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The Leadership Role of The Principal in Increasing Admission of New Students 校长在增加新生入学中的领导作用
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.29240/jsmp.v5i2.3392
Muhammad Mulya Al-Amien, A. B. Santosa
This study aims to reveal the role of school principals in increasing new student admissions. The method used in this research is qualitative. Collecting data through documentation, observation, and interviews. Respondents include school principals, vice principals, and heads of expertise programs. The results showed that the principal's role in increasing new student admissions was to optimize his function as an educator, which is to always provide guidance, as a manager who always encourages teachers and education personnel, especially those who are included in the committee to carry out their duties in accordance with the plans and rules that have been outlined. in its main duties and functions. As a supervisor, the school principal always monitors, provides input, direction, and motivation to all members of the new student admissions program committee. The principal is also always a role model in discipline, and is always active in establishing relationships with junior high schools in his area. The results of this study are certainly quite inspiring, because the implications can encourage the spirit of school principals in improving the performance of the new student admissions committee in each school.
本研究旨在揭示学校校长在增加新生录取方面的作用。本研究使用的方法是定性的。通过记录、观察和访谈收集数据。受访者包括学校校长、副校长和专家项目负责人。结果表明,校长在增加新生招生中的作用是优化其作为教育者的职能,即始终提供指导,作为管理者,始终鼓励教师和教育人员,特别是委员会成员按照已制定的计划和规则履行职责。在其主要职责和职能。作为主管,学校校长总是监督,提供输入,指导和激励新生招生计划委员会的所有成员。校长在纪律方面也一直是一个榜样,并且总是积极地与他所在地区的初中建立关系。这项研究的结果无疑是相当鼓舞人心的,因为其含义可以鼓励校长的精神,以提高每一所学校的新生招生委员会的表现。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the Quality of Education Through Academic Culture at SMP Islam Sabilurrosyad Malang 以学术文化提升教育质素在SMP Islam sababilurrosyad Malang
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.29240/jsmp.v5i2.3217
Moh Eko Nasrulloh, I. Safi’i, Faridatus Sa’adah
Quality educational institutions have a vision to produce graduates who are competent and able to compete in the future. To achieve the vision of educational institutions, various programs are needed to produce graduate competencies. Academic culture is a supporting factor to produce quality graduates. Meanwhile, in the application of academic culture there are various obstacles that occur. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe how to plan the development of academic culture in schools. How to implement academic culture according to plan. and how the influence of academic culture on the competence of graduates. Qualitative Method Case studies are used to examine quality improvement through academic culture at Sabilurrosyad Islamic Junior High School. Collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that planning for the development of academic culture is carried out by developing several factors that influence academic culture and the management of academic culture. Implementation is used in an academic culture with school review and benchmarking in all programs. Meanwhile, quality assurance and quality control are carried out in most programs. The impact on graduate competence from the application of academic culture is that students can play a very good role in critical, creative, constructive, dialogical, partnership, productive aspects and appreciate achievements.
