishing current training needs of artillery subunits at the squadron level and proposing a simulation solution, which will enable the realization of all training undertakings in the scope of Fire Control Training and Individual Shooting Skills Training.\u0000An additional goal was to develop the simulation environment so that it would enable gunners to undertake training impossible to be realized under conditions other than combat. Given the modern battlefield conditions, several scenarios were developed to enable the realization of any fire tasks in real-time.\u0000The article describes the Missile and Artillery Forces’ training process and presents the capabilities of the simulator in this context. In conclusion, there are references to the work outside the automatic fire control system and the role of perfecting the artillery “craft” in the context of the growing role of artillery during recent armed conflicts.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48055202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8975
Krzysztof Wysocki, Martyna Niewińska
The development of military technique and technology forces necessary changes in military reconnaissance using advanced methods of contemporary battlefield imaging. This paper addresses the topic of imagery intelligence as an essential source for gaining information about the deployment and quantity of means and forces of a potential enemy. Currently, armies of the world are equipped with modern imagery intelligence systems that make it possible to collect, process and analyse the collected data on enemy’s troops and the environment in which the enemy operates. The purpose of the study is to present the proper role of camouflage undertakings that make it possible to counteract imagery, optoelectronic and radar intelligence. The increasing capabilities in this problem area mean that in the near future intelligence tasks will be carried out not only by ground, space or naval systems, but primarily by reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial systems. In accordance with the problem indicated in the topic, the paper brings closer the possibilities of counteracting imagery intelligence from the theoretical and practical perspective. In addition, it presents the latest camouflage solutions employed both in the Polish Armed Forces and other selected armies. At the end of the paper, the authors formulate the most important conclusions that constitute a generalisation of the results of studies presented in different parts of the publication.
{"title":"Counteracting imagery (IMINT), optoelectronic (EOIMINT) and radar (SAR) intelligence","authors":"Krzysztof Wysocki, Martyna Niewińska","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8975","url":null,"abstract":"The development of military technique and technology forces necessary changes in military reconnaissance using advanced methods of contemporary battlefield imaging. This paper addresses the topic of imagery intelligence as an essential source for gaining information about the deployment and quantity of means and forces of a potential enemy. Currently, armies of the world are equipped with modern imagery intelligence systems that make it possible to collect, process and analyse the collected data on enemy’s troops and the environment in which the enemy operates. The purpose of the study is to present the proper role of camouflage undertakings that make it possible to counteract imagery, optoelectronic and radar intelligence. The increasing capabilities in this problem area mean that in the near future intelligence tasks will be carried out not only by ground, space or naval systems, but primarily by reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial systems. In accordance with the problem indicated in the topic, the paper brings closer the possibilities of counteracting imagery intelligence from the theoretical and practical perspective. In addition, it presents the latest camouflage solutions employed both in the Polish Armed Forces and other selected armies. At the end of the paper, the authors formulate the most important conclusions that constitute a generalisation of the results of studies presented in different parts of the publication.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44370932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8976
Z. Zamiar, Zbigniew Ścibiorek
The article emphasises that current conditions for monitoring and ensuring homeland security are increasingly complex. The complexity of many processes and their difficult conditions emphasise the need to make relatively quick decisions. Following this requirement, much more attention is being paid to improving the functioning of information systems. It was emphasised that the increasing amount of information is, on the one hand, a positive phenomenon, but on the other hand it is not always conducive to making a reasonably quick decision. It is necessary to strive to obtain, through various channels (methods), reliable information, which will be the basis for making decisions, dismissing security threats and (or) minimising their effects. It was emphasised that the path to achieving the objectives is different in each case; no universal methodology can be presented. In addition to the conditions, a number of proposals aimed at improving the activities of those in leadership roles and the functioning of crisis management teams are presented.
{"title":"The role of information in crisis management","authors":"Z. Zamiar, Zbigniew Ścibiorek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8976","url":null,"abstract":"The article emphasises that current conditions for monitoring and ensuring homeland security are increasingly complex. The complexity of many processes and their difficult conditions emphasise the need to make relatively quick decisions. Following this requirement, much more attention is being paid to improving the functioning of information systems. It was emphasised that the increasing amount of information is, on the one hand, a positive phenomenon, but on the other hand it is not always conducive to making a reasonably quick decision. It is necessary to strive to obtain, through various channels (methods), reliable information, which will be the basis for making decisions, dismissing security threats and (or) minimising their effects. It was emphasised that the path to achieving the objectives is different in each case; no universal methodology can be presented. In addition to the conditions, a number of proposals aimed at improving the activities of those in leadership roles and the functioning of crisis management teams are presented.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8971
W. Harmata, Dorota Kamionek
The paper presents the results of research on fitting modern filtering masks using the optoelectronic method during long-term use. They were analyzed and compared with the testing results applying the reference method – total inward leakage.