优质教育机构的愿景是培养有能力和有能力在未来竞争的毕业生。为了实现教育机构的愿景,需要各种各样的项目来培养毕业生的能力。学术文化是培养高素质毕业生的支撑因素。同时,在学术文化的运用中也出现了各种各样的障碍。因此,本研究的目的是描述如何规划学校学术文化的发展。如何有计划地实施学术文化。以及学术文化对毕业生胜任力的影响。定性方法案例研究被用来检查通过学术文化在萨比鲁罗斯伊斯兰初中的质量改进。通过观察、访谈和文件收集数据。研究结果表明,从影响学术文化的几个因素和学术文化的管理两个方面对学术文化的发展进行规划。实施在学术文化中使用,所有课程都有学校审查和基准。同时,在大多数项目中都进行了质量保证和质量控制。学术文化的应用对毕业生能力的影响是,学生可以在批判性、创造性、建设性、对话性、伙伴关系、生产性方面发挥很好的作用,并欣赏成果。
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引用次数: 0
Language Laboratory Management in Improving Students English Speaking Ability 语言实验室管理在提高学生英语口语能力中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-12-07 DOI: 10.29240/jsmp.v5i2.3663
Delli Sabudu, Joulanda A. M. Rawis, Mozes Markus Wullur, V. Rotty, Uus Kamajaya Al Katuuk
Proficiency in English is one type of ability to be achieved in teaching English because English is an international language and the main means of communicating with westerners and understanding English books. So it is necessary to optimize learning and teaching English in formal and non-formal education institutions. This research aims at finding out whether or not English laboratory Management affects students’ achievement. As one of basic skills, speaking involves oral and written features. English laboratory may refer to conventional computer uses or the Computer Assisted Language Laboratory (CALL) in the process of English teaching. The English Department of Universitas Negeri Manado uses modern form of language laboratory teaching. The research was conducted in the Department of English in which its population was taken from the first semester students appearing in the academic year 2020/2021 and sitting in five classes and each class had twenty five students. The result is supported by the data showing tobs>ttable (P = 0.05); (df = 48) 8,031 > 2,010(P = 0.05); (df = 48). If t- observed < t-table, the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is rejected. There is a difference mean score obtained from both of controlled group at 67 showing 46% and the experimental group reaches 80,08 referring to 59.02 %. The students who had treatment in English laboratory management use successfully got higher score than students who did not have treatment about such management use. So it may conclude that the Language Laboratory management plays an important role in the success of learning English, especially to improve students' English speaking skills.
精通英语是英语教学中要达到的一种能力,因为英语是一种国际语言,是与西方人交流和理解英语书籍的主要手段。因此,有必要优化正规和非正规教育机构的英语学习和教学。本研究旨在探讨英语实验室管理是否会影响学生的学习成绩。作为一项基本技能,口语包括口头和书面两个方面。英语实验室可指英语教学过程中的常规计算机使用或计算机辅助语言实验室(CALL)。内杰里大学英语系采用现代化的语言实验室教学形式。该研究是在英语系进行的,其人口来自2020/2021学年第一学期的学生,分为五个班级,每个班级有25名学生。结果得到tobs> table数据的支持(P = 0.05);(df = 48) 8031 > 2010 (P = 0.05);(df = 48)。如果t- observed < t-table,则接受原假设(Ho),拒绝备择假设(Ha)。对照组和实验组的平均得分相差67分,分别为46%和80,08分,分别为59.02%。成功接受英语实验室管理使用治疗的学生在英语实验室管理使用方面得分高于未接受治疗的学生。因此,语言实验室的管理对英语学习的成功,特别是对提高学生的英语口语能力起着重要的作用。
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引用次数: 2
Academic Supervision Of The State Principal School (Evaluative Study in Rejang Lebong Regency, Indonesia) 国家主要学校的学术监督(印度尼西亚Rejang Lebong Regency评价研究)
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/JSMP.V5I2.3441
Haimah Haimah, Bambang Sahono, M. Somantri, C. Connie
This study aims to evaluate the academic supervision program of the principal of a public elementary school in Rejang Lebong Regency, Indonesia. This research is an evaluation study of the CIPP model with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were principals and teachers of public elementary schools in Rejang Lebong Regency. Techniques for data collection include observation, interviews, and documentation, as well as data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The outcomes of the study reveal that, first, the setting of the principal's academic supervision program does not meet the criteria. There are still numerous flaws, such as the principal's lack of understanding of the notion of academic supervision, which has prevented them from properly developing program planning. Second, the input of the academic supervision program has not fully supported the program, there are still many shortcomings such as no stakeholder support, and not being able to find the right strategy both in planning and in program implementation. Third, the process of the academic supervision program has not been following the plan, such as the program implementation steps. Fourth, the product of the academic supervision program has not shown an increase in teacher performance. However, both teachers and principals want the principal's academic supervision program to continue by correcting all its shortcomings and weaknesses. The conclusion of the academic supervision program of the principal of the public elementary school in Rejang Lebong Regency as a whole has not been fulfilled but is continuing with improvements, both in terms of context, input, process, and product aspects. For this reason, in this study, the author offers a model of academic supervision training based on KKS and KKG through mentoring.
本研究旨在评估印尼雷江乐邦县一所公立小学校长的学业督导计划。本研究采用定性方法对CIPP模型进行评价研究。本研究以江乐邦县公立小学校长及教师为研究对象。数据收集技术包括观察、访谈和记录,以及数据简化、数据呈现和验证。研究结果显示:第一,校长学业督导计划设置不符合标准;还有许多缺陷,比如校长对学术监督的概念缺乏理解,这阻碍了他们正确制定项目规划。第二,学术监督项目的投入并没有完全支持项目,还存在很多不足,如没有利益相关者的支持,在规划和项目实施中都找不到合适的策略。三是学术督导程序的过程中没有遵循计划等程序的实施步骤。第四,学术监督项目的成果并没有显示出教师绩效的提高。然而,教师和校长都希望校长的学业监督计划通过纠正其所有缺点和弱点来继续下去。结论学术监督程序的公立小学的校长Rejang Lebong摄政作为一个整体并没有完成但仍继续改进,无论是背景下,输入、过程和产品方面。因此,在本研究中,笔者提出了一种基于KKS和KKG的师徒式学业督导培训模式。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of Excellent Private Ibtidaiyah Madrasah Programs in Rural Areas 在农村地区实施优秀私立伊斯兰学校项目
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/JSMP.V5I2.3298
Ahmad Gawdy Prananosa, Donni Pestalozi, M. Putra
This study aims to determine the implementation of the flagship program of private madrasah ibtidaiyah in rural areas. Using a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods. It was held at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Assidiq Giriyoso, Jayaloka District. The research subjects consisted of the Principal, the Board of Teachers, and the Foundation. Data collection technique; observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis step uses an interactive model from Miles and Huberman. The results of the research show that the implementation of the madrasah flagship program is implemented well, namely: 1) the material is delivered according to the ability level of the students, 2) the material delivered has been planned in the learning implementation plan, 3) the teacher is prepared to focus on the abilities of each student, so that the material what is conveyed can be easily accepted by students, 4) facilities and infrastructure, especially tahfiz boarding schools are prepared in front of their respective classes, 5) the curriculum prepared is in accordance with the analysis of students' abilities, which are listed in the learning implementation plan, 6) finances, especially in giving honorarium for teaching staff, according to the number of working hours that have been carried out, and 7) relations with the community are always well established, especially in supporting madrasah flagship programs, because the community is an important element in using products from madrasah. In conclusion, the implementation of the flagship program of tahfiz al-qur'an and English can really have a positive impact on the development of madrasah, because the alumni of madrasah ibtidaiyah Giriyoso are able to compete academically with other students, at the state junior high school level, so that parents entrust their children to school in madrasah
本研究旨在确定私立伊斯兰学校旗舰方案在农村地区的实施情况。使用现象学方法的定性方法。它在贾亚洛卡地区的伊斯兰学校Ibtidaiyah Assidiq Giriyoso举行。研究对象包括校长、教师委员会和基金会。数据收集技术;观察、采访和记录。数据分析步骤使用迈尔斯和休伯曼的互动模型。研究结果表明,伊斯兰学校旗舰项目的实施情况良好,即:1)根据学生的能力水平提供材料;2)所提供的材料在学习实施计划中进行了规划;3)教师准备关注每个学生的能力,以便所传达的材料容易被学生接受;4)设施和基础设施,特别是塔菲兹寄宿学校在各自的班级前准备好。5)课程是根据对学生能力的分析而准备的,这些都列在学习实施计划中;6)资金,特别是根据教学人员的工作时间给予酬金;7)与社区的关系总是建立得很好,特别是在支持伊斯兰学校的旗舰项目方面,因为社区是使用伊斯兰学校产品的重要因素。总之,塔菲兹古兰经和英语旗舰课程的实施确实可以对伊斯兰学校的发展产生积极的影响,因为伊斯兰学校ibtidaiyah Giriyoso的校友能够在国家初中水平上与其他学生竞争,因此父母将他们的孩子托付给伊斯兰学校
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引用次数: 0
Principal's Program in Improving Teacher Performance During the Covid-19 Pandemic 校长在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间提高教师表现的项目
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/JSMP.V5I2.3444
Zakianti Zakianti, Y. Yusrizal, Niswanto Niswanto