{"title":"Rules for fitting filtering gas masks","authors":"W. Harmata, Dorota Kamionek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8971","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of research on fitting modern filtering masks using the optoelectronic method during long-term use. They were analyzed and compared with the testing results applying the reference method – total inward leakage.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49071135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8980
Piotr Lotarski
This paper attempts to identify threats to the security environment of Lebanon and the prospects for their changes, affecting the activities of Polish military contingents and their personnel, taking into account historical aspects, internal and external threats and contemporary conditions of the security environment of the region and Lebanon. It uses the results of research conducted by the author in the years 2012-2020. Included in the study there are Polish military contingents operating as part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) between 1992 and 2009, such as: the Polish Military Medical Unit, the Polish Military Contingent in Lebanon (PMC Lebanon/PMC UNIFIL), and the “new” PMC in Lebanon, which began performing mandated tasks in November 2019. Polish contingent operations in Lebanon have been affected by the aftermath of the never-ending conflict with Israel since 1948, the civil war in Syria, the growth of terrorist organisations in the Levant region, Shiite Hezbollah, growing in terms of military strength and political influence, and nearly two million war refugees. These factors resulted in a significant increase in threats to peacekeepers and observers serving in Lebanon, and the primary source of these threats is the direct impact caused by the enemy using various heavy weapons, aviation and other arms in attacks on the bases, patrols and posts of the contingent’s subdivisions. UNIFIL forces, together with the PMC Lebanon, are likely to face the problem of “participation” in another armed conflict, whether small or large-scale. The PMC soldiers, due to their deployment and the nature of their tasks, are likely to be exposed to possible personnel loss and material damage.
{"title":"Threats to the security of Polish military contingents in the UN forces on the example of the PMC in Lebanon – experiences and perspectives","authors":"Piotr Lotarski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8980","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to identify threats to the security environment of Lebanon and the prospects for their changes, affecting the activities of Polish military contingents and their personnel, taking into account historical aspects, internal and external threats and contemporary conditions of the security environment of the region and Lebanon. It uses the results of research conducted by the author in the years 2012-2020.\u0000Included in the study there are Polish military contingents operating as part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) between 1992 and 2009, such as: the Polish Military Medical Unit, the Polish Military Contingent in Lebanon (PMC Lebanon/PMC UNIFIL), and the “new” PMC in Lebanon, which began performing mandated tasks in November 2019.\u0000Polish contingent operations in Lebanon have been affected by the aftermath of the never-ending conflict with Israel since 1948, the civil war in Syria, the growth of terrorist organisations in the Levant region, Shiite Hezbollah, growing in terms of military strength and political influence, and nearly two million war refugees. These factors resulted in a significant increase in threats to peacekeepers and observers serving in Lebanon, and the primary source of these threats is the direct impact caused by the enemy using various heavy weapons, aviation and other arms in attacks on the bases, patrols and posts of the contingent’s subdivisions.\u0000UNIFIL forces, together with the PMC Lebanon, are likely to face the problem of “participation” in another armed conflict, whether small or large-scale. The PMC soldiers, due to their deployment and the nature of their tasks, are likely to be exposed to possible personnel loss and material damage.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42016044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8025
Marek Wrzosek
The article aims to identify the challenges facing the command system in the context of changes that will shape future military operations. For the presentation of the cognitive results, the analysis of documents was used as well as the results of research conducted with the aid of a diagnostic survey, an interview method, as well as non-standardized observation. The structure of the article covers four main issues. The first one presents the relationship between the terms “directing – management – command” in the context of the deliberations made. The second topic focuses on the characteristics of future operations that define the challenges for command. The third one, on the other hand, explains the matters related to the modification of the command in future military operations. The issue complementing all the considerations is an attempt to resolve the problem of recommendations for the command system in the wars of the future. The content of the article uses the conclusions from the experience gained during the military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.
{"title":"Challenges of contemporary command and future military operations","authors":"Marek Wrzosek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8025","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to identify the challenges facing the command system in the context of changes that will shape future military operations. For the presentation of the cognitive results, the analysis of documents was used as well as the results of research conducted with the aid of a diagnostic survey, an interview method, as well as non-standardized observation. The structure of the article covers four main issues. The first one presents the relationship between the terms “directing – management – command” in the context of the deliberations made. The second topic focuses on the characteristics of future operations that define the challenges for command. The third one, on the other hand, explains the matters related to the modification of the command in future military operations. The issue complementing all the considerations is an attempt to resolve the problem of recommendations for the command system in the wars of the future. The content of the article uses the conclusions from the experience gained during the military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45579399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8030
Radosław Korneć
Poland’s location in the central part of Europe means international communications routes connecting north and south of the continent and east and west. Many Polish roads are transit routes that pass through environmentally valuable areas, run through forests and swamps, and cross migration routes of animals. A physical impact of transport on the environment is multipronged; it concerns, in particular, the quality of air, water, and soil, as well as disturbance of biodiversity, landscape planning, acoustic climate, the danger of vibrations and road security. Moreover, environmental resources are necessary for the efficient functioning of the transport system to generate energy, but on the other hand, to build infrastructure facilities. Apart from sustainable development, ecological security is one of the approaches to understand and solve environmental problems. Simultaneously, compared to issues connected with economics, politics, social and military problems, attempts to securitize ecology and the environment have a relatively short story. The article aims to identify threats for ecological security and solutions connected with road transport functioning in Poland.
{"title":"Assessment of road transport ecological security impact in Poland","authors":"Radosław Korneć","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8030","url":null,"abstract":"Poland’s location in the central part of Europe means international communications routes connecting north and south of the continent and east and west. Many Polish roads are transit routes that pass through environmentally valuable areas, run through forests and swamps, and cross migration routes of animals. A physical impact of transport on the environment is multipronged; it concerns, in particular, the quality of air, water, and soil, as well as disturbance of biodiversity, landscape planning, acoustic climate, the danger of vibrations and road security. Moreover, environmental resources are necessary for the efficient functioning of the transport system to generate energy, but on the other hand, to build infrastructure facilities.\u0000Apart from sustainable development, ecological security is one of the approaches to understand and solve environmental problems. Simultaneously, compared to issues connected with economics, politics, social and military problems, attempts to securitize ecology and the environment have a relatively short story. The article aims to identify threats for ecological security and solutions connected with road transport functioning in Poland.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47163433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8031
Bartosz Sylwestrzak
The situation in the labour market was beneficial for the job seekers during the period before the disruptions associated with the closure of the economy due to the threats posed by the global pandemic. According to Statistics Poland, in 2018 and 2019, unemployment in Poland fell to the lowest level observed since 1990, so it can be assumed that employees were in charge of the labour market. However, the changes in the labour market occur in real time and their pace and scope are comparable to the greatest economic crises in the history of not only Poland but also the whole world. What is interesting, in such conditions, economy 4.0 sectors are developing dynamically – which, as it turns out, can be a huge opportunity for employees who will lose their jobs. A question needs to be asked: how should the competencies of employees change to meet the current requirements? Will there be a wave of individual restructuring in the market and, consequently, new opportunities for training companies? The article aims to present the changes forced by the external environment of an organisation in terms of employee competencies, taking into account the post-COVID changes towards economy 4.0.
{"title":"External environment of an organization and professional competencies of employees in Poland","authors":"Bartosz Sylwestrzak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8031","url":null,"abstract":"The situation in the labour market was beneficial for the job seekers during the period before the disruptions associated with the closure of the economy due to the threats posed by the global pandemic. According to Statistics Poland, in 2018 and 2019, unemployment in Poland fell to the lowest level observed since 1990, so it can be assumed that employees were in charge of the labour market. However, the changes in the labour market occur in real time and their pace and scope are comparable to the greatest economic crises in the history of not only Poland but also the whole world. What is interesting, in such conditions, economy 4.0 sectors are developing dynamically – which, as it turns out, can be a huge opportunity for employees who will lose their jobs. A question needs to be asked: how should the competencies of employees change to meet the current requirements? Will there be a wave of individual restructuring in the market and, consequently, new opportunities for training companies? The article aims to present the changes forced by the external environment of an organisation in terms of employee competencies, taking into account the post-COVID changes towards economy 4.0.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":33134,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：