This study aims to describe the principal's program in improving teacher performance during the Covid-19 pandemic at SD T. Nyak Arif Fatih Bilingual School, Banda Aceh. This type of research uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis used in qualitative research is carried out interactively and takes place continuously until it is complete. Activities in data analysis, namely data reduction, presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. The results of the study concluded that: First, improving teacher performance during the Covid-19 pandemic by implementing a learning application training program to support the online learning process. This training is carried out regularly until the teachers are proficient in running the application. Second, the application of Lesson Study. Lesson Study is an assessment activity carried out by teachers/lecturers together and continuously to test and improve the effectiveness of learning and form a learning community. With Lesson Study, it is hoped that teachers will be more active and share knowledge with each other to support the learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, the application of the hybrid learning method program. Hybrid Learning is a learning method in which there is a combination of face-to-face learning in the classroom and coupled with offline and online learning using computers. The application of the hybrid learning method in the Covid-19 pandemic era is very helpful for students who are self-isolation, to be able to feel learning like in a classroom but in a different place by being integrated by technology. Through programs run by school principals during the pandemic in improving teacher performance so that it can run as expected and be able to give birth to quality next generation. To be able to feel learning like in a classroom but in a different place by being integrated by technology. Through programs run by school principals during the pandemic in improving teacher performance so that it can run as expected and be able to give birth to quality next generation. To be able to feel learning like in a classroom but in a different place by being integrated by technology. Through programs run by school principals during the pandemic in improving teacher performance so that it can run as expected and be able to give birth to quality next generation.
本研究旨在描述班达亚齐SD T. Nyak Arif Fatih双语学校校长在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间提高教师绩效的计划。这种类型的研究采用定性方法。通过观察、访谈和文件收集数据的技术。定性研究中使用的数据分析是交互式的,并且持续进行,直到完成。数据分析方面的活动,即数据缩减、介绍、得出结论和核查。研究结果表明:首先,通过实施学习应用培训计划来支持在线学习过程,提高教师在Covid-19大流行期间的表现。这种培训是定期进行的,直到教师熟练地运行应用程序。第二,课程研究的应用。课程研究是教师/讲师共同持续进行的评估活动,目的是检验和提高学习效果,形成一个学习共同体。通过“课堂学习”,希望教师们更加积极主动,相互分享知识,支持新冠肺炎大流行期间的学习进程。第三,混合学习方法的应用程序。混合式学习是一种学习方法,它将课堂上的面对面学习与使用计算机的离线和在线学习相结合。在新冠肺炎疫情时代,混合学习方法的应用对自我隔离的学生来说非常有帮助,通过技术的融合,可以感受到像在教室里一样的学习,但在不同的地方。通过学校校长在疫情期间开展的项目,提高教师的表现,使其能够按预期运行,并能够培养出高素质的下一代。能够感受到在教室里学习的感觉,但在不同的地方,通过技术的整合。通过学校校长在疫情期间开展的项目,提高教师的表现,使其能够按预期运行,并能够培养出高素质的下一代。能够感受到在教室里学习的感觉,但在不同的地方,通过技术的整合。通过学校校长在疫情期间开展的项目,提高教师的表现,使其能够按预期运行,并能够培养出高素质的下一代。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Management: Harmonizing Management of Madrasah-Pesantren within One Framework as Integrated Educational Institution 协同管理:作为综合教育机构在一个框架内协调伊斯兰学校的管理
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/jsmp.v5i1.2068
Amin Maghfuri, Sabarudin Sabarudin
The existence of madrasas or schools based in pesantren portrays explicitly an integrated educational institution. Nevertheless, reality at the operational level does not fully indicate so. In fact  madrasa and pesantren is managed partially rather than managed as an integrated education system. This article is intended to analyze the opportunities of synergizing the Islamic education system between pesantren and madrasas/schools gathered in one framework in order to become more effective islamic educational institutions. By using qualitative methode, the results of this study indicate that the opportunity to synergize pesantren and madrasas as alternative educational institutions is very wide open considering the education system that runs between the two is generally still separate. This step can be started by uniting management into an integral system, implementing an integrated and correlated curriculum and evaluating comprehensively. With the various excellences possessed by each pesantren and madrasa, synergizing these two institutions is the most effective way to realize a quality education output both in the field of religious knowledge and general knowledge.
madrasas或以pesantren为基础的学校的存在明确地描绘了一个综合的教育机构。然而,业务一级的现实情况并没有完全表明这一点。事实上,madrasa和pesantren是部分管理的,而不是作为一个综合教育系统来管理的。本文旨在分析聚集在一个框架内的pesantren和madrasas/学校之间协同伊斯兰教育系统的机会,以成为更有效的伊斯兰教育机构。通过定性方法,本研究的结果表明,考虑到在两者之间运行的教育系统通常仍然是分开的,将pesantren和madrasas作为替代教育机构的机会是非常开放的。这一步骤可以从将管理统一为一个整体系统,实施一个综合的、相关的课程,并进行综合评价开始。鉴于各宗教学院和伊斯兰学校各有各的优点,将这两个机构进行协同是在宗教知识和一般知识领域实现优质教育输出的最有效途径。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution And Priority Action Of The Self-Efficacy And Organizational Climate To Improve Innovative Work Behavior 自我效能感与组织氛围对创新工作行为的贡献与优先作用
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/JSMP.V5I2.2941
Yuyun Elizabeth Patras, Rais Hidayat, M. A. Billah
Innovative work behavior shown by employee activities that generate ideas, promote ideas, and implement ideas is very useful for organizational sustainability. This research seeks to improve innovative work behavior by analyzing the contribution of self-efficacy and organizational climate to ionovative work behavior. The research was conducted on non-permanent instructors at PT PLN (Persero) Pusdiklat with samples 149. Hypothesis testing uses parametric statistical analysis and RCA (Root Cause Analysis) method. The findings of this research: (1) If self-efficacy increases, innovative work behavior will increase; (2) if the organizational climate increases, innovative work behavior will increase; (3) If self-efficacy and organizational climate increase together, innovative work behavior will increase. Based on the RCA  (Root Cause Analysis) method, several priority indicators were found to improve innovative work behavior, namely: forming an innovation team, assigning internships / benchmarks, budgeting for awards, K3L training, creating Knowledge Capturing books, recruiting K3L HR, and book review.
员工产生想法、促进想法和实施想法的活动所表现出的创新工作行为对组织的可持续性非常有用。本研究通过分析自我效能感和组织氛围对创新工作行为的影响,试图改善创新工作行为。本研究以PLN (Persero) Pusdiklat的非常任讲师为对象,样本149。假设检验采用参数统计分析和RCA(根本原因分析)方法。本研究发现:(1)自我效能感增加,创新工作行为会增加;(2)组织氛围增加,创新工作行为增加;(3)当自我效能感和组织氛围共同增强时,创新工作行为会增强。基于RCA(根本原因分析)方法,我们发现了改善创新工作行为的几个优先指标,即:组建创新团队、分配实习/基准、编制奖励预算、K3L培训、编写知识捕获书籍、招聘K3L人力资源和书评。
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引用次数: 1
Improving Teacher Performance in Classroom Learning Through Periodic Collaborative Educational Supervision 通过定期协同教育监督提高教师课堂学习绩效
Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.29240/JSMP.V5I2.3442
Sulhawati Sulhawati
This study aims to describe the steps of collaborative educational supervision periodically in carrying out learning. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 10 Belida Darat, Belida Darat District, Muara Enim Regency in the 2020/2021 academic year. This research is an action research, so this research is carried out in cycles. The implementation is for two cycles.The data that has been collected was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis. In the first cycle, it concluded that there were four teachers with a percentage of 66.4%. There are still many teachers who have not concluded the lesson. This happens because the time is spent working on student worksheets only. For this reason, it is necessary to adjust the questions that are worked on in the student worksheets. Concluding the learning amounted to 6 teachers with a percentage of 100%. After the first cycle was carried out, then the teacher and researcher discussed how to conclude the learning turned out to bring satisfactory results. In the second cycle, the completeness of teacher development in groups has been achieved with satisfactory results.
本研究旨在描述协同教育督导在实施学习中的阶段性步骤。该研究于2020/2021学年在Muara Enim Regency Belida Darat区SD Negeri 10 Belida Darat进行。本研究属于行动研究,所以本研究是循环进行的。实现有两个周期。对收集到的数据进行定性和定量分析。在第一个周期中,得出的结论是有4名教师,占66.4%。还有许多老师还没有结束这节课。这是因为时间只花在学生的工作表上。出于这个原因,有必要调整学生工作表中所做的问题。完成学习的教师为6名,百分比为100%。在第一个周期进行后,教师和研究者讨论如何总结学习结果带来满意的结果。在第二个周期中,教师群体发展的完整性达到了令人满意的程度。
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引用次数: 0
Strengthening Laboratory Functions in Improving the Quality of Islamic Education Management Study Program IAIN Curup 强化实验室功能,提高伊斯兰教育管理研究课程质量
Pub Date : 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.29240/jsmp.v5i1.2461
Muhammad Amin, Rambat Nur Sasongko, M. Somantri, N. Nirwana, A. Arsil, Karliana Indrawari
The study program has many practical courses and wants to graduate to have real skills. The IAIN Curup Islamic Education Management study program directs its graduates to become educational staff at Islamic education institutions and agencies that handle education, become institutional managers, become Islamic education management researchers, and become planners and developers of ICT-based learning resources. So the existence or availability of a laboratory is a must. The research objectives were to determine the needs of lecturers and students of the IAIN Curup Islamic Education Management Study Program for laboratories and to determine the strengthening of laboratories in improving the quality of the IAIN Curup Islamic Education Management Study Program. This type of field research (Field Research) with qualitative research methods. Sources of data from the Head of Study Program, lecturers, laboratory managers and students of the MPI IAIN Curup study program, observation data collection techniques, interviews and documentation. Researchers analyzed the data with the stages of reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research are the need for lecturers and students of the IAIN Curup Islamic Education Management Study Program to strengthen the function of labor because there is a mandatory leadership practice course for Islamic Education Management students, and students are required to have various abilities, both work skills, knowledge, and the ability to become leaders. Strengthening the labor function of the IAIN Curup Islamic Education Management Study Program is carried out in a number of stages, namely (1) creating a labor organization structure consisting of the Chair of the Labor, secretary, laboratory assistant, technicians and students, (2) making laboratory administration, (3) preparing laboratory facilities and infrastructure. study program, (3) create a labor curriculum. And (4) study program labor is designed with a U-shape model.
这个学习项目有很多实用的课程,希望毕业时能有真正的技能。IAIN Curup伊斯兰教育管理研究计划指导其毕业生成为伊斯兰教育机构和机构的教育人员,成为机构管理者,成为伊斯兰教育管理研究人员,成为基于信息通信技术的学习资源的规划者和开发者。因此,实验室的存在或可用性是必须的。研究目标是确定IAIN Curup伊斯兰教育管理研究项目的讲师和学生对实验室的需求,并确定加强实验室以提高IAIN Curup伊斯兰教育管理研究项目的质量。这类实地调查(field research)采用定性研究方法。数据来源来自研究项目负责人、讲师、实验室管理人员和MPI IAIN Curup研究项目的学生,观察数据收集技术,访谈和文件。研究人员对数据进行了减少数据、呈现数据、得出结论等阶段的分析。研究的结果是IAIN Curup伊斯兰教育管理研究项目的讲师和学生需要加强劳动功能,因为伊斯兰教育管理专业的学生有一门强制性的领导实践课程,学生需要具备各种能力,包括工作技能、知识和成为领导者的能力。加强IAIN Curup伊斯兰教育管理研究计划的劳动功能分几个阶段进行,即(1)建立由劳工主席,秘书,实验室助理,技术人员和学生组成的劳动组织结构;(2)制定实验室管理;(3)准备实验室设施和基础设施。(3)创建劳动课程。(4)学习计划劳动设计为u型模型。
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引用次数: 0
